生物多样性与生态系统服务——关系、权衡与管理
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摘要
生物多样性和生态系统服务是人类生存和社会经济可持续发展的物质基础,应对生物多样性丧失和生态系统服务退化问题已经成为继气候变化之后的又一个全球性环境热点问题。生物多样性是生态系统生产力、稳定性、抵抗生物入侵以及养分动态的主要决定因素,生物多样性越高,生态系统功能性状的范围越广,生态系统服务质量就越高越稳定。目的是探讨生物多样性和生态系统服务之间的关系:(1)明确了生物多样性与生态系统过程、功能、服务之间的关系;(2)生物多样性在生态系统服务中的角色:生物多样性在不同的空间尺度通过各种形式的运行机制与生态系统服务产生联系,生物多样性是生态系统过程的调节者,是巩固生态系统服务的一个重要因素,生物多样性也是一种终极的生态系统服务,并在遗传和物种水平上直接贡献了其利益和价值;(3)生物多样性与生态系统服务权衡和协同关系的研究可以更好的帮助管理人员做出有利的决策和保护工作,也是制定规划和适应策略以减少生物多样性危机带来的不利影响的基础;(4)生物多样性与生态系统服务的关系在不同的时间和空间尺度上是不恒定的,有必要共同确定生态系统服务和生物多样性的空间格局,以有效和可持续的进行生态系统管理;(5)虽然生物多样性保护和生态系统管理还存在许多不确定性,但相关理论应该在管理、保护和恢复生态系统中发挥重要作用。研究提出了进一步研究的领域,以促进生物多样性保护和生态系统服务提供之间的协同作用。希望对相关领域的研究有所帮助。
Biodiversity and ecosystem services(ES) are the material basis for the sustainable development of human survival and socio-economics, biodiversity loss and ES degradation have become hot global environmental issues following climate change. Biodiversity is a major determining factor for ecosystem productivity, stability, resistance to biological invasions, and nutrient dynamics. ES shows a high-level of quality and stability at high-levels of biodiversity and ecosystem function. We therefore aim to explore the relationships between biodiversity and ES. It is important to clarify the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem processes, functions, and services. The role that biodiversity plays in ES can be resolved by recognising that different relations exist at the various levels of the ES hierarchy: Biodiversity is the regulator of ecosystem processes and an important factor in consolidating ES, biodiversity is also an ultimate ES and directly contributes to their interests and values at the genetic and species level. Improving the understanding of key relationships between biodiversity and ES provisions will help guide effective management and protection strategies. Research on the tradeoffs and synergies of biodiversity and ES can help managers make favorable decisions for protection, and it is also the basis for planning adaptation strategies to reduce adverse effects of a biodiversity crisis. The link between biodiversity and ES is not constant across different temporal and spatial scales, so it is necessary to jointly determine the spatial patterns of ES and biodiversity for an effective and sustainable plan for ecosystem management. Although there are still many uncertainties in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management, theory should play an important role in managing, conserving, and restoring ecosystems. The issues discussed here should receive further attention in the context of the multiple goals for sustainable management. Lastly, further research was concluded by proposing areas for the fostering of conservation synergies between biodiversity and ES. It is expected to be helpful for future research in related fields.
Biodiversity and ecosystem services(ES) are the material basis for the sustainable development of human survival and socio-economics, biodiversity loss and ES degradation have become hot global environmental issues following climate change. Biodiversity is a major determining factor for ecosystem productivity, stability, resistance to biological invasions, and nutrient dynamics. ES shows a high-level of quality and stability at high-levels of biodiversity and ecosystem function. We therefore aim to explore the relationships between biodiversity and ES. It is important to clarify the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem processes, functions, and services. The role that biodiversity plays in ES can be resolved by recognising that different relations exist at the various levels of the ES hierarchy: Biodiversity is the regulator of ecosystem processes and an important factor in consolidating ES, biodiversity is also an ultimate ES and directly contributes to their interests and values at the genetic and species level. Improving the understanding of key relationships between biodiversity and ES provisions will help guide effective management and protection strategies. Research on the tradeoffs and synergies of biodiversity and ES can help managers make favorable decisions for protection, and it is also the basis for planning adaptation strategies to reduce adverse effects of a biodiversity crisis. The link between biodiversity and ES is not constant across different temporal and spatial scales, so it is necessary to jointly determine the spatial patterns of ES and biodiversity for an effective and sustainable plan for ecosystem management. Although there are still many uncertainties in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management, theory should play an important role in managing, conserving, and restoring ecosystems. The issues discussed here should receive further attention in the context of the multiple goals for sustainable management. Lastly, further research was concluded by proposing areas for the fostering of conservation synergies between biodiversity and ES. It is expected to be helpful for future research in related fields.
引文
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