丛枝菌根提高滨海盐碱地植物耐盐性的作用机制及其生态效应
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摘要
滨海盐碱土成陆和复垦年代短,具有土壤含盐高、养分低和矿化度高等特点,增加了植物的定植难度,不利于盐碱地复垦和生态修复。丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF)广泛存在于土壤生态系统中,自然界中90%以上的植物根系都能够与丛枝菌根形成菌根共生体,AMF能提高宿主植物的抗逆性(抗旱、抗盐、抗重金属和耐酸性等)和适应进化,AMF分泌的球囊霉素相关蛋白(Glomalin-related soil protein,GRSP)及其菌丝体促进土壤改良和培肥、保持土壤健康和可持续生产力等方面发挥着重要作用。文章综述了高盐碱胁迫对AMF-宿主植物共生关系的影响,明确AMF的孢子萌发与生长、菌丝体对高盐碱胁迫的响应;重点揭示AMF提高宿主植物对矿质养分和土壤水分的吸收、改善根际盐碱土矿质元素有效性、调控宿主植物生理生化特性、调节宿主植物抗氧化酶的活性和激素参与下的分子调控等方面作用机制,详细诠释AMF提高宿主植物的抗盐性机理;结合滨海盐碱地面临的重要生态问题,解析AMF在盐碱地治理中促进植物生长、提高土壤微生物活性、改善土壤肥力和结构等方面的应用进展和潜力,并结合AMF在盐碱地治理研究中存在的问题以及研究方向进行展望。AMF提高了滨海植物的耐盐性,促进了植物的生长和改善了土壤的微生态环境,AMF不能纯培养的特性限制了其在滨海盐碱地中大面积推广。基于此,今后在AMF菌种筛选、宿主植物的选择和菌种规模生产方面还需持续探索,从而为滨海盐碱地微生物复垦和生态修复提供技术支持。
Coastal saline–alkaline land is an important land resource. Coastal saline–alkali soil has a short period of land-forming and reclamation. Hence, it has high salinity, low nutrient content, and high mineralization. However, these characteristics increase the difficulty of planting and are thus not conducive to reclamation and ecological restoration of saline–alkali land. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) exist in soil ecosystem extensively. More than 90% of plant roots can form mycorrhizal symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. AMF can enhance the resistance of host plants to drought, salt, heavy metals, and acid, and it can make plants adapt to evolution. Glomalin-related proteins secreted by AMF and mycelia can promote the improvement and fertilization of soil. Furthermore, these proteins play an important role in maintaining healthy soil and sustainable productivity. This paper reviewed the effects of high saline–alkali stress on the symbiotic relation of AMF-host plants and clarified the response of spore germination and AMF growth and mycelium to high saline–alkali stress. Furthermore, this paper revealed the action mechanisms of AMF in enhancing the mineral nutrient and water absorption of host plants, improving the availability of mineral elements in rhizosphere saline–alkali soil, regulating and controlling the physiological and biochemical characteristics of host plants, and regulating the activity of antioxidant enzyme and molecular regulation that involves hormones in host plants to provide a detailed explanation of the mechanism of AMF in improving the salt resistance of host plants. With the important ecological and AMF problems of coastal saline–alkali land taken into consideration, this paper analyzed the application progress and potential of AMF in promoting plant growth, increasing the microbial activity of soil, and improving soil fertility and structure to provide theoretical support for microbial reclamation and ecological restoration of coastal saline–alkali land. AMF improves the salt tolerance of coastal plants, promotes the growth of plants, and improves the soil micro-ecological environment. The wide spread of AMF in coastal saline-alkali lands is limited because it cannot be purely cultured. On this basis, the selection of host plants for AMF strain screening and large-scale production of strains should be investigated to provide technical support for the microbial reclamation and ecological restoration of coastal saline-alkali lands. Expected research directions were also presented.
Coastal saline–alkaline land is an important land resource. Coastal saline–alkali soil has a short period of land-forming and reclamation. Hence, it has high salinity, low nutrient content, and high mineralization. However, these characteristics increase the difficulty of planting and are thus not conducive to reclamation and ecological restoration of saline–alkali land. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) exist in soil ecosystem extensively. More than 90% of plant roots can form mycorrhizal symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. AMF can enhance the resistance of host plants to drought, salt, heavy metals, and acid, and it can make plants adapt to evolution. Glomalin-related proteins secreted by AMF and mycelia can promote the improvement and fertilization of soil. Furthermore, these proteins play an important role in maintaining healthy soil and sustainable productivity. This paper reviewed the effects of high saline–alkali stress on the symbiotic relation of AMF-host plants and clarified the response of spore germination and AMF growth and mycelium to high saline–alkali stress. Furthermore, this paper revealed the action mechanisms of AMF in enhancing the mineral nutrient and water absorption of host plants, improving the availability of mineral elements in rhizosphere saline–alkali soil, regulating and controlling the physiological and biochemical characteristics of host plants, and regulating the activity of antioxidant enzyme and molecular regulation that involves hormones in host plants to provide a detailed explanation of the mechanism of AMF in improving the salt resistance of host plants. With the important ecological and AMF problems of coastal saline–alkali land taken into consideration, this paper analyzed the application progress and potential of AMF in promoting plant growth, increasing the microbial activity of soil, and improving soil fertility and structure to provide theoretical support for microbial reclamation and ecological restoration of coastal saline–alkali land. AMF improves the salt tolerance of coastal plants, promotes the growth of plants, and improves the soil micro-ecological environment. The wide spread of AMF in coastal saline-alkali lands is limited because it cannot be purely cultured. On this basis, the selection of host plants for AMF strain screening and large-scale production of strains should be investigated to provide technical support for the microbial reclamation and ecological restoration of coastal saline-alkali lands. Expected research directions were also presented.
引文
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