城市初期雨水污染及处理措施综述
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摘要
雨水径流中初期雨水的污染尤为严重,若直接排入受纳水体将会引起水体污染。因此,初期雨水的治理和综合应用对社会和环境具有重大意义。综述了初期雨水的污染特点及处理措施,重点对雨水弃流、绿色屋顶、渗透铺装、植草沟、植被缓冲带、人工湿地以及生物滞留池等处理措施的处理效果、适宜地区及其优缺点进行了详细的介绍和总结,并对其应用前景进行了展望,以期为城市初期雨水的污染控制提供参考。
The pollution of initial rainwater is serious.Water pollution will be caused if rainwater is directly discharged into receiving water body.So it is very important for the management and comprehensive utilization of initial rainwater.In order to provide a reference for pollution control of urban initial rainwater,the pollution characteristics and treatment measures of initial rainwater were summarized.The treatment effects,suitable places,advantages and disadvantages of the treatment measures,such as rainwater discarding,green roofs,permeable pavement,grassed swales,vegetation buffer strips,constructed wetland and bioretention pool,were introduced and summarized in detail.Moreover,the prospect application of the rainwater treatment measures was discussed.
The pollution of initial rainwater is serious.Water pollution will be caused if rainwater is directly discharged into receiving water body.So it is very important for the management and comprehensive utilization of initial rainwater.In order to provide a reference for pollution control of urban initial rainwater,the pollution characteristics and treatment measures of initial rainwater were summarized.The treatment effects,suitable places,advantages and disadvantages of the treatment measures,such as rainwater discarding,green roofs,permeable pavement,grassed swales,vegetation buffer strips,constructed wetland and bioretention pool,were introduced and summarized in detail.Moreover,the prospect application of the rainwater treatment measures was discussed.
引文
[1]LEE J H,BANG K W,KETCHUM L H,et al.First flush analysis of urban storm runoff[J].Science of the Total Environment,2002,293(1/2/3):163-175.
[2]DELETIC A.The first flush load of urban surface runoff[J].Water Research,1998,32(8):2462-2470.
[3]SANSALONE J J,CRISTINA C M.First flush concepts for suspended and dissolved solids in small impervious watersheds[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,2004,130(11):1301-1314.
[4]LI X Z,XIAO D N,HU Y M,et al.Effect of spatial pattern on nutrient reduction in the Liaohe Delta[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2001,11(3):85-98.
[5]BROWN T C,BROWN D,BINKLEY D.Laws and programs for controlling nonpoint source pollution in forest areas[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2010,29(1):1-13.
[6]QIANQIAN Z.A review of sustainable urban drainage systems considering the climate change and urbanization impacts[J].Water,2014,6(4):976-992.
[7]BENGTSSON L.Wetland systems to control urban runoff[J].Urban Water Journal,2007,4(4):315-325.
[8]DONG T T,LEE B K.Characteristics,toxicity,and source apportionment of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in road dust of Ulsan,Korea[J].Chemosphere,2009,74(9):1245-1253.
[9]MURAKAMIA M,FUJITA M,FURUMAI H,et al.Sorption behavior of heavy metal species by soakaway sediment receiving urban road runoff from residential and heavily trafficked areas[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,164(2/3):707-712.
[10]KANG J H,KAYHANIAN M,STENSTROM M K.Predicting the existence of stormwater first flush from the time of concentration[J].Water Research,2008,42(1/2):220-228.
[11]黄国如,聂铁锋.广州城区雨水径流非点源污染特性及污染负荷[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(2):142-148.
[12]徐祖信,黄沈发,鄢忠纯.上海市非点源污染负荷研究[J].上海环境科学,2003(增刊1):112-116.
[13]杨勇,张宏伟,王媛,等.天津市非点源污染现状研究[J].江苏环境科技,2007,20(3):1-4.
[14]FRSTER J.Patterns of roof runoff contamination and their potential implications on practice and regulation of treatment and local infiltration[J].Water Science&Technology,1996,33(6):39-48.
[15]GROMAIRE MERTZ M C,GARNAUD S,GONZALEZ A,et al.Characterisation of urban runoff pollution in Paris[J].Water Science&Technology,1999,39(2):1-8.
[16]LEGRET M,PAGOTTO C.Evaluation of pollutant loadings in the runoff waters from a major rural highway[J].Science of the Total Environment,1999,235(1/2/3):143-150.
[17]ELLIS J B,REVITT D M,HARROP D O,et al.The contribution of highway surfaces to urban stormwater sediments and metal loadings[J].Science of the Total Environment,1987,59(87):339-349.
[18]WU J S,ALLAN C J,SAUNDERS W L,et al.Characterization and pollutant loading estimation for highway runoff[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1998,124(7):584-592.
[19]BERTRAND KRAJEWSKI J L,CHEBBO G,SAGET A.Distribution of pollutant mass vs volume in stormwater discharges and the first flush phenomenon[J].Water Research,1998,32(8):2341-2356.
[20]IQBAL H,BAIG M A.Characterization of first flush in urban highway runoffs[J].Environmental Engineering&Management Journal,2015,14(1):45-50.
[21]KNIFFEN B.Rainwater harvesting education in Texas[EB/OL].[2018-02-21].https://rainwaterharvesting.tamu.edu/images.html.
[22]KIM G,YUR J,KIM J.Diffuse pollution loading from urban stormwater runoff in Daejeon city,Korea[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2007,85(1):9-16.
[23]HATHAWAY J M,HUNT W F.Evaluation of first flush for indicator bacteria and total suspended solids in urban stormwater runoff[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2011,217(1/2/3/4):135-147.
[24]BERNDTSSON J C.Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality:a review[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(4).
[25]WHITTINGHILL L J,ROWE D B,CREGG B M.Evaluation of vegetable production on extensive green roofs[J].Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,2013,37(4):465-484.
[26]HATHAWAY A M,HUNT W F,JENNINGS G D.A field study of green roof hydrologic and water quality performance[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2008,51(1):37-44.
[27]BECK D A,JOHNSON G R,SPOLEK G A.Amending greenroof soil with biochar to affect runoff water quantity and quality[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(8/9):2111-2118.
[28]MOLINEUX C J,GANGE A C,NEWPORT D J.Using soil microbial inoculations to enhance substrate performance on extensive green roofs[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,580:846-856.
[29]BRATTEBO B O,BOOTH D B.Long-term stormwater quantity and quality performance of permeable pavement systems[J].Water Research,2003,37(18):4369-4376.
[30]BEAN E Z,HUNT W F,BIDELSPACH D A.Field survey of permeable pavement surface infiltration rates[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2007,133(3):249-255.
[31]RUSHTON B T.Low-impact parking lot design reduces runoff and pollutant loads[J].Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2001,127(3):172-179.
[32]COUPE S J,SMITH H G,NEWMAN A P,et al.Biodegradation and microbial diversity within permeable pavements[J].European Journal of Protistology,2003,39(4):495-498.
[33]PARK S B,LEE B J,LEE J,et al.A study on the seawater purification characteristics of water-permeable concrete using recycled aggregate[J].Resources Conservation and Recycling,2010,54(10):658-665.
[34]YU S L,KUO J T,FASSMAN E A,et al.Field test of grassed-swale performance in removing runoff pollution[J].Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2001,127(3):168-171.
[35]SUMMERFELT S T.Design and management of conventional fluidized-sand biofilters[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2006,34(3):275-302.
[36]LANDON J C,MASSARELLI R.Grassy swales prove costeffective for water pollution control[J].HortScience,1983,44(5):1425-1431.
[37]MAZER G,BOOTH D,EWING K.Limitations to vegetation establishment and growth in biofiltration swales[J].Ecological Engineering,2001,17(4):429-443.
[38]DUCHEMIN M,HOGUE R.Reduction in agricultural nonpoint source pollution in the first year following establishment of an integrated grass/tree filter strip system in southern Quebec(Canada)[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2009,131(1/2):85-97.
[39]PETERJOHN W T,CORRELL D L.Nutrient dynamics in an agricultural watershed:observations on the role of a riparian forest[J].Ecology,1984,65(5):1466-1475.
[40]SALEH I,KAVIAN A,ROUSHAN M H,et al.The efficiency of vegetative buffer strips in runoff quality and quantity control[J].International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,2018,15(4):811-820.
[41]JIN X,RMKENS M M.Experimental studies of factors in determining sediment trapping in vegetative filter strips[J].Transactions of the ASAE,2001,44(2).
[42]SABATER S,BUTTURINI A,CLEMENT J C,et al.Nitrogen removal by riparian buffers along a European climatic gradient:patterns and factors of variation[J].Ecosystems,2003,6(1):20-30.
[43]COLLINS K E,DOSCHER C,RENNIE H G,et al.The effectiveness of riparian‘restoration’on water quality-a case study of lowland streams in Canterbury,New Zealand[J].Restoration Ecology,2013,21(1):40-48.
[44]BHATTARAI R,KALITA P K,PATEL M K.Nutrient transport through a vegetative filter strip with subsurface drainage[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(5):1868-1876.
[45]ALIHAN J C,MANIQUIZ REDILLAS M,CHOI J,et al.Characteristics and fate of stormwater runoff pollutants in constructed wetlands[J].Journal of Wetlands Research,2017,19(1):37-44.
[46]GILL L W,RING P,CASEY B,et al.Long term heavy metal removal by a constructed wetland treating rainfall runoff from a motorway[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,601:32-44.
[47]HERNNDEZ CRESPO C,OLIVER N,BIXQUERT J,et al.Comparison of three plants in a surface flow constructed wetland treating eutrophic water in a Mediterranean climate[J].Hydrobiologia,2016,774(1):183-192.
[48]GUAN W,YIN M,HE T,et al.Influence of substrate type on microbial community structure in vertical-flow constructed wetland treating polluted river water[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(20):16202-16209.
[49]SHEN Z Q,ZHOU Y X,LIU J,et al.Enhanced removal of nitrate using starch/PCL blends as solid carbon source in a constructed wetland[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,175:239-244.
[50]UGGETTI E,HUGHES RILEY T,MORRIS R H,et al.Intermittent aeration to improve wastewater treatment efficiency in pilot-scale constructed wetland[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,559:212-217.
[51]VYMAZAL J,KRPFELOVL.Multistage hybrid constructed wetland for enhanced removal of nitrogen[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,84:202-208.
[52]CHOI J,GERONIMO F K,MANIQUIZ REDILLAS M C,et al.Evaluation of a hybrid constructed wetland system for treating urban stormwater runoff[J].Desalination and Water Treatment,2015,53(11):3104-3110.
[53]LI L,DAVIS A P.Urban stormwater runoff nitrogen composition and fate in bioretention systems[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(6):3403-3410.
[54]KIM H,SEAGREN E A,DAVIS A P.Engineered bioretention for removal of nitrate from stormwater runoff[J].Water Environment Research,2003,75(4):355-367.
[55]LEFEVRE G H,NOVAK P J,HOZALSKI R M.Fate of naphthalene in laboratory-scale bioretention cells:implications for sustainable stormwater management[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(2):995-1002.
[56]SUN X L,DAVIS A P.Heavy metal fates in laboratory bioretention systems[J].Chemosphere,2007,66(9):1601-1609.
[57]BRATIERES K,FLETCHER T D,DELETIC A,et al.Nutrient and sediment removal by stormwater biofilters:a largescale design optimisation study[J].Water Research,2008,42(14):3930-3940.
[58]LIU J,DAVIS A P.Phosphorus speciation and treatment using enhanced phosphorus removal bioretention[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(1):607-614.
[59]BLECKEN G T,ZINGER Y,DELETIC A,et al.Impact of a submerged zone and a carbon source on heavy metal removal in stormwater biofilters[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,35(5):769-778.
[60]CHEN X,PELTIER E,STURM B S,et al.Nitrogen removal and nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria quantification in a stormwater bioretention system[J].Water Research,2013,47(4):1691-1700.
[61]BROWN R A,HUNT W F.Underdrain configuration to enhance bioretention exfiltration to reduce pollutant loads[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,2011,137(11):1082-1091.
[2]DELETIC A.The first flush load of urban surface runoff[J].Water Research,1998,32(8):2462-2470.
[3]SANSALONE J J,CRISTINA C M.First flush concepts for suspended and dissolved solids in small impervious watersheds[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,2004,130(11):1301-1314.
[4]LI X Z,XIAO D N,HU Y M,et al.Effect of spatial pattern on nutrient reduction in the Liaohe Delta[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2001,11(3):85-98.
[5]BROWN T C,BROWN D,BINKLEY D.Laws and programs for controlling nonpoint source pollution in forest areas[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2010,29(1):1-13.
[6]QIANQIAN Z.A review of sustainable urban drainage systems considering the climate change and urbanization impacts[J].Water,2014,6(4):976-992.
[7]BENGTSSON L.Wetland systems to control urban runoff[J].Urban Water Journal,2007,4(4):315-325.
[8]DONG T T,LEE B K.Characteristics,toxicity,and source apportionment of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in road dust of Ulsan,Korea[J].Chemosphere,2009,74(9):1245-1253.
[9]MURAKAMIA M,FUJITA M,FURUMAI H,et al.Sorption behavior of heavy metal species by soakaway sediment receiving urban road runoff from residential and heavily trafficked areas[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,164(2/3):707-712.
[10]KANG J H,KAYHANIAN M,STENSTROM M K.Predicting the existence of stormwater first flush from the time of concentration[J].Water Research,2008,42(1/2):220-228.
[11]黄国如,聂铁锋.广州城区雨水径流非点源污染特性及污染负荷[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(2):142-148.
[12]徐祖信,黄沈发,鄢忠纯.上海市非点源污染负荷研究[J].上海环境科学,2003(增刊1):112-116.
[13]杨勇,张宏伟,王媛,等.天津市非点源污染现状研究[J].江苏环境科技,2007,20(3):1-4.
[14]FRSTER J.Patterns of roof runoff contamination and their potential implications on practice and regulation of treatment and local infiltration[J].Water Science&Technology,1996,33(6):39-48.
[15]GROMAIRE MERTZ M C,GARNAUD S,GONZALEZ A,et al.Characterisation of urban runoff pollution in Paris[J].Water Science&Technology,1999,39(2):1-8.
[16]LEGRET M,PAGOTTO C.Evaluation of pollutant loadings in the runoff waters from a major rural highway[J].Science of the Total Environment,1999,235(1/2/3):143-150.
[17]ELLIS J B,REVITT D M,HARROP D O,et al.The contribution of highway surfaces to urban stormwater sediments and metal loadings[J].Science of the Total Environment,1987,59(87):339-349.
[18]WU J S,ALLAN C J,SAUNDERS W L,et al.Characterization and pollutant loading estimation for highway runoff[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1998,124(7):584-592.
[19]BERTRAND KRAJEWSKI J L,CHEBBO G,SAGET A.Distribution of pollutant mass vs volume in stormwater discharges and the first flush phenomenon[J].Water Research,1998,32(8):2341-2356.
[20]IQBAL H,BAIG M A.Characterization of first flush in urban highway runoffs[J].Environmental Engineering&Management Journal,2015,14(1):45-50.
[21]KNIFFEN B.Rainwater harvesting education in Texas[EB/OL].[2018-02-21].https://rainwaterharvesting.tamu.edu/images.html.
[22]KIM G,YUR J,KIM J.Diffuse pollution loading from urban stormwater runoff in Daejeon city,Korea[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2007,85(1):9-16.
[23]HATHAWAY J M,HUNT W F.Evaluation of first flush for indicator bacteria and total suspended solids in urban stormwater runoff[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2011,217(1/2/3/4):135-147.
[24]BERNDTSSON J C.Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality:a review[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(4).
[25]WHITTINGHILL L J,ROWE D B,CREGG B M.Evaluation of vegetable production on extensive green roofs[J].Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,2013,37(4):465-484.
[26]HATHAWAY A M,HUNT W F,JENNINGS G D.A field study of green roof hydrologic and water quality performance[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2008,51(1):37-44.
[27]BECK D A,JOHNSON G R,SPOLEK G A.Amending greenroof soil with biochar to affect runoff water quantity and quality[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(8/9):2111-2118.
[28]MOLINEUX C J,GANGE A C,NEWPORT D J.Using soil microbial inoculations to enhance substrate performance on extensive green roofs[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,580:846-856.
[29]BRATTEBO B O,BOOTH D B.Long-term stormwater quantity and quality performance of permeable pavement systems[J].Water Research,2003,37(18):4369-4376.
[30]BEAN E Z,HUNT W F,BIDELSPACH D A.Field survey of permeable pavement surface infiltration rates[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2007,133(3):249-255.
[31]RUSHTON B T.Low-impact parking lot design reduces runoff and pollutant loads[J].Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2001,127(3):172-179.
[32]COUPE S J,SMITH H G,NEWMAN A P,et al.Biodegradation and microbial diversity within permeable pavements[J].European Journal of Protistology,2003,39(4):495-498.
[33]PARK S B,LEE B J,LEE J,et al.A study on the seawater purification characteristics of water-permeable concrete using recycled aggregate[J].Resources Conservation and Recycling,2010,54(10):658-665.
[34]YU S L,KUO J T,FASSMAN E A,et al.Field test of grassed-swale performance in removing runoff pollution[J].Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2001,127(3):168-171.
[35]SUMMERFELT S T.Design and management of conventional fluidized-sand biofilters[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2006,34(3):275-302.
[36]LANDON J C,MASSARELLI R.Grassy swales prove costeffective for water pollution control[J].HortScience,1983,44(5):1425-1431.
[37]MAZER G,BOOTH D,EWING K.Limitations to vegetation establishment and growth in biofiltration swales[J].Ecological Engineering,2001,17(4):429-443.
[38]DUCHEMIN M,HOGUE R.Reduction in agricultural nonpoint source pollution in the first year following establishment of an integrated grass/tree filter strip system in southern Quebec(Canada)[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2009,131(1/2):85-97.
[39]PETERJOHN W T,CORRELL D L.Nutrient dynamics in an agricultural watershed:observations on the role of a riparian forest[J].Ecology,1984,65(5):1466-1475.
[40]SALEH I,KAVIAN A,ROUSHAN M H,et al.The efficiency of vegetative buffer strips in runoff quality and quantity control[J].International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,2018,15(4):811-820.
[41]JIN X,RMKENS M M.Experimental studies of factors in determining sediment trapping in vegetative filter strips[J].Transactions of the ASAE,2001,44(2).
[42]SABATER S,BUTTURINI A,CLEMENT J C,et al.Nitrogen removal by riparian buffers along a European climatic gradient:patterns and factors of variation[J].Ecosystems,2003,6(1):20-30.
[43]COLLINS K E,DOSCHER C,RENNIE H G,et al.The effectiveness of riparian‘restoration’on water quality-a case study of lowland streams in Canterbury,New Zealand[J].Restoration Ecology,2013,21(1):40-48.
[44]BHATTARAI R,KALITA P K,PATEL M K.Nutrient transport through a vegetative filter strip with subsurface drainage[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(5):1868-1876.
[45]ALIHAN J C,MANIQUIZ REDILLAS M,CHOI J,et al.Characteristics and fate of stormwater runoff pollutants in constructed wetlands[J].Journal of Wetlands Research,2017,19(1):37-44.
[46]GILL L W,RING P,CASEY B,et al.Long term heavy metal removal by a constructed wetland treating rainfall runoff from a motorway[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,601:32-44.
[47]HERNNDEZ CRESPO C,OLIVER N,BIXQUERT J,et al.Comparison of three plants in a surface flow constructed wetland treating eutrophic water in a Mediterranean climate[J].Hydrobiologia,2016,774(1):183-192.
[48]GUAN W,YIN M,HE T,et al.Influence of substrate type on microbial community structure in vertical-flow constructed wetland treating polluted river water[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(20):16202-16209.
[49]SHEN Z Q,ZHOU Y X,LIU J,et al.Enhanced removal of nitrate using starch/PCL blends as solid carbon source in a constructed wetland[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,175:239-244.
[50]UGGETTI E,HUGHES RILEY T,MORRIS R H,et al.Intermittent aeration to improve wastewater treatment efficiency in pilot-scale constructed wetland[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,559:212-217.
[51]VYMAZAL J,KRPFELOVL.Multistage hybrid constructed wetland for enhanced removal of nitrogen[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,84:202-208.
[52]CHOI J,GERONIMO F K,MANIQUIZ REDILLAS M C,et al.Evaluation of a hybrid constructed wetland system for treating urban stormwater runoff[J].Desalination and Water Treatment,2015,53(11):3104-3110.
[53]LI L,DAVIS A P.Urban stormwater runoff nitrogen composition and fate in bioretention systems[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(6):3403-3410.
[54]KIM H,SEAGREN E A,DAVIS A P.Engineered bioretention for removal of nitrate from stormwater runoff[J].Water Environment Research,2003,75(4):355-367.
[55]LEFEVRE G H,NOVAK P J,HOZALSKI R M.Fate of naphthalene in laboratory-scale bioretention cells:implications for sustainable stormwater management[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(2):995-1002.
[56]SUN X L,DAVIS A P.Heavy metal fates in laboratory bioretention systems[J].Chemosphere,2007,66(9):1601-1609.
[57]BRATIERES K,FLETCHER T D,DELETIC A,et al.Nutrient and sediment removal by stormwater biofilters:a largescale design optimisation study[J].Water Research,2008,42(14):3930-3940.
[58]LIU J,DAVIS A P.Phosphorus speciation and treatment using enhanced phosphorus removal bioretention[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(1):607-614.
[59]BLECKEN G T,ZINGER Y,DELETIC A,et al.Impact of a submerged zone and a carbon source on heavy metal removal in stormwater biofilters[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,35(5):769-778.
[60]CHEN X,PELTIER E,STURM B S,et al.Nitrogen removal and nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria quantification in a stormwater bioretention system[J].Water Research,2013,47(4):1691-1700.
[61]BROWN R A,HUNT W F.Underdrain configuration to enhance bioretention exfiltration to reduce pollutant loads[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,2011,137(11):1082-1091.