煤改气后天津市采暖期大气污染特征的时空分布研究
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摘要
燃煤供暖被认为是中国北方采暖期大气污染的主要来源之一,因此国家计划以天然气替代燃煤作为取暖燃料以减轻大气污染。基于2016-2017年天津采暖期前后的空气质量监测数据,探究"煤改气"后城市大气污染物的时空分布特征及影响因素,为大气污染治理提供依据。研究表明,煤改气后天津采暖期主要大气污染物有PM_(2.5)、PM10和NO_2 3种,CO日均质量浓度有超标现象发生,SO_2和O_3日均质量浓度均低于二级标准限值。与使用燃煤采暖时期相比,大气中SO_2、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和CO的日均质量浓度均有不同程度的降低,尤其是SO2浓度降幅高达70%,但NO_2质量浓度没有有效降低。从日变化特征来看,采暖期PM_(2.5)、PM10和CO的日变化规律受到了采暖活动影响,呈单峰单谷型的变化趋势。NO_2、SO_2和O_3的日变化规律与非采暖期相似,受采暖活动影响较小。由于受供暖和大气逆温层的影响,采暖期晚上至上午时段大气污染物(O3除外)的质量浓度远远高于非采暖期相同时段的质量浓度。天津大气污染物在非采暖期呈现出典型的"周末效应",但是在采暖期没有出现"周末效应"。冬季,周末白天人为活动较工作日更为活跃,与之相对应增加的城镇生活源可能是造成周末白天PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度偏高及"周末效应"消失的主要原因。
Coal-fired heating is regarded as an important factor that causes atmospheric pollution in the north of China in winter.Therefore, natural gas is used as a substitute for traditional coal combustion to reduce atmospheric pollution during the heating period. The concentrations datas of atmospheric pollutants in Tianjin in 2016 were collected in this work for discussing the spatial and temporal distribution and influence factors of atmospheric pollutants of Tianjin during the heating period after the "coal to gas" project. The results showed that the main non-attainment pollutants in Tianjin during the heating period were PM_(2.5), PM_(10) and NO_2.The 24-hour average concentrations of CO were higher than the ambient air quality standards of China for a few days during the heating period. The SO_2 and O_3 were attainments in Tianjin. The 24-hour average concentrations of PM_(2.5), PM_(10), CO, SO_2 after the "coal to gas" project reduced in varying degrees compared with using coal for heating. Especially, SO_2 concentrations decreased more than 70%. However, the NO_2 concentration did not decrease effectively. During the heating period, the typical diurnal variations of PM_(2.5), PM10 and CO were affected by the heating, showing a trend of single peak and single valley type. The diurnal variations of NO_2, SO_2 and O_3 in the heating period were similar with that in non-heating period, and were less affected by the heating. Due to the influence of heating and atmospheric inversion layer, the atmospheric pollutants(excluding O_3) concentrations from evening to next morning during the heating period were marked higher than that in the same period of non-heating period. A "weekend effect" was showed during the non-heating period in Tianjin. However, no obvious "weekend effect" was observed during the heating period. In winter, people were more active on the daytime of weekends than on the daytime of workdays. The increased atmospheric pollutes from living may be the main reason for the high concentration of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) during daytime of weekend and the disappearance of weekend effect.
Coal-fired heating is regarded as an important factor that causes atmospheric pollution in the north of China in winter.Therefore, natural gas is used as a substitute for traditional coal combustion to reduce atmospheric pollution during the heating period. The concentrations datas of atmospheric pollutants in Tianjin in 2016 were collected in this work for discussing the spatial and temporal distribution and influence factors of atmospheric pollutants of Tianjin during the heating period after the "coal to gas" project. The results showed that the main non-attainment pollutants in Tianjin during the heating period were PM_(2.5), PM_(10) and NO_2.The 24-hour average concentrations of CO were higher than the ambient air quality standards of China for a few days during the heating period. The SO_2 and O_3 were attainments in Tianjin. The 24-hour average concentrations of PM_(2.5), PM_(10), CO, SO_2 after the "coal to gas" project reduced in varying degrees compared with using coal for heating. Especially, SO_2 concentrations decreased more than 70%. However, the NO_2 concentration did not decrease effectively. During the heating period, the typical diurnal variations of PM_(2.5), PM10 and CO were affected by the heating, showing a trend of single peak and single valley type. The diurnal variations of NO_2, SO_2 and O_3 in the heating period were similar with that in non-heating period, and were less affected by the heating. Due to the influence of heating and atmospheric inversion layer, the atmospheric pollutants(excluding O_3) concentrations from evening to next morning during the heating period were marked higher than that in the same period of non-heating period. A "weekend effect" was showed during the non-heating period in Tianjin. However, no obvious "weekend effect" was observed during the heating period. In winter, people were more active on the daytime of weekends than on the daytime of workdays. The increased atmospheric pollutes from living may be the main reason for the high concentration of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) during daytime of weekend and the disappearance of weekend effect.
引文
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CHAN C K,YAO X H,2008.Air pollution in mega cities in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,42(1):1-42.
CHEN L,SHI M S,LI S H,et al.,2017.Combined use of land use regression and BenMAP for estimating public health benefits of reducing PM2.5 in Tianjin,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,152:16-23.
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HUANG J P,ZHOU C H,LEE X H,et al.,2013.The effects of rapid urbanization on the levels in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide and ozone over East China[J].Atmospheric Environment,77:558-567.
LI X R,WANG Y S,GUO X Q,et al.,2013.Seasonal variation and source apportionment of organic and inorganic compounds in PM2.5 and PM10particulates in Beijing,China[J].Journal of Environmental Science,25(4):741-750.
LIU Z R,HU B,ZHANG J K,et al.,2016.Characteristics of aerosol size distributions and chemical compositions during wintertime pollution episodes in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Research,168:1-12.
LU X C,LIN C Q,LI Y,et al.,2017.Assessment of health burden caused by particulate matter in southern China using high-resolution satellite observation[J].Environment International,98:160-170.
SEE S W,BALASUBRAMANIAN R,2006.Risk assessment of exposure to indoor aerosols associated with Chinese cooking[J].Environmental Research,102(2):197-204.
TIWARI S,DAHIYA A,KUMAR N,2015.Investigation into relationships among NO,NO2,NOx,O3,and CO at an urban background site in Delhi,India[J].Atmospheric Research,157:119-126.
ZHANG Z,ZHANG X,GONG D Y,et al.,2016.Possible influence of atmospheric circulations on winter haze pollution in the BeijingTianjin-Hebei region,northern China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,15(16):561-571.
鲍孟盈,曹芳,刘寿东,等,2017.苏州郊区主要大气污染物的演变特征及其影响因素研究[J].生态环境学报,6(1):119-128.BAO M Y,CAO F,LIU S D,et al.,2017.Analysis on the characteristics and influencing factors of major air pollutants at a rural site in Suzhou[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(1):119-128.
国家发展改革委,2014.关于印发能源行业加强大气污染防治工作方案的通知[EB/OL].北京:国家发展改革委(2014-03-24)[2018-11-01].]http://bgt.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/2014 05/t20140516-611844.htm.National Development and Reform Commission,2014.Notice on Printing and Distributing the Work Plan for Strengthening Air Pollution Prevention and Control in the Energy Industry[EB/OL].Beijing:National Development and Reform Commission(2014-03-24)[2018-11-01].http://bgt.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/2014 05/t20140516-611844.htm.
顾康康,祝玲玲,2018.合肥市主城区PM2.5时空分布特征研究[J].生态环境学报,27(6):1107-1112.GU K K,ZHU L L,2018.Study on the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 in Hefei urban areas[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(6):1107-1112.
郝建奇,葛宝珠,王自发,等,2017.2013年京津冀重污染特征及其气象条件分析[J].环境科学学报,37(8):3032-3043.HAO J Q,GE B Z,WANG Z F,et al.,2017.Characteristics and meteorological conditions analysis of severe haze events over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,37(8):3032-3043.
贺晋瑜,燕丽,雷宇,等,2017.京津冀地区燃煤锅炉PM2.5减排潜力分析[J].中国环境科学,37(4):1247-1253.HE J Y,YAN L,LEI Y,et al.,2017.PM2.5 emission reduction potential from coal-fired boilers in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area[J].China Environmental Science,37(4):1247-1253.
李沈鑫,邹滨,刘兴权,等,2017.2013-2015年中国PM2.5污染状况时空变化[J].环境科学研究,30(5):678-687.LI S X,ZOU B,LIU X Q,et al.,2017.Pollution status and spatial-temporal variations of PM2.5 in China during 2013?2015[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,30(5):678-687.
唐文苑,赵春生,耿福海,等,2009.上海地区臭氧周末效应研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,39(1):99-105.TANG W W,ZHAO C S,GENG F H,et al.,2009.Study on the ozone weekend effect in Shanghai[J].Scichina D:Earth Science,39(1):99-105.
王占山,李云婷,董欣,等,2015.北京城区大气污染物“周末效应”分析[J].中国科学院大学学报,32(6):843-850.WANG Z S,LI Y T,DONG X,et al.,2015.Analysis on weekend effect of air pollutants in urban atmosphere of Beijing[J].Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,32(6):843-850.
熊新竹,陶双成,高硕晗,等,2017.北京典型主城区冬季大气污染特征分析[J].生态环境学报,26(7):1167-1173.XIONG X Z,TAO S C,GAO S H,et al.,2017.Characteristics of air pollution in a typical main urban area of Beijing in winter[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(7):1167-1173.
徐虹,肖致美,孔君,等,2017.天津市冬季典型大气重污染过程特征[J].中国环境科学,37(4):1239-1246.XU H,XIAO Z M,KONG J,et al.,2017.Characteristics of atmospheric heavy pollution episodes in Winter of Tianjin[J].China Environmental Science,37(4):1239-1246.
姚青,张长春,孙玫玲,等,2008.采暖对天津近地层PM2.5污染特征的影响[J].生态环境,17(4):1433-1437.YAO Q,ZHANG C C,SUN M L,et al.,2008.Influences of heating on the characteristics of PM2.5 near the ground in Tianjin[J].Ecology and Environment,17(4):1433-1437.
姚青,刘子锐,韩素芹,等,2017.天津冬季一次重污染过程颗粒物中水溶性离子粒径分布特征[J].环境科学,38(12):4958-4967.YAO Q,LIU Z R,HAN S Q,et al.,2017.Characteristic of the size distribution if water-soluble ions during a heavy pollution episode in the winter in Tianjin[J].Environmental Science,38(12):4958-4967.
中华人民共和国生态环境部.历年中国环境状况公报[EB/OL].北京:中华人民共和国生态环境部,(2018-05-31)[2018-11-01].http://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/Ministry of Ecology and Environment.Bulletin on China's environmental conditions over the years[EB/OL].Beijing:Ministry of Ecology and Environment,(2018-05-31)[2018-11-01].http://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/
中华人民共和国环境保护部,2012.GB 3095-2012,环境空气质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社:3.Ministry of Environmental Protection,2012.GB 3095-2012,Ambient air quality standards[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press:3.
张程,于兴娜,沈丽,等,2018.南京北郊冬季气溶胶散射特征及其与PM2.5化学组成的关系[J].生态环境学报,27(1):101-107.ZHANG C,YU X N,SHEN L,et al.,2018.Aerosol scattering property and the relationship with PM2.5 chemical component during winter in the Northern Suburb of Nanjing[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(1):101-107.
张玥莹,乔雪,唐亚,2018.成都G20会议期间大气污染特征及污染防治分析[J].生态环境学报,27(8):1472-1480.ZHANG Y Y,QIAO X,TANG Y,2018.Analysis on characteristics of air pollution and prevention and control of atmospheric pollution in Chengdu during the G20 conference[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(8):1472-1480.
BLANCHARD C L,TANENBAUM S J,2003.Differences between weekday and weekend air pollutant levels in southern California[J].Journal of the Air&Waster Management Association,53(7):816-828.
CHAN C K,YAO X H,2008.Air pollution in mega cities in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,42(1):1-42.
CHEN L,SHI M S,LI S H,et al.,2017.Combined use of land use regression and BenMAP for estimating public health benefits of reducing PM2.5 in Tianjin,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,152:16-23.
GIORGI F,MELEUX F,2007.Modeling the regional effects of climate change on air quality[J].Comptes Rendus Geoscience,339(11):721-733.
HE L Y,HU M,HUANG X F,et al.,2004.Measurement of emissions of fine particulate organic matter from Chinese cooking[J].Atmospheric Environment,38(38):6557-6564.
HUANG J P,ZHOU C H,LEE X H,et al.,2013.The effects of rapid urbanization on the levels in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide and ozone over East China[J].Atmospheric Environment,77:558-567.
LI X R,WANG Y S,GUO X Q,et al.,2013.Seasonal variation and source apportionment of organic and inorganic compounds in PM2.5 and PM10particulates in Beijing,China[J].Journal of Environmental Science,25(4):741-750.
LIU Z R,HU B,ZHANG J K,et al.,2016.Characteristics of aerosol size distributions and chemical compositions during wintertime pollution episodes in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Research,168:1-12.
LU X C,LIN C Q,LI Y,et al.,2017.Assessment of health burden caused by particulate matter in southern China using high-resolution satellite observation[J].Environment International,98:160-170.
SEE S W,BALASUBRAMANIAN R,2006.Risk assessment of exposure to indoor aerosols associated with Chinese cooking[J].Environmental Research,102(2):197-204.
TIWARI S,DAHIYA A,KUMAR N,2015.Investigation into relationships among NO,NO2,NOx,O3,and CO at an urban background site in Delhi,India[J].Atmospheric Research,157:119-126.
ZHANG Z,ZHANG X,GONG D Y,et al.,2016.Possible influence of atmospheric circulations on winter haze pollution in the BeijingTianjin-Hebei region,northern China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,15(16):561-571.
鲍孟盈,曹芳,刘寿东,等,2017.苏州郊区主要大气污染物的演变特征及其影响因素研究[J].生态环境学报,6(1):119-128.BAO M Y,CAO F,LIU S D,et al.,2017.Analysis on the characteristics and influencing factors of major air pollutants at a rural site in Suzhou[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(1):119-128.
国家发展改革委,2014.关于印发能源行业加强大气污染防治工作方案的通知[EB/OL].北京:国家发展改革委(2014-03-24)[2018-11-01].]http://bgt.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/2014 05/t20140516-611844.htm.National Development and Reform Commission,2014.Notice on Printing and Distributing the Work Plan for Strengthening Air Pollution Prevention and Control in the Energy Industry[EB/OL].Beijing:National Development and Reform Commission(2014-03-24)[2018-11-01].http://bgt.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/2014 05/t20140516-611844.htm.
顾康康,祝玲玲,2018.合肥市主城区PM2.5时空分布特征研究[J].生态环境学报,27(6):1107-1112.GU K K,ZHU L L,2018.Study on the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 in Hefei urban areas[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(6):1107-1112.
郝建奇,葛宝珠,王自发,等,2017.2013年京津冀重污染特征及其气象条件分析[J].环境科学学报,37(8):3032-3043.HAO J Q,GE B Z,WANG Z F,et al.,2017.Characteristics and meteorological conditions analysis of severe haze events over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,37(8):3032-3043.
贺晋瑜,燕丽,雷宇,等,2017.京津冀地区燃煤锅炉PM2.5减排潜力分析[J].中国环境科学,37(4):1247-1253.HE J Y,YAN L,LEI Y,et al.,2017.PM2.5 emission reduction potential from coal-fired boilers in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area[J].China Environmental Science,37(4):1247-1253.
李沈鑫,邹滨,刘兴权,等,2017.2013-2015年中国PM2.5污染状况时空变化[J].环境科学研究,30(5):678-687.LI S X,ZOU B,LIU X Q,et al.,2017.Pollution status and spatial-temporal variations of PM2.5 in China during 2013?2015[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,30(5):678-687.
唐文苑,赵春生,耿福海,等,2009.上海地区臭氧周末效应研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,39(1):99-105.TANG W W,ZHAO C S,GENG F H,et al.,2009.Study on the ozone weekend effect in Shanghai[J].Scichina D:Earth Science,39(1):99-105.
王占山,李云婷,董欣,等,2015.北京城区大气污染物“周末效应”分析[J].中国科学院大学学报,32(6):843-850.WANG Z S,LI Y T,DONG X,et al.,2015.Analysis on weekend effect of air pollutants in urban atmosphere of Beijing[J].Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,32(6):843-850.
熊新竹,陶双成,高硕晗,等,2017.北京典型主城区冬季大气污染特征分析[J].生态环境学报,26(7):1167-1173.XIONG X Z,TAO S C,GAO S H,et al.,2017.Characteristics of air pollution in a typical main urban area of Beijing in winter[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(7):1167-1173.
徐虹,肖致美,孔君,等,2017.天津市冬季典型大气重污染过程特征[J].中国环境科学,37(4):1239-1246.XU H,XIAO Z M,KONG J,et al.,2017.Characteristics of atmospheric heavy pollution episodes in Winter of Tianjin[J].China Environmental Science,37(4):1239-1246.
姚青,张长春,孙玫玲,等,2008.采暖对天津近地层PM2.5污染特征的影响[J].生态环境,17(4):1433-1437.YAO Q,ZHANG C C,SUN M L,et al.,2008.Influences of heating on the characteristics of PM2.5 near the ground in Tianjin[J].Ecology and Environment,17(4):1433-1437.
姚青,刘子锐,韩素芹,等,2017.天津冬季一次重污染过程颗粒物中水溶性离子粒径分布特征[J].环境科学,38(12):4958-4967.YAO Q,LIU Z R,HAN S Q,et al.,2017.Characteristic of the size distribution if water-soluble ions during a heavy pollution episode in the winter in Tianjin[J].Environmental Science,38(12):4958-4967.
中华人民共和国生态环境部.历年中国环境状况公报[EB/OL].北京:中华人民共和国生态环境部,(2018-05-31)[2018-11-01].http://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/Ministry of Ecology and Environment.Bulletin on China's environmental conditions over the years[EB/OL].Beijing:Ministry of Ecology and Environment,(2018-05-31)[2018-11-01].http://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/
中华人民共和国环境保护部,2012.GB 3095-2012,环境空气质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社:3.Ministry of Environmental Protection,2012.GB 3095-2012,Ambient air quality standards[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press:3.
张程,于兴娜,沈丽,等,2018.南京北郊冬季气溶胶散射特征及其与PM2.5化学组成的关系[J].生态环境学报,27(1):101-107.ZHANG C,YU X N,SHEN L,et al.,2018.Aerosol scattering property and the relationship with PM2.5 chemical component during winter in the Northern Suburb of Nanjing[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(1):101-107.
张玥莹,乔雪,唐亚,2018.成都G20会议期间大气污染特征及污染防治分析[J].生态环境学报,27(8):1472-1480.ZHANG Y Y,QIAO X,TANG Y,2018.Analysis on characteristics of air pollution and prevention and control of atmospheric pollution in Chengdu during the G20 conference[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(8):1472-1480.