不同深松方式对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响
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摘要
由于我国北方地区长期采用小型机具进行耕作,导致农田耕层变浅、犁底层向上移动,土壤蓄水能力下降。为了明确不同深松方法对作物产量和水分利用效率的影响,提高作物抗旱能力和生产能力,本研究通过3 a定位试验,以春季旋耕为对照(CK),研究了秋季全方位深松(BS)、秋季连年垄台深松(RS)、初夏连年垄沟中耕深松(FS)和秋夏年际交替间隔深松(AS)4种深松耕作方式的蓄水和增产效应。试验研究结果表明,可以将不同耕作处理土壤容重特征表述为:CK为上虚下实型、BS为均匀疏松型、RS为垄虚沟实型、FS为垄实沟虚型(相对RS)、AS为年际疏松交替型。BS、AS、FS和RS不同年份土壤平均贮水量较CK增幅的变化范围分别是10.9～23.2 mm、10.9～17.2 mm、9.0～15.7 mm和6.0～8.2 mm,尽管AS的容重在年际间存在更替变化,但对年际间土壤平均贮水量影响较小。总体上BS和AS土壤贮水量高于CK和RS,提高10.9～23.2 mm,能够为不同降水年型下玉米稳产提供保障。尤其相对于其他3种深松方式,AS处理3 a研究数据玉米持续保持着高生产能力和水分利用效率,较CK产量提高17.22%～28.65%,水分利用效率提高0.27～0.73 kg·m~(-3); 2013年较BS的产量和水分利用效率差异不显著,其他两年分别提高1.00%～5.92%,0.06～0.20 kg·m~(-3);较FS产量提高5.59%～13.50%,2014年水分利用效率差异不显著,其他两年提高0.20～0.43 kg·m~(-3),因此AS是较为适宜的深松方式。
In northern China, the long-term use of small agricultural machinery for tillage has resulted in a thickened and uplifted plow pan, a decreased volume of nutrient-rich topsoil, and lower soil water holding capacity within the farmland. A three-year field research was conducted to investigate the effect of four subsoiling methods, including bulk subsoiling in autumn(BS), annual ridge subsoiling in autumn(RS), annual furrow subsoiling in early summer(FS) and inter-annual alternate zone subsoiling(AS), on soil water-holding capacity and agricultural output. These subsoiling methods were compared with that under the rotary tillage in spring(CK). The results suggested that the bulk density of soil varied with different tillage methods. The soil with BS was uniformly loose, while the soil of CK showed vertically uneven bulk densities of that the upper soil was loose while the lower soil was relatively compact. The soil with RS showed loose ridge soil and compact furrow soil, while the soil with FS yielded the opposite result compared to that with RS. The soil with AS tillage exhibited alternately variation of bulk density from year to year. The increases in the average soil water storage with BS, AS, FS, and RS during crop growth period compared with CK were 10.9～23.2 mm, 10.9～17.2 mm, 9.0～15.7 mm and 6.0～8.2 mm, respectively. Soil bulk density varied yearly with AS treatment, but it had limited effect on the average soil water storage. Overall, soil tilled by BS and AS maintained a high soil water holding capacity, soil water storage increased by 10.9～23.2 mm, which could stabilize the yield under different rainfalls between years. Compared to the other three types of subsoiling methods, production capacity and water use efficiency in AS treatment were persistently higher. Compared with CK, yield increased by 17.22%～28.65%, water use efficiency increased by 0.27～0.73 kg·m~(-3); compared with BS, there were no significant difference in yield and water use efficiency in 2013, but yield and water use efficiency increased by 1.00%～5.92% and 0.06～0.20 kg·m~(-3) in the other two years, respectively; compared with FS, yield increased by 5.59%～13.50%, there was no significant difference in water use efficiency in 2014, but increased by 0.20～0.43 kg·m~(-3) in the other two years. AS was a suitable subsoiling method.
In northern China, the long-term use of small agricultural machinery for tillage has resulted in a thickened and uplifted plow pan, a decreased volume of nutrient-rich topsoil, and lower soil water holding capacity within the farmland. A three-year field research was conducted to investigate the effect of four subsoiling methods, including bulk subsoiling in autumn(BS), annual ridge subsoiling in autumn(RS), annual furrow subsoiling in early summer(FS) and inter-annual alternate zone subsoiling(AS), on soil water-holding capacity and agricultural output. These subsoiling methods were compared with that under the rotary tillage in spring(CK). The results suggested that the bulk density of soil varied with different tillage methods. The soil with BS was uniformly loose, while the soil of CK showed vertically uneven bulk densities of that the upper soil was loose while the lower soil was relatively compact. The soil with RS showed loose ridge soil and compact furrow soil, while the soil with FS yielded the opposite result compared to that with RS. The soil with AS tillage exhibited alternately variation of bulk density from year to year. The increases in the average soil water storage with BS, AS, FS, and RS during crop growth period compared with CK were 10.9～23.2 mm, 10.9～17.2 mm, 9.0～15.7 mm and 6.0～8.2 mm, respectively. Soil bulk density varied yearly with AS treatment, but it had limited effect on the average soil water storage. Overall, soil tilled by BS and AS maintained a high soil water holding capacity, soil water storage increased by 10.9～23.2 mm, which could stabilize the yield under different rainfalls between years. Compared to the other three types of subsoiling methods, production capacity and water use efficiency in AS treatment were persistently higher. Compared with CK, yield increased by 17.22%～28.65%, water use efficiency increased by 0.27～0.73 kg·m~(-3); compared with BS, there were no significant difference in yield and water use efficiency in 2013, but yield and water use efficiency increased by 1.00%～5.92% and 0.06～0.20 kg·m~(-3) in the other two years, respectively; compared with FS, yield increased by 5.59%～13.50%, there was no significant difference in water use efficiency in 2014, but increased by 0.20～0.43 kg·m~(-3) in the other two years. AS was a suitable subsoiling method.
引文
[1] 冯良山,孙占祥,郑家明,等.辽西风沙半干旱区旱作农田水资源研究[J].土壤通报,2008,39(1):25-28.
[2] 白伟,孙占祥,郑家明,等.虚实并存耕层提高春玉米产量和水分利用效率[J].农业工程学报,2014,21(11):81-90.
[3] Ekel?f J,Guamán V,Jensen E S,et al.Inter-row subsoiling and irrigation increase starch potato yield,phosphorus use efficiency and quality parameters[J].Potato Research,2015,58(1):15-27.
[4] McGarry D,Bridge B J,Radford B J.Contrasting soil physical properties after zero and traditional tillage of an alluvial soil in the semi-arid subtropics[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2000,53(2):105-115.
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[10] 郑洪兵,郑金玉,罗洋,等.长期不同耕作方式下的土壤硬度变化特征[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(9):63-70.
[11] 郑洪兵,郑金玉,罗洋,等.农田不同耕层构造对玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(5):41-45,95.
[12] 刘武仁,郑金玉,罗洋,等.不同耕层构造对土壤硬度和含水量的影响[J].玉米科学,2013,21(6):76-80.
[13] Feng L S,Sun Z X,Yan C R,et al.Effect of farmland surface covered porous mulch materials on soil water,heat and water use efficiency of maize[J].Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences,2015,25(S1):22-27.
[14] 张蕾,延昊,程路.2014年夏季气候对农业生产的影响[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(5):600-602.
[15] Zuo S.Intensive cultivation is the soul of the sustainable development of agriculture in China[J].Agricultural Archaeology,2003,(3):50-55.
[16] 姜小凤,张仁陟,王玲英,等.不同耕作方式对旱地土壤酸解有机总氮的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2006,41(1):48-51.
[17] 王育红,姚宇卿,吕军杰,等.豫西旱坡地高留茬深松对冬小麦生态效应的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(2):146-148.
[18] Hemmat A,Eskandari I.Conservation tillage practices for winter wheat-fallow farming on a clay loam soil (Calcisols) under temperate continental climate of northwestern Iran[J].Field Crops Research,2004,89(1):123-133.
[19] Hemmat A,Eskandari I.Tillage system effects upon productivity of a dryland winter wheat-chickpea rotation in the northwest region of Iran[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2004,78(1):69-81.
[20] 李传友,何润兵.深松对土壤蓄水保墒效果影响试验研究[J].中国农机化学报,2013,34(4):108-112.
[21] 罗洋,郑金玉,郑洪兵,等.不同耕层结构对玉米生长发育的影响[J].玉米科学,2014,22(2):113-116.
[22] 葛超,景希强,徐娥,等.不同深松时间与深度条件下土壤物理性状与玉米产量的相关分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2013(3):15-18.
[23] 秦红灵,高旺盛,马月存,等.两年免耕后深松对土壤水分的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(1):78-85.
[24] Gupta S C,Larson W E.Estimating soil water retention characteristics from particle size distribution,organic matter percent,and bulk density[J].Water Resources Research,1979,15(6):1633-1635.
[25] Arya L M,Paris J F.A physicoempirical model to predict the soil moisture characteristic from particle-size distribution and bulk density data[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1981,45(6):1023-1030.
[26] Dyck M,Malhi S S,Nyborg M,et al.Effects of short-term tillage of a long-term no-till land on crop yield and nutrient uptake in two contrasting soil types[J].Sustainable Agriculture Research,2016,5(3):32-42.
[27] Chaghazardi H R,Jahansouz M R,Ahmadi A.,et al.Effects of tillage management on productivity of wheat and chickpea under cold,rainfed conditions in western Iran[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2016,162:26-33.
[28] Lampurlanés J,Plaza-Bonilla D,álvaro-Fuentes J,et al.Long-term analysis of soil water conservation and crop yield under different tillage systems in Mediterranean rainfed conditions[J].Field Crops Research,2016,189:59-67.
[29] Yang X,Pang H,Li Y,et al.Effects of deep rotary sub-soiling tillage on the physical properties and crop growth of the sticky loamy soil in north China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(16):3401-3412.
[30] 郭新荣,谷谒白.全方位深松部件牵引阻力的分析[J].山西师范大学学报(自然科学版),1999,13(4):31-35.
[2] 白伟,孙占祥,郑家明,等.虚实并存耕层提高春玉米产量和水分利用效率[J].农业工程学报,2014,21(11):81-90.
[3] Ekel?f J,Guamán V,Jensen E S,et al.Inter-row subsoiling and irrigation increase starch potato yield,phosphorus use efficiency and quality parameters[J].Potato Research,2015,58(1):15-27.
[4] McGarry D,Bridge B J,Radford B J.Contrasting soil physical properties after zero and traditional tillage of an alluvial soil in the semi-arid subtropics[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2000,53(2):105-115.
[5] Ahmed S M,Adeeb A.Topsoiling and subsoiling as rainwater harvesting techniques for arid climates:a case study from Sudan[J].Planet Risk,2014,2(1):40-45
[6] Abu-Hamdeh N H.Compaction and sub-soiling effects on corn growth and soil bulk density[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67(4):1212-1218.
[7] Martin-Rueda L,Munoz-Guerra L M,Yunta F.Tillage and crop rotation effects on barley yield and soil nutrients on a Calciortidic Haploxeralf[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2007,92(1-2):1-9.
[8] Tian S,Wang Y,Ning T,et al.Continued no-till and subsoiling improved soil organic carbon and soil aggregation levels[J].Agronomy Journal,2014,106(1):212-218.
[9] 李华,逄焕成,任天志,等.深旋松耕作法对东北棕壤物力性状及春玉米生产的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(3):647-656.
[10] 郑洪兵,郑金玉,罗洋,等.长期不同耕作方式下的土壤硬度变化特征[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(9):63-70.
[11] 郑洪兵,郑金玉,罗洋,等.农田不同耕层构造对玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(5):41-45,95.
[12] 刘武仁,郑金玉,罗洋,等.不同耕层构造对土壤硬度和含水量的影响[J].玉米科学,2013,21(6):76-80.
[13] Feng L S,Sun Z X,Yan C R,et al.Effect of farmland surface covered porous mulch materials on soil water,heat and water use efficiency of maize[J].Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences,2015,25(S1):22-27.
[14] 张蕾,延昊,程路.2014年夏季气候对农业生产的影响[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(5):600-602.
[15] Zuo S.Intensive cultivation is the soul of the sustainable development of agriculture in China[J].Agricultural Archaeology,2003,(3):50-55.
[16] 姜小凤,张仁陟,王玲英,等.不同耕作方式对旱地土壤酸解有机总氮的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2006,41(1):48-51.
[17] 王育红,姚宇卿,吕军杰,等.豫西旱坡地高留茬深松对冬小麦生态效应的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(2):146-148.
[18] Hemmat A,Eskandari I.Conservation tillage practices for winter wheat-fallow farming on a clay loam soil (Calcisols) under temperate continental climate of northwestern Iran[J].Field Crops Research,2004,89(1):123-133.
[19] Hemmat A,Eskandari I.Tillage system effects upon productivity of a dryland winter wheat-chickpea rotation in the northwest region of Iran[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2004,78(1):69-81.
[20] 李传友,何润兵.深松对土壤蓄水保墒效果影响试验研究[J].中国农机化学报,2013,34(4):108-112.
[21] 罗洋,郑金玉,郑洪兵,等.不同耕层结构对玉米生长发育的影响[J].玉米科学,2014,22(2):113-116.
[22] 葛超,景希强,徐娥,等.不同深松时间与深度条件下土壤物理性状与玉米产量的相关分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2013(3):15-18.
[23] 秦红灵,高旺盛,马月存,等.两年免耕后深松对土壤水分的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(1):78-85.
[24] Gupta S C,Larson W E.Estimating soil water retention characteristics from particle size distribution,organic matter percent,and bulk density[J].Water Resources Research,1979,15(6):1633-1635.
[25] Arya L M,Paris J F.A physicoempirical model to predict the soil moisture characteristic from particle-size distribution and bulk density data[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1981,45(6):1023-1030.
[26] Dyck M,Malhi S S,Nyborg M,et al.Effects of short-term tillage of a long-term no-till land on crop yield and nutrient uptake in two contrasting soil types[J].Sustainable Agriculture Research,2016,5(3):32-42.
[27] Chaghazardi H R,Jahansouz M R,Ahmadi A.,et al.Effects of tillage management on productivity of wheat and chickpea under cold,rainfed conditions in western Iran[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2016,162:26-33.
[28] Lampurlanés J,Plaza-Bonilla D,álvaro-Fuentes J,et al.Long-term analysis of soil water conservation and crop yield under different tillage systems in Mediterranean rainfed conditions[J].Field Crops Research,2016,189:59-67.
[29] Yang X,Pang H,Li Y,et al.Effects of deep rotary sub-soiling tillage on the physical properties and crop growth of the sticky loamy soil in north China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(16):3401-3412.
[30] 郭新荣,谷谒白.全方位深松部件牵引阻力的分析[J].山西师范大学学报(自然科学版),1999,13(4):31-35.