琼北火山村墙体植物多样性及其生态学意义
|
摘要
对海南北部8处火山村建筑墙体植物进行了调查研究,以便了解其物种多样性和生态价值。研究结果表明:上述火山村共记录有88种墙体植物,隶属于43科77属。其中,蕨类植物6科8属8种,占总物种数的9.09%;被子植物37科69属80种,占90.91%。88种墙体植物中本地种68种,占77.27%;栽培种5种,归化种1种,逸生种4种,外来入侵种10种,分别占总物种数的5.68%、1.14%、4.55%和11.36%。就生态型而言,木本植物和草本植物的比例分别为43.18%和56.82%。88种墙体植物中共计有79种为热带分布型,占总物种数的89.77%。研究发现,火山石建筑墙体能很好的保存本地物种,避免其因农业生产活动而损失殆尽。因而在开展古村落保护和乡村旅游时,应科学合理地保护和利用这些墙体植物,实现生物多样性保护和古建筑保护的兼顾。
The investigation of wall plants on eight traditional volcanic villages in Northern Hainan Island was carried out to determine the species diversity and ecological significance.88 species from 77 genera of 43 families were recorded,consisting of 8 ferns and 80 angiosperms.Among them,68 plants were native species(including two endemic species and one endangered plants),accounting for 77.27%.Five plants were cultivars(accounting for 5.68%),one plant was naturalized species(accounting for 1.14%),four plants were escaping species(accounting for 4.55%),and 10 plants were exotic invasive species(accounting for 11.36%).The proportion of woody plants and herbaceous plants was43.18% and 56.82% respectively.There were 79 tropical species,accounting for 89.77% of the total plants.It was also found that the walls of volcanic villages had important ecological functions,which could well preserve the native species and avoid their loss due to agricultural production.Therefore,in the practice of traditional village protection and rural tourism,it was necessary to protect and utilize these wall plants reasonably,so as to achieve the balance between the protection of ancient buildings and biodiversity.
The investigation of wall plants on eight traditional volcanic villages in Northern Hainan Island was carried out to determine the species diversity and ecological significance.88 species from 77 genera of 43 families were recorded,consisting of 8 ferns and 80 angiosperms.Among them,68 plants were native species(including two endemic species and one endangered plants),accounting for 77.27%.Five plants were cultivars(accounting for 5.68%),one plant was naturalized species(accounting for 1.14%),four plants were escaping species(accounting for 4.55%),and 10 plants were exotic invasive species(accounting for 11.36%).The proportion of woody plants and herbaceous plants was43.18% and 56.82% respectively.There were 79 tropical species,accounting for 89.77% of the total plants.It was also found that the walls of volcanic villages had important ecological functions,which could well preserve the native species and avoid their loss due to agricultural production.Therefore,in the practice of traditional village protection and rural tourism,it was necessary to protect and utilize these wall plants reasonably,so as to achieve the balance between the protection of ancient buildings and biodiversity.
引文
[1]Segal S.Ecological notes on wall vegetation[M].Hague,Netherlands:Dr.W.Junk N.V.,1969.
[2]Francis R A.Wall ecology:A frontier for urban biodiversity and ecological engineering[J].Physical Geography,2010,35(1):43-63.
[3]Sudnik W B,Galera H.Floristic differences in some anthropogenic habitats in Warsaw[J].Annales Botanici Fennici,2005(42):185-193.
[4]Duchoslav M.Flora and vegetation of stony walls in East Bohemia Czech Republic[J].Preslia(Praha),2002(74):1-25.
[5]LáníkováD,LososováZ.Rocks and walls,natural versus secondary habitats[J].Folia Geobotanica,2009(44):263-280.
[6]Li X H,Yin X M,Wang Y.Diversity and ecology of vascular plants established on the extant world-longest ancient city wall of Nanjing,China[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2016(18):41-52.
[7]Lisci M,Pacini E.Plants growing on the walls of Italian towns 1.Sites and distribution[J].Phyton(Horn,Austria),1993,33(1):15-26.
[8]Jim C Y.Old stone walls as an ecological habitat for urban trees in Hong Kong[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,1998(42):29-43.
[9]Jim C Y,Chen W Y.Habitat effect on vegetation ecology and occurrence on urban masonry walls[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2010(9):169-178.
[10]Brandes D,Schrader H J,Weishaupt A.Die mauerflora der stadt braunschweig[J].Braunschweiger Naturkundliche Schriften,1998(5):629-639.
[11]李石,王彤.火山岩[M].北京:中国地质出版社,1981.
[12]李惠军,陈德雄.海南火山石传统村落[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2016.
[13]Holland P G.The pattern of species density of old stone walls in western Ireland[J].Journal of Ecology,1972(60):799-805.
[14]Davies J N.The flora of the Derry city walls[C].The Committee for Ireland Botanic Society of the British Isles,2008(5):18-26.
[15]Hruska K.Syntaxonomical study of Italian wall vegetation[J].Vegetatio,1987(73):13-20.
[16]Boratynski A,Ratynska H,Waldon B,et al.Flora and vegetation of wall in the town of Krosno Odrzanskie(Poland)[J].Collectanea Botanica,2003(26):129-139.
[17]Sudnik W B,Galera H.Floristic differences in some anthropogenic habitats in Warsaw[J].Annales Botanici Fennici,2005(42):185-193.
[18]Trocha L K,Oleksyn J,Turzanska E,et al.Living on the edge:Ecology of an incipient Betula-fungal community growing on brick walls[J].Trees,2007(21):239-247.
[19]Singh A.Observations on the woody wall flora of Varanasi city,India[J].International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology,2014,1(4):192-196.
[20]Singh A.Vascular wall flora of Varanasi city,India:An update[J].International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences,2016,3(3):1-10.
[21]Kumar S,Das G,Shin H S,et al.Diversity of plant species in the steel city of Odisha,India:Ethnobotany and implications for conservation of urban bio-resources[J].Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,2018(61):1-19.
[22]Reis V A,Lombardi J A,de Figueiredo R A.Diversity of vascular plants growing on walls of a Brazilian city[J].Urban Ecosystems,2006,9(1):39-43.
[23]王燕.南京明城墙垂直墙体上维管植物多样性及其传播机制研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2010.
[24]张阳.南京明城墙东水关-狮子山段植物调查及其景观研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2011.
[25]Qiu Y,Chen B J W,Song Y,et al.Composition,distribution and habitat effects of vascular plants on the vertical surfaces of an ancient city wall[J].Urban Ecosystems,2016,19(2):939-948.
[26]雷泽湘,费永俊,陈中义,等.荆州古城墙野生被子植物名录Ⅰ草本和藤本植物[J].湖北农学院学报,1996,16(4):276-279.
[27]雷泽湘,费永俊,陈中义,等.荆州古城墙野生被子植物名录Ⅰ草本和藤本植物[J].湖北农学院学报,1997,17(1):33-35.
[28]张祖群,赵荣.荆州古城封闭型廊道景观的植物多样性研究[J].孝感学院学报,2004,24(3):24-28.
[29]周存宇,李妮,杨朝东.荆州古城墙南北段植物群落物种多样性比较[J].湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版),2008,26(2):209-211.
[30]谢良生,王发国,邢福武,等.珠江三角洲城市墙壁植物资源及其应用[J].生态环境,2008,17(2):807-811.
[31]吴玲,葛亚英,刁怀庆,等.浙江东部地区古村落墙体植物多样性调查[J].广西植物,2015,35(5):768-774.
[32]袁浪兴,史佑海,成夏岚,等.海口马鞍岭火山口地区的维管植物多样性[J].生物多样性,2017,25(10):1075-1084.
[33]何平荣.琼北火山岩地区兰科植物多样性及美花石斛传粉生物学研究[D].桂林:广西师范大学,2009.
[34]中国传统村落保护与发展研究中心.中国传统村落网[DB/OL].[2018-11-10].http://www.chuantongcunluo.com/index.php/Home/Gjml/gjml/id/24.html.
[35]海口市地方史志办公室.海口年鉴(2017)[M].海口:南海出版社,2017.
[36]杨小波.海南植物图志[M].北京:科学出版社,2016.
[37]环境保护部,中国科学院.中国生物多样性红色名录-高等植卷[M/OL].2013[2018-11-10]http://dzwjyjgs.aqsiq.gov.cn/zwgk/wzzycy/201601/P020160121291240829993.pdf.
[38]Wu Z Y,Raven P H,Hong D Y.Flora of China(Vols.2-25)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1994-2014.
[39]吴征镒,周浙昆,孙航,等.种子植物分布区类型及其起源和分化[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,2006.
[40]吴征镒,孙航,周浙昆,等.中国种子植物区系地理[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[41]陆树刚.蕨类植物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[42]He R X,Yang J,Song X Q.Quantifying the Impact of Different Ways to Delimit Study Areas on the Assessment of Species Diversity of an Urban Forest[J].Forests,2016,42(7):1-13.
[43]Jim C Y.Ecology and conservation of strangler figs in urban wall habitats[J].Urban Ecosystems,2014,17(2):405-426.
[44]Bellinzoni A M,Caneva G,Ricci S.Ecological trends in travertine colonisation by pioneer algae and plant communities[J].International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation,2003,51(3):203-210.
[45]Weber B,Büdel B.Mapping and analysis of distribution patterns of lichens on rural medieval churches in north-eastern Germany[J].The Lichenologist,2001,33(3):231-248.
[2]Francis R A.Wall ecology:A frontier for urban biodiversity and ecological engineering[J].Physical Geography,2010,35(1):43-63.
[3]Sudnik W B,Galera H.Floristic differences in some anthropogenic habitats in Warsaw[J].Annales Botanici Fennici,2005(42):185-193.
[4]Duchoslav M.Flora and vegetation of stony walls in East Bohemia Czech Republic[J].Preslia(Praha),2002(74):1-25.
[5]LáníkováD,LososováZ.Rocks and walls,natural versus secondary habitats[J].Folia Geobotanica,2009(44):263-280.
[6]Li X H,Yin X M,Wang Y.Diversity and ecology of vascular plants established on the extant world-longest ancient city wall of Nanjing,China[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2016(18):41-52.
[7]Lisci M,Pacini E.Plants growing on the walls of Italian towns 1.Sites and distribution[J].Phyton(Horn,Austria),1993,33(1):15-26.
[8]Jim C Y.Old stone walls as an ecological habitat for urban trees in Hong Kong[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,1998(42):29-43.
[9]Jim C Y,Chen W Y.Habitat effect on vegetation ecology and occurrence on urban masonry walls[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2010(9):169-178.
[10]Brandes D,Schrader H J,Weishaupt A.Die mauerflora der stadt braunschweig[J].Braunschweiger Naturkundliche Schriften,1998(5):629-639.
[11]李石,王彤.火山岩[M].北京:中国地质出版社,1981.
[12]李惠军,陈德雄.海南火山石传统村落[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2016.
[13]Holland P G.The pattern of species density of old stone walls in western Ireland[J].Journal of Ecology,1972(60):799-805.
[14]Davies J N.The flora of the Derry city walls[C].The Committee for Ireland Botanic Society of the British Isles,2008(5):18-26.
[15]Hruska K.Syntaxonomical study of Italian wall vegetation[J].Vegetatio,1987(73):13-20.
[16]Boratynski A,Ratynska H,Waldon B,et al.Flora and vegetation of wall in the town of Krosno Odrzanskie(Poland)[J].Collectanea Botanica,2003(26):129-139.
[17]Sudnik W B,Galera H.Floristic differences in some anthropogenic habitats in Warsaw[J].Annales Botanici Fennici,2005(42):185-193.
[18]Trocha L K,Oleksyn J,Turzanska E,et al.Living on the edge:Ecology of an incipient Betula-fungal community growing on brick walls[J].Trees,2007(21):239-247.
[19]Singh A.Observations on the woody wall flora of Varanasi city,India[J].International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology,2014,1(4):192-196.
[20]Singh A.Vascular wall flora of Varanasi city,India:An update[J].International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences,2016,3(3):1-10.
[21]Kumar S,Das G,Shin H S,et al.Diversity of plant species in the steel city of Odisha,India:Ethnobotany and implications for conservation of urban bio-resources[J].Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,2018(61):1-19.
[22]Reis V A,Lombardi J A,de Figueiredo R A.Diversity of vascular plants growing on walls of a Brazilian city[J].Urban Ecosystems,2006,9(1):39-43.
[23]王燕.南京明城墙垂直墙体上维管植物多样性及其传播机制研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2010.
[24]张阳.南京明城墙东水关-狮子山段植物调查及其景观研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2011.
[25]Qiu Y,Chen B J W,Song Y,et al.Composition,distribution and habitat effects of vascular plants on the vertical surfaces of an ancient city wall[J].Urban Ecosystems,2016,19(2):939-948.
[26]雷泽湘,费永俊,陈中义,等.荆州古城墙野生被子植物名录Ⅰ草本和藤本植物[J].湖北农学院学报,1996,16(4):276-279.
[27]雷泽湘,费永俊,陈中义,等.荆州古城墙野生被子植物名录Ⅰ草本和藤本植物[J].湖北农学院学报,1997,17(1):33-35.
[28]张祖群,赵荣.荆州古城封闭型廊道景观的植物多样性研究[J].孝感学院学报,2004,24(3):24-28.
[29]周存宇,李妮,杨朝东.荆州古城墙南北段植物群落物种多样性比较[J].湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版),2008,26(2):209-211.
[30]谢良生,王发国,邢福武,等.珠江三角洲城市墙壁植物资源及其应用[J].生态环境,2008,17(2):807-811.
[31]吴玲,葛亚英,刁怀庆,等.浙江东部地区古村落墙体植物多样性调查[J].广西植物,2015,35(5):768-774.
[32]袁浪兴,史佑海,成夏岚,等.海口马鞍岭火山口地区的维管植物多样性[J].生物多样性,2017,25(10):1075-1084.
[33]何平荣.琼北火山岩地区兰科植物多样性及美花石斛传粉生物学研究[D].桂林:广西师范大学,2009.
[34]中国传统村落保护与发展研究中心.中国传统村落网[DB/OL].[2018-11-10].http://www.chuantongcunluo.com/index.php/Home/Gjml/gjml/id/24.html.
[35]海口市地方史志办公室.海口年鉴(2017)[M].海口:南海出版社,2017.
[36]杨小波.海南植物图志[M].北京:科学出版社,2016.
[37]环境保护部,中国科学院.中国生物多样性红色名录-高等植卷[M/OL].2013[2018-11-10]http://dzwjyjgs.aqsiq.gov.cn/zwgk/wzzycy/201601/P020160121291240829993.pdf.
[38]Wu Z Y,Raven P H,Hong D Y.Flora of China(Vols.2-25)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1994-2014.
[39]吴征镒,周浙昆,孙航,等.种子植物分布区类型及其起源和分化[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,2006.
[40]吴征镒,孙航,周浙昆,等.中国种子植物区系地理[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[41]陆树刚.蕨类植物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[42]He R X,Yang J,Song X Q.Quantifying the Impact of Different Ways to Delimit Study Areas on the Assessment of Species Diversity of an Urban Forest[J].Forests,2016,42(7):1-13.
[43]Jim C Y.Ecology and conservation of strangler figs in urban wall habitats[J].Urban Ecosystems,2014,17(2):405-426.
[44]Bellinzoni A M,Caneva G,Ricci S.Ecological trends in travertine colonisation by pioneer algae and plant communities[J].International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation,2003,51(3):203-210.
[45]Weber B,Büdel B.Mapping and analysis of distribution patterns of lichens on rural medieval churches in north-eastern Germany[J].The Lichenologist,2001,33(3):231-248.