长期退耕对红壤团聚体碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的影响
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摘要
目前,长期退耕恢复如何影响红壤团聚体组成及其碳氮磷生态化学计量特征还不十分清楚。本研究基于湖南红壤试验站连续27年的长期定位试验,选取常规施肥耕作和退耕恢复两个处理,采集0～15 cm耕层土样,利用湿筛法探讨了土壤团聚体粒级组成及其碳氮磷含量与生态化学计量特征对长期退耕的响应规律。结果显示:相比于常规施肥耕作方式,退耕恢复处理下:①土壤水稳性大团聚体(> 0.25 mm)总量显著增加,微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)和矿质颗粒(<0.053 mm)含量显著降低;②土壤有机碳和全氮含量显著增加,全磷含量显著降低,其中有机碳含量在各个粒级团聚体中均显著增加,全氮含量则在大团聚体(>2和0.25～2 mm)与微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)中显著增加,而全磷含量在各粒级团聚体中均显著降低。另外,0.25～2 mm粒级大团聚体对土壤碳氮磷养分贡献率最高;③土壤C∶N、C∶P和N∶P显著升高,但C∶N在各粒级团聚体中表现较为稳定,而C∶P和N∶P变异性较大,在各粒级土壤团聚体中均有显著升高。综上,退耕恢复增强了耕层土壤的团聚作用,使碳、氮、磷更集中赋存于大团聚体中,对土壤结构、团聚体质量有改善作用,但对于磷素限制作用的增强值得今后注意。
It is not clear how long-term natural restoration affects soil aggregate distribution and C ∶ N ∶ P ecological stoichiometric characteristics in red soil. Soil samples( 0-15 cm depth)were taken from two treatments,conventional farming( CF) and natural restoration( NR),in a27-year field experiment in Hunan Red Soil Experimental Station. The aim of this study is to investigate the response of soil aggregate distribution and the contents and stoichiometric ratios of soil organic C( SOC),total N( TN) and total P( TP) to long-term natural restoration. Compared with CF,( 1) The total soil water-stable macroaggregates( >0.25 mm) in NR significantly increased,and the proportion of microaggregates( 0. 053-0. 25 mm) and mineral particles( <0.053 mm) significantly decreased;( 2) The contents of SOC and TN in bulk soil of NR significantly increased. While the SOC content significantly increased in each aggregate size class,TN content in macroaggregates( >2 and 0.25-2 mm) and microaggregates( 0.053-0.25 mm)significantly increased. In contrast,TP content significantly decreased in bulk soil and each aggregate-size fraction. The 0.25-2 mm aggregate size class contributed most of nutrients in the bulk soil.( 3) The ratios of C ∶ N,C ∶ P and N ∶ P in bulk soil of NR significantly increased.The C ∶ N ratio of the four aggregates remained constant,while C ∶ P and N ∶ P showed greater variability and significantly increased in each aggregate size class. In conclusion,long-term natural restoration enhances soil aggregation effect,which results in more concentrated C,N and P in macroaggregates. While natural restoration can improve soil structure and aggregate quality,attention should be paid to the exacerbated phosphorus limitation in future.
It is not clear how long-term natural restoration affects soil aggregate distribution and C ∶ N ∶ P ecological stoichiometric characteristics in red soil. Soil samples( 0-15 cm depth)were taken from two treatments,conventional farming( CF) and natural restoration( NR),in a27-year field experiment in Hunan Red Soil Experimental Station. The aim of this study is to investigate the response of soil aggregate distribution and the contents and stoichiometric ratios of soil organic C( SOC),total N( TN) and total P( TP) to long-term natural restoration. Compared with CF,( 1) The total soil water-stable macroaggregates( >0.25 mm) in NR significantly increased,and the proportion of microaggregates( 0. 053-0. 25 mm) and mineral particles( <0.053 mm) significantly decreased;( 2) The contents of SOC and TN in bulk soil of NR significantly increased. While the SOC content significantly increased in each aggregate size class,TN content in macroaggregates( >2 and 0.25-2 mm) and microaggregates( 0.053-0.25 mm)significantly increased. In contrast,TP content significantly decreased in bulk soil and each aggregate-size fraction. The 0.25-2 mm aggregate size class contributed most of nutrients in the bulk soil.( 3) The ratios of C ∶ N,C ∶ P and N ∶ P in bulk soil of NR significantly increased.The C ∶ N ratio of the four aggregates remained constant,while C ∶ P and N ∶ P showed greater variability and significantly increased in each aggregate size class. In conclusion,long-term natural restoration enhances soil aggregation effect,which results in more concentrated C,N and P in macroaggregates. While natural restoration can improve soil structure and aggregate quality,attention should be paid to the exacerbated phosphorus limitation in future.
引文
艾娜,周建斌,杨学云,等.2008.长期施肥及撂荒对土壤氮素矿化特性及外源硝态氮转化的影响.应用生态学报,19(9):1937-1943.
鲍士旦.2000.土壤农化分析(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社.
曹良元,张磊,蒋先军,等.2009.长期垄作免耕对不同大小土壤团聚体中几种氮素形态分布的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,15(4):824-830.
陈恩凤,关连珠,汪景宽,等.2001.土壤特征微团聚体的组成比例与肥力评价.土壤学报,38(1):49-53.
陈晓芬,李忠佩,刘明,等.2013.不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳、氮分布和微生物生物量的影响.中国农业科学,46(5):950-960.
崔江辉,崔福柱,薛建福,等.2018.化肥减施对小麦-高粱系统土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响.作物杂志,(1):126-132.
戴全厚,刘国彬,薛萐,等.2007.侵蚀环境退耕撂荒地水稳性团聚体演变特征及土壤养分效应.水土保持学报,21(2):61-64.
樊红柱,陈庆瑞,郭松,等.2018.长期不同施肥紫色水稻土磷的盈亏及有效性.植物营养与肥料学报,24(1):154-162.
郭万伟,肖和艾,吴金水,等.2009.红壤旱土和水稻土团聚体中磷素的分布特点.土壤学报,46(1):85-92.
胡宁,马志敏,蓝家程,等.2015.石漠化山地植被恢复过程土壤团聚体氮分布及与氮素矿化关系研究.环境科学,36(9):3411-3421.
霍琳,武天云,蔺海明,等.2008.长期施肥对黄土高原旱地黑垆土水稳性团聚体的影响.应用生态学报,19(3):545-550.
冷延慧,汪景宽,李双异.2008.长期施肥对黑土团聚体分布和碳储量变化的影响.生态学杂志,27(12):2171-2177.
李寿田,周健民,王火焰,等.2003.不同土壤磷的固定特征及磷释放量和释放率的研究.土壤学报,40(6):908-914.
李玮,郑子成,李廷轩.2015.不同植茶年限土壤团聚体碳氮磷生态化学计量学特征.应用生态学报,26(1):9-16.
李占斌,周波,马田田,等.2017.黄土丘陵区生态治理对土壤碳氮磷及其化学计量特征的影响.水土保持学报,31(6):312-318.
刘恩科,赵秉强,梅旭荣,等.2010.不同施肥处理对土壤水稳定性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响.生态学报,30(4):1035-1041.
刘玮,蒋先军.2013.耕作方式对土壤不同粒径团聚体氮素矿化的影响.土壤,45(3):464-469.
刘晓利,何园球,李成亮,等.2009.不同利用方式旱地红壤水稳性团聚体及其碳、氮、磷分布特征.土壤学报,46(2):255-262.
刘中良,宇万太.2011.土壤团聚体中有机碳研究进展.中国生态农业学报,19(2):447-455.
刘中良,宇万太,周桦,等.2011.长期施肥对土壤团聚体分布和养分含量的影响.土壤,43(5):720-728.
柳开楼,黄晶,张会民,等.2018.长期施肥对红壤旱地团聚体特性及不同组分钾素分配的影响.土壤学报,55(2):443-454.
邱莉萍,张兴昌,张晋爱.2006.黄土高原长期培肥土壤团聚体中养分和酶的分布.生态学报,26(2):364-372.
孙娇,赵发珠,韩新辉,等.2016.不同林龄刺槐林土壤团聚体化学计量特征及其与土壤养分的关系.生态学报,36(21):6879-6888.
王传杰,王齐齐,徐虎,等.2018.长期施肥下农田土壤-有机质-微生物的碳氮磷化学计量学特征.生态学报,38(11):1-6.
王经纬,王艳玲,姚怡,等.2017.长期施肥对旱地红壤团聚体磷素固持与释放能力的影响.土壤学报,54(5):1240-1250.
王清奎,汪思龙.2005.土壤团聚体形成与稳定机制及影响因素.土壤通报,36(3):415-421.
王绍强,于贵瑞.2008.生态系统碳氮磷元素的生态化学计量学特征.生态学报,28(8):3937-3947.
武均,蔡立群,罗迪,等.2014.不同耕作措施对陇中黄土高原雨养农田土壤团聚体稳定性和C、N、P的影响.水土保持学报,28(6):234-239.
武均,蔡立群,齐鹏,等.2015.不同耕作措施下旱作农田土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮分布特征.中国生态农业学报,23(3):276-284.
许泉,芮雯奕,刘家龙,等.2006.我国农田土壤碳氮耦合特征的区域差异.生态与农村环境学报,22(3):57-60.
杨宁,邹冬生,付美云,等.2016.紫色土丘陵坡地恢复中土壤团聚体特征及其与土壤性质的关系.生态学杂志,35(9):2361-2368.
曾全超,李鑫,董扬红,等.2016.黄土高原延河流域不同植被类型下土壤生态化学计量学特征.自然资源学报,31(11):1881-1891.
张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.2008.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径.土壤学报,45(5):915-924.
赵少华,宇万太,张璐,等.2004.土壤有机磷研究进展.应用生态学报,15(11):2189-2194.
周正虎,王传宽,张全智.2015.土地利用变化对东北温带幼龄林土壤碳氮磷含量及其化学计量特征的影响.生态学报,35(20):6694-6702.
Cleveland CC,Liptzin D.2007.C∶N∶P stoichiometry in soil:Is there a“Redfield ratio”for the microbial biomass?Biogeochemistry,85:235-252.
Devine S,Markewitz D,Hendrix P,et al.2014.Soil aggregates and associated organic matter under conventional tillage,no-tillage,and forest succession after three decades.PLo SONE,9:e84988.
Elser JJ,Sterner RW,Gorokhova E,et al.2000.Biological stoichiometry from genes to ecosystems.Ecology Letters,3:540-550.
Gelaw AM,Singh BR,Lal R.2015.Organic carbon and nitrogen associated with soil aggregates and particle sizes under different land uses in Tigray,Northern Ethiopia.Land Degradation&Development,26:690-700.
Roldan A,Caravaca F,Hernandez MT,et al.2003.No-tillage,crop residue additions,and legume cover cropping effects on soil quality characteristics under maize in Patzcuaro watershed(Mexico).Soil and Tillage Research,72:65-73.
Six J,Elliott ET,Paustian K,et al.1998.Aggregation and soil organic matter accumulation in cultivated and native grassland soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal,62:1367-1377.
Tian H,Chen G,Zhang C,et al.2010.Pattern and variation of C∶N∶P ratios in China’s soils:A synthesis of observational data.Biogeochemistry,98:139-151.
Tisdall JM,Oades JM.1982.Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils.Journal of Soil Science,33:141-163.
Udom BE,Ogunwole JO.2015.Soil organic carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus distribution in stable aggregates of an Ultisol under contrasting land use and management history.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,178:460-467.
Wang Y,Wang Z,Zhang Q,et al.2018.Long-term effects of nitrogen fertilization on aggregation and localization of carbon,nitrogen and microbial activities in soil.Science of the Total Environment,624:1131-1139.
Zhang B,Horn R.2001.Mechanisms of aggregate stabilization in Ultisols from subtropical China.Geoderma,99:123-145.
Zhang MK,He ZL,Chen GC,et al.1996.Formation and water stability of aggregates in red soils as affected by organic matter.Pedosphere,6:39-45.
鲍士旦.2000.土壤农化分析(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社.
曹良元,张磊,蒋先军,等.2009.长期垄作免耕对不同大小土壤团聚体中几种氮素形态分布的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,15(4):824-830.
陈恩凤,关连珠,汪景宽,等.2001.土壤特征微团聚体的组成比例与肥力评价.土壤学报,38(1):49-53.
陈晓芬,李忠佩,刘明,等.2013.不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳、氮分布和微生物生物量的影响.中国农业科学,46(5):950-960.
崔江辉,崔福柱,薛建福,等.2018.化肥减施对小麦-高粱系统土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响.作物杂志,(1):126-132.
戴全厚,刘国彬,薛萐,等.2007.侵蚀环境退耕撂荒地水稳性团聚体演变特征及土壤养分效应.水土保持学报,21(2):61-64.
樊红柱,陈庆瑞,郭松,等.2018.长期不同施肥紫色水稻土磷的盈亏及有效性.植物营养与肥料学报,24(1):154-162.
郭万伟,肖和艾,吴金水,等.2009.红壤旱土和水稻土团聚体中磷素的分布特点.土壤学报,46(1):85-92.
胡宁,马志敏,蓝家程,等.2015.石漠化山地植被恢复过程土壤团聚体氮分布及与氮素矿化关系研究.环境科学,36(9):3411-3421.
霍琳,武天云,蔺海明,等.2008.长期施肥对黄土高原旱地黑垆土水稳性团聚体的影响.应用生态学报,19(3):545-550.
冷延慧,汪景宽,李双异.2008.长期施肥对黑土团聚体分布和碳储量变化的影响.生态学杂志,27(12):2171-2177.
李寿田,周健民,王火焰,等.2003.不同土壤磷的固定特征及磷释放量和释放率的研究.土壤学报,40(6):908-914.
李玮,郑子成,李廷轩.2015.不同植茶年限土壤团聚体碳氮磷生态化学计量学特征.应用生态学报,26(1):9-16.
李占斌,周波,马田田,等.2017.黄土丘陵区生态治理对土壤碳氮磷及其化学计量特征的影响.水土保持学报,31(6):312-318.
刘恩科,赵秉强,梅旭荣,等.2010.不同施肥处理对土壤水稳定性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响.生态学报,30(4):1035-1041.
刘玮,蒋先军.2013.耕作方式对土壤不同粒径团聚体氮素矿化的影响.土壤,45(3):464-469.
刘晓利,何园球,李成亮,等.2009.不同利用方式旱地红壤水稳性团聚体及其碳、氮、磷分布特征.土壤学报,46(2):255-262.
刘中良,宇万太.2011.土壤团聚体中有机碳研究进展.中国生态农业学报,19(2):447-455.
刘中良,宇万太,周桦,等.2011.长期施肥对土壤团聚体分布和养分含量的影响.土壤,43(5):720-728.
柳开楼,黄晶,张会民,等.2018.长期施肥对红壤旱地团聚体特性及不同组分钾素分配的影响.土壤学报,55(2):443-454.
邱莉萍,张兴昌,张晋爱.2006.黄土高原长期培肥土壤团聚体中养分和酶的分布.生态学报,26(2):364-372.
孙娇,赵发珠,韩新辉,等.2016.不同林龄刺槐林土壤团聚体化学计量特征及其与土壤养分的关系.生态学报,36(21):6879-6888.
王传杰,王齐齐,徐虎,等.2018.长期施肥下农田土壤-有机质-微生物的碳氮磷化学计量学特征.生态学报,38(11):1-6.
王经纬,王艳玲,姚怡,等.2017.长期施肥对旱地红壤团聚体磷素固持与释放能力的影响.土壤学报,54(5):1240-1250.
王清奎,汪思龙.2005.土壤团聚体形成与稳定机制及影响因素.土壤通报,36(3):415-421.
王绍强,于贵瑞.2008.生态系统碳氮磷元素的生态化学计量学特征.生态学报,28(8):3937-3947.
武均,蔡立群,罗迪,等.2014.不同耕作措施对陇中黄土高原雨养农田土壤团聚体稳定性和C、N、P的影响.水土保持学报,28(6):234-239.
武均,蔡立群,齐鹏,等.2015.不同耕作措施下旱作农田土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮分布特征.中国生态农业学报,23(3):276-284.
许泉,芮雯奕,刘家龙,等.2006.我国农田土壤碳氮耦合特征的区域差异.生态与农村环境学报,22(3):57-60.
杨宁,邹冬生,付美云,等.2016.紫色土丘陵坡地恢复中土壤团聚体特征及其与土壤性质的关系.生态学杂志,35(9):2361-2368.
曾全超,李鑫,董扬红,等.2016.黄土高原延河流域不同植被类型下土壤生态化学计量学特征.自然资源学报,31(11):1881-1891.
张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.2008.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径.土壤学报,45(5):915-924.
赵少华,宇万太,张璐,等.2004.土壤有机磷研究进展.应用生态学报,15(11):2189-2194.
周正虎,王传宽,张全智.2015.土地利用变化对东北温带幼龄林土壤碳氮磷含量及其化学计量特征的影响.生态学报,35(20):6694-6702.
Cleveland CC,Liptzin D.2007.C∶N∶P stoichiometry in soil:Is there a“Redfield ratio”for the microbial biomass?Biogeochemistry,85:235-252.
Devine S,Markewitz D,Hendrix P,et al.2014.Soil aggregates and associated organic matter under conventional tillage,no-tillage,and forest succession after three decades.PLo SONE,9:e84988.
Elser JJ,Sterner RW,Gorokhova E,et al.2000.Biological stoichiometry from genes to ecosystems.Ecology Letters,3:540-550.
Gelaw AM,Singh BR,Lal R.2015.Organic carbon and nitrogen associated with soil aggregates and particle sizes under different land uses in Tigray,Northern Ethiopia.Land Degradation&Development,26:690-700.
Roldan A,Caravaca F,Hernandez MT,et al.2003.No-tillage,crop residue additions,and legume cover cropping effects on soil quality characteristics under maize in Patzcuaro watershed(Mexico).Soil and Tillage Research,72:65-73.
Six J,Elliott ET,Paustian K,et al.1998.Aggregation and soil organic matter accumulation in cultivated and native grassland soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal,62:1367-1377.
Tian H,Chen G,Zhang C,et al.2010.Pattern and variation of C∶N∶P ratios in China’s soils:A synthesis of observational data.Biogeochemistry,98:139-151.
Tisdall JM,Oades JM.1982.Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils.Journal of Soil Science,33:141-163.
Udom BE,Ogunwole JO.2015.Soil organic carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus distribution in stable aggregates of an Ultisol under contrasting land use and management history.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,178:460-467.
Wang Y,Wang Z,Zhang Q,et al.2018.Long-term effects of nitrogen fertilization on aggregation and localization of carbon,nitrogen and microbial activities in soil.Science of the Total Environment,624:1131-1139.
Zhang B,Horn R.2001.Mechanisms of aggregate stabilization in Ultisols from subtropical China.Geoderma,99:123-145.
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