晋西黄土区苹果大豆间作系统果树遮阴强度的时空分布
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摘要
农林复合是晋西黄土区重要的水保经济林经营方法,苹果大豆间作系统是其中最常见的一种,定量解析苹果大豆间作系统遮阴强度的时空动态分布特征及其规律,可以为基于光环境的果农间作系统配置模式提供一定的理论基础,为晋西黄土区水土保持工作与农业可持续发展做出贡献。本研究以晋西黄土区5年生苹果与大豆的间作系统为研究对象,通过定位监测和数学分析相结合的研究方法对间作系统中果树遮阴强度的时空分布及其对大豆的影响进行研究。根据光合有效辐射实测值绘出遮阴强度的单日变化图表和生长期变化图分析出遮阴强度的时空分布规律以及与大豆产量的相关程度。结果表明:1)苹果大豆间作系统内遮阴强度从果树中心位置向四周递减,树行北侧、南侧平均遮阴强度分别为0. 29和0. 22,果树西侧、东侧平均遮阴强度分别为0. 26和0. 24; 2)间作作物在结荚期、开花期及苗期等不同物候期的日平均遮阴强度分别为0. 28、0. 17和0. 14; 3)试验样区大豆生物量和产量分布也表现为从4角果树位置向试验区中心位置递增,果树遮阴强度与大豆的生物量和产量显著负相关且结荚期遮阴强度对产量影响最大。为了有效缓解苹果大豆间作系统的种间光竞争,大豆应集中种植在间作系统的中心区域,同时苹果树行的北侧和西侧的种植量应略小于苹果树行的南侧和东侧的种植量。此外,在大豆的结荚期可以采用铺设反光膜等增加林下光合有效辐射的农艺措施来增加大豆的产量。
[Background] Agroforestry system is one of the important soil and water conservation measures in the loess hilly area of western Shanxi. Apple-soybean intercropping system is one of the most common agroforestry systems. Agroforestry can take into account economic benefits and benefits of soil and water conservation. Quantitative analysis of shading intensity of apple-soybean intercropping system and its spatial-temporal dynamic distribution characteristics may provide a theoretical basis for the configuration model of fruit-crop intercropping system based on light environment,and contribute to soil and water conservation and agricultural sustainable development in the loess region of western Shanxi.[Methods]An intercropping system of 5-year-old apple-soybean on the loess area of western Shanxi was studied. The spatial and temporal distribution of shading intensity and its impact on soybean were studied through a method combined by positional monitoring and mathematical analysis. The diurnal variation chart and the growth season variation diagram of the shading intensity were plotted based on the photosynthetically active radiation measured value,from which the correlation between the temporal and spatial distribution of shading intensity and soybean yield was analyzed. [Results] 1) The shading intensity of the apple-soybean intercropping system decreased from the center to the periphery. The average shading intensity on the north and south sides of the tree were 0. 29 and 0. 22,respectively; and the average shading intensity on the west and east sides of the tree were 0. 26 and 0. 24,respectively. 2)The average daily shading intensity of intercropped crops in pod-forming period,flowering and seedling period were 0. 28,0. 17 and 0. 14,respectively. 3) The biomass and yield distribution of soybean showed an increase from the position of the surrounding fruit trees to the center of the study area. The shading intensity of the fruit trees was significantly negatively correlated with the biomass and yield of soybeans,and also the shading intensity during the pod-forming stage had the greatest impact on yield.[Conclusions] To effectively mitigate the interspecific competition in apple-soybean intercropping systems,soybean should be planted in the central area of the intercropping system,and the planting amount in the north and west of the apple tree rows should be slightly less than that in the South and east of the apple tree rows. In addition,in the podding stage of soybeans,agronomic measures such as laying reflective film can be used to increase photosynthetic active radiation( PAR) under the forest to increase soybean yield.
[Background] Agroforestry system is one of the important soil and water conservation measures in the loess hilly area of western Shanxi. Apple-soybean intercropping system is one of the most common agroforestry systems. Agroforestry can take into account economic benefits and benefits of soil and water conservation. Quantitative analysis of shading intensity of apple-soybean intercropping system and its spatial-temporal dynamic distribution characteristics may provide a theoretical basis for the configuration model of fruit-crop intercropping system based on light environment,and contribute to soil and water conservation and agricultural sustainable development in the loess region of western Shanxi.[Methods]An intercropping system of 5-year-old apple-soybean on the loess area of western Shanxi was studied. The spatial and temporal distribution of shading intensity and its impact on soybean were studied through a method combined by positional monitoring and mathematical analysis. The diurnal variation chart and the growth season variation diagram of the shading intensity were plotted based on the photosynthetically active radiation measured value,from which the correlation between the temporal and spatial distribution of shading intensity and soybean yield was analyzed. [Results] 1) The shading intensity of the apple-soybean intercropping system decreased from the center to the periphery. The average shading intensity on the north and south sides of the tree were 0. 29 and 0. 22,respectively; and the average shading intensity on the west and east sides of the tree were 0. 26 and 0. 24,respectively. 2)The average daily shading intensity of intercropped crops in pod-forming period,flowering and seedling period were 0. 28,0. 17 and 0. 14,respectively. 3) The biomass and yield distribution of soybean showed an increase from the position of the surrounding fruit trees to the center of the study area. The shading intensity of the fruit trees was significantly negatively correlated with the biomass and yield of soybeans,and also the shading intensity during the pod-forming stage had the greatest impact on yield.[Conclusions] To effectively mitigate the interspecific competition in apple-soybean intercropping systems,soybean should be planted in the central area of the intercropping system,and the planting amount in the north and west of the apple tree rows should be slightly less than that in the South and east of the apple tree rows. In addition,in the podding stage of soybeans,agronomic measures such as laying reflective film can be used to increase photosynthetic active radiation( PAR) under the forest to increase soybean yield.
引文
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[9]蔡智才,毕华兴,许华森,等.晋西黄土区苹果花生间作系统光合有效辐射及其对花生生长的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(4):51.CAI Zhicai,BI Huaxing,XU Huasen,et al.Distribution of photosynthetically available radiation and its effect on growth of Arachis hypogaea in Malus pumila and Arachis hypogaea intercropping system in loess area of Western Shanxi[J].Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),2017,45(4):51.
[10]云雷,毕华兴,马雯静,等.晋西黄土区林草复合系统刺槐根系分布特征[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,26(2):151.YUN Lei,BI Huaxing,MA Wenjing,et al.Distribution characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia roots in silvopastoral system in the loess region of west Shanxi[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Wnvironment,2012,26(2):151.
[11]许华森,云雷,毕华兴,等.核桃-大豆间作系统细根分布及地下竞争[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(7):1612.XU Huasen,YUN Lei,BI Huaxing,et al.Fine root distribution and underground competition in walnut-soybean intercropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2012,31(7):1612.
[2]高路博.晋西黄土区苹果农作物间作系统种间关系研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014:1.GAO Lubo.Research on interspecific relationship and management technology in apple-crop intercropping system of western Shanxi province[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2014:1.
[3]孟平,张劲松,樊巍.中国复合农林业研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2003:1.MENG Ping,ZHANG Jinsong,FAN Wei.Research on agroforestry in China[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2003:1.
[4]云雷.晋西黄土区果农间作系统种间关系研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011:1.YUN Lei.Research on interspecific relationship in economic tree and crop tntercropping system on loess region of western Shanxi province[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2011:1.
[5]廖文超.晋西黄土区不同树龄苹果与大豆间作系统水、肥、光空间分布特征[D].北京:北京林业大学,2015:1.LIAO Wenchao.The spatial distribution of Soil moisture,soil nutrients,light in different ages'apple and soybean intercropping systems on loess plateau of west Shanxi province[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2015:1.
[6]许华森.晋西黄土区苹果-大豆间作系统太阳辐射时空分布规律[D].北京:北京林业大学,2015:1.XU Huasen.Spatial and temporal distributions of solar radiation in apple-soybean intercropping system in the western Shanxi province[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2015:1.
[7]HE H,YANG L,ZHAO L,et al.The temporal-spatial distribution of light intensity in maize and soybean intercropping systems[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology(English version),2012,3(2):169.
[8]鲍彪.晋西黄土区苹果-大豆间作系统遮阴模拟对大豆生长的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013:1.BAO Biao.The effects on the growth of soybean by simulation of shanding in apple-soybean intercropping system in loess region of western Shanxi[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2013:1.
[9]蔡智才,毕华兴,许华森,等.晋西黄土区苹果花生间作系统光合有效辐射及其对花生生长的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(4):51.CAI Zhicai,BI Huaxing,XU Huasen,et al.Distribution of photosynthetically available radiation and its effect on growth of Arachis hypogaea in Malus pumila and Arachis hypogaea intercropping system in loess area of Western Shanxi[J].Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),2017,45(4):51.
[10]云雷,毕华兴,马雯静,等.晋西黄土区林草复合系统刺槐根系分布特征[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,26(2):151.YUN Lei,BI Huaxing,MA Wenjing,et al.Distribution characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia roots in silvopastoral system in the loess region of west Shanxi[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Wnvironment,2012,26(2):151.
[11]许华森,云雷,毕华兴,等.核桃-大豆间作系统细根分布及地下竞争[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(7):1612.XU Huasen,YUN Lei,BI Huaxing,et al.Fine root distribution and underground competition in walnut-soybean intercropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2012,31(7):1612.