2013年黑龙江省春季低温特征及对主要农作物播种期的影响
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摘要
利用黑龙江省28个农业气象观测站1971-2016年春季地面气象观测资料,引入日平均气温、最低气温、最高气温3个温度因子,采用数理统计方法,研究2013年春季气温三因子的低温特征,并构建其与大豆、玉米、水稻播种期的相关关系。结果表明:(1)研究区2013年春季气温与1971-2016年毎年同期比较总体以偏低为主,三因子差值((35)T)<0℃的年份密集分布于20世纪90年代初期以后,(35)T <0℃的年数以最高气温最多,最低气温最少。(2)分析期1971-2016年内,(35)T随时间推进均呈下降趋势,以最低气温下降最显著,振荡最强,而最高气温下降趋势最弱,表征2013年春季最低气温和最高气温的不对称性偏低特征。(3)研究区2013年春季逐日气温3个因子与常年同期比较((35)TD)总体呈偏低趋势,累计低温时间长,3个因子偏低日数均超过整个春季日数的50%,最长连续偏低日数占春季总日数的20%以上,其中以逐日最高气温最多,61%的站点达35d以上,低温持续1个月以上。(4)2013年大豆、玉米、水稻的播期与历史各年比较其差值((35)D)多为正值,表明该年播期以延后为主。53%的站点2013年春季气温(35)T与作物播种期(35)D存在显著或极显著的负相关关系,说明随着春季气温降低,作物播种期存在推迟趋势。(35)T每降低1℃,(35)D增加0.9～6.3d,其中以最低气温影响最显著。(5)内涝与低温叠加更易造成作物迟播。
Based on the spring meteorological observation data from 28 agro-meteorological stations in very cold region, Heilongjiang province during 1971 to 2016, by introducing the daily average air temperature, minimum air temperature and maximum air temperature and using mathematical statistics method, characteristics of typical low temperature of three spring temperature factors was investigated in 2013, and the correlation between temperature and seeding dates of soybean, maize and rice was analyzed. The results showed that the spring temperature in 2013 was generally lower than the temperature in the same period of each year during 1971 to 2016 in the research area, the years which(35)T was below 0℃ were dense after the early 1990 s, and its number of years of the maximum air temperature was most, but the number of years of the minimum air temperature is least. At the same time,(35)T of the three temperature factors all showed a declining trend.(35)T of the minimum air temperature declined significantly, and it changed dramatically, however change trend of(35)T of the maximum air temperature was not significant, and this indicated that(35)T of minimum air temperature and maximum air temperature reduced non-symmetrically. The daily spring temperature in 2013 was generally lower than the perennial temperature in the research area, duration of the low temperature was long and days of(35)TD <0℃ exceeded 50% of the total spring days. The maximum continuous days of the low temperature accounted for more than 20% of the total spring days, and the days of the daily maximum temperature is most, 61% of the stations reached 35 days or more, and the low temperature lasted for more than one month. Compared with the historical seeding dates in each year, the seeding dates of soybean, maize and rice in 2013 were mainly delayed. Correlation between(35)T of the spring temperature and(35)D of crops seeding dates was significant in 53% stations, which showed that the spring temperature reduced and the seeding dates would be late.(35)T of each temperature factor decreased 1℃, and(35)D of seeding dates increased about 0.9-6.3 days. In particular, the impact of minimum air temperature was most significant. The combination of waterlogging and low temperature was more likely to cause late sowing of crops.
Based on the spring meteorological observation data from 28 agro-meteorological stations in very cold region, Heilongjiang province during 1971 to 2016, by introducing the daily average air temperature, minimum air temperature and maximum air temperature and using mathematical statistics method, characteristics of typical low temperature of three spring temperature factors was investigated in 2013, and the correlation between temperature and seeding dates of soybean, maize and rice was analyzed. The results showed that the spring temperature in 2013 was generally lower than the temperature in the same period of each year during 1971 to 2016 in the research area, the years which(35)T was below 0℃ were dense after the early 1990 s, and its number of years of the maximum air temperature was most, but the number of years of the minimum air temperature is least. At the same time,(35)T of the three temperature factors all showed a declining trend.(35)T of the minimum air temperature declined significantly, and it changed dramatically, however change trend of(35)T of the maximum air temperature was not significant, and this indicated that(35)T of minimum air temperature and maximum air temperature reduced non-symmetrically. The daily spring temperature in 2013 was generally lower than the perennial temperature in the research area, duration of the low temperature was long and days of(35)TD <0℃ exceeded 50% of the total spring days. The maximum continuous days of the low temperature accounted for more than 20% of the total spring days, and the days of the daily maximum temperature is most, 61% of the stations reached 35 days or more, and the low temperature lasted for more than one month. Compared with the historical seeding dates in each year, the seeding dates of soybean, maize and rice in 2013 were mainly delayed. Correlation between(35)T of the spring temperature and(35)D of crops seeding dates was significant in 53% stations, which showed that the spring temperature reduced and the seeding dates would be late.(35)T of each temperature factor decreased 1℃, and(35)D of seeding dates increased about 0.9-6.3 days. In particular, the impact of minimum air temperature was most significant. The combination of waterlogging and low temperature was more likely to cause late sowing of crops.
引文
[1]熊伟,居辉,许吟隆,等.气候变化对中国农业温度阈值影响研究及其不确定性分析[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(1):70-76.Xiong W,Ju H,Xu Y L,et al.The threshold of temperature increase due to climate change for Chinese agriculture and its uncertainties[J].Advances in Earths Science,2006,21(1):70-76.(in Chinese)
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[3]Quyen L N,Affholder F,Montagne J,et al.Sowing windows for a spring crop introduced in rice cultivation areas affected by low temperature and radiation[J].Experimental Agriculture,2015,51(4):540-566.
[4]姜丽霞,王晾晾,杜春英,等.1971-2014年黑龙江省春季气温演变特征及对作物播种期的影响[J].资源科学,2015,37(4):849-857.Jiang L X,Wang L L,Du C Y,et al.Evolution characteristics of spring air temperature and its effect on crop seeding dates in Heilongjiang from 1971 to 2014[J].Resources Science,2015,37(4):849-857.(in Chinese)
[5]姜丽霞,季生太,李帅,等.黑龙江省水稻空壳率与孕穗期低温的关系[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(7):1725-1730.Jiang L X,Ji S T,Li S,et al.Relationships between rice empty grain rate and low temperature at booting stage in Heilongjiang Province[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(7):1725-1730.(in Chinese)
[6]赵秀兰,姜艳.东北地区2013年低温春涝气候特征及对春耕春播影响分析[J].东北农业大学学报,2018,49(3):50-57.Zhao X L,Jiang Y.Climatic characteristics of low temperature and waterlogging in spring and its influence on spring sowing in northeast China in 2013[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2018,49(3):50-57.(in Chinese)
[7]姜艳,赵秀兰.2013年春季气候对农业生产的影响[J].中国农业气象,2013,34(3):374-376.Jiang Y,Zhao X L.Impact of climate on agricultural production during spring in 2013[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2013,34(3):374-376.(in Chinese)
[8]王春乙.东北地区农作物低温冷害研究[M].北京:气象出版社,2008:25-42.Wang C Y.Research on cold damage of crop in Northeast China[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2008:25-42.(in Chinese)
[9]陈德,杨沈斌,姜丽霞,等.基于障碍型冷害损失评估模型推算东北水稻无障碍型冷害终日[J].中国农业气象,2017,38(8):507-516.Chen D,Yang S B,Jiang L X,et al.Estimating the last date without sterile-type chilling injury for rice based on a model for evaluation of loss for sterile-type chilling injury in Northeast China[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2017,38(8):507-516.(in Chinese)
[10]马熙达,任传友,王艳华,等.孕穗开花期持续低温对不同熟期水稻气孔导度的影响[J].中国农业气象,2016,37(6):682-690.Ma X D,Ren C Y,Wang Y H,et al.Effects of consecutive low temperature on stomatal conductance of rice with different maturity periods at booting and blooming stages in Shenyang Region[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2016,37(6):682-690.(in Chinese)
[11]侯琼,王海梅,云文丽.河套灌区玉米低温冷害监测评估指标的研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(2):179-184.Hou Q,Wang H M,Yun W L.The research on the chilling injury indicators for corn Hetao irrigation district[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(2):179-184.(in Chinese)
[12]曲辉辉,姜丽霞,王冬冬.气候变化对黑龙江省水稻障碍型冷害的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(3):769-777.Qu H H,Jiang L X,Wang D D.Influence of climate change on sterile-type cooling injury in rice in Heilongjiang Province,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(3):769-777.(in Chinese)
[13]Lyons J M.Chilling injury in plants[J].Annual Review of Plant Physiology,2003,24(3):445-466.
[14]马建勇,许吟隆,潘婕.东北地区农业气象灾害的趋势变化及其对粮食产量的影响[J].中国农业气象,2012,33(2):283-288.Ma J Y,Xu Y L,Pan J.Analysis of agro-meteorological disasters tendency variation and the impacts on grain yield over northeast China[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2012,33(2):283-288.(in Chinese)
[15]何正梅.大同市近40年极端气温的变化特征[J].中国农业气象,2011,32(增1):15-18.He Z M.Characteristics of extreme temperature change nearly 40 years in Datong[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2011,32(增1):15-18.(in Chinese)
[16]王春乙,蔡菁菁,张继权.基于自然灾害风险理论的东北地区玉米干旱、冷害风险评价[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(6):238-245.Wang C Y,Cai J J,Zhang J Q.Risk assessment of drought and chilling injury of maize in Northeast China[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(6):238-245.(in Chinese)
[17]Bano S,Aslam M,Saleem M,et al.Evaluation of maize accessions under low temperature stress at early growth stages[J].Journal of Animal&Plant Sciences,2015,25(2):392-400.
[18]Imran S,Afzal I,Basra S M A,et al.Integrated seed priming with growth promoting substances enhances germination and seedling vigour of spring maize at low temperature[J].International Journal of Agriculture&Biology,2013,15(6):1251-1257.
[19]Basra S M A,Iftikhar M N,Afzal I.Potential of moringa(Moringa oleifera)leaf extract as priming agent for hybrid maize seeds[J].Int.J.Agric.Biol.,2011,13:1006-1010.
[20]Stirling C M,Nie G Y,Aguilera C.Photosynthetic productivity of an immature maize crop:changes in quantum yield of CO2 assimilation,conversion efficiency and thylakoid proteins[J].Plant Cell Environ.,1991,14:947-954.
[21]Jiang L X,Ren G L,Zhao H Y,et al.Evolution of cold day index based on minimum temperature and its impact on crop yield[A].Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental Science and Sustainable Energy,2017:51-60.
[22]Zhang Y P,Xiang J,Chen H Z,et al.Physiological characterization of green turning of rice seedlings at different temperature[J].Agricultural Science&Technology,2015,16(7):1390-1394.
[23]李秀芬,贾燕,黄元才,等.播栽期对水稻产量和产量构成因素及生育期的影响[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(5):98-100.Li X F,Jia Y,Huang Y C,et al.Effects of seeding time on grain yield,yield components and growth duration in different rice varieties[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2004,23(5):98-100.(in Chinese)
[24]韩丽娟,侯英雨,钱拴,等.2010年春季气候对农业生产的影响[J].中国农业气象,2010,31(3):484-486.Han L J,Hou Y Y,Qian S,et al.Impact of climate on agricultural production during spring in 2010[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2010,31(3):484-486.(in Chinese)
[25]姜秀萍,张桂英,周光会,等.五十年一遇春季低温灾害对内蒙古开鲁县农业生产的影响分析[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2012,33(1):92.Jiang X P,Zhang G Y,Zhou G H,et al.Analysis on the effects of spring chilling disaster on agricultural production in Kailu County,Inner Mongolia in 50 years[J].Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2012,33(1):92.(in Chinese)
[26]陈鹏狮,张玉书,纪瑞鹏,等.1961-2010年辽宁省玉米低温冷害时空分布特征[J].自然灾害学报,2017,26(4):164-171.Chen P S,Zhang Y S,Ji R P,et al.Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of maize chilling damage in Liaoning province during 1961-2010[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2017,26(4):164-171.(in Chinese)
[27]李帅,杜春英.黑龙江农业气象应用服务手册[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,2013:21-29.Li S,Du C Y.An agricultural meteorological application service manual in Heilongjiang province[M].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University Press,2013:21-29.(in Chinese)
[28]霍治国,范雨娴,杨建莹,等.中国农业洪涝灾害研究进展[J].应用气象学报,2013,28(6):641-653.Huo Z H,Fan Y X,Yang J Y,et al.Review on agricultural flood disaster in China[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2013,28(6):641-653.(in Chinese)
[29]姜丽霞,李帅,纪仰慧,等.1980-2005年松嫩平原土壤湿度对气候变化的响应[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(1):91-97.Jiang L X,Li S,Ji Y H,et al.Responsesof soil humidity on Songnen plain to climate change in 1980-2005[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(1):91-97.(in Chinese)
[2]章基嘉,周曙光.我国的主要气候灾害及其对农业生产的影响[J].南京气象学院学报,1990,13(3):259-265.Zhang J J,Zhou S G.Major climatic disasters in China and their impact on agricultural production[J].Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology,1990,13(3):259-265.(in Chinese)
[3]Quyen L N,Affholder F,Montagne J,et al.Sowing windows for a spring crop introduced in rice cultivation areas affected by low temperature and radiation[J].Experimental Agriculture,2015,51(4):540-566.
[4]姜丽霞,王晾晾,杜春英,等.1971-2014年黑龙江省春季气温演变特征及对作物播种期的影响[J].资源科学,2015,37(4):849-857.Jiang L X,Wang L L,Du C Y,et al.Evolution characteristics of spring air temperature and its effect on crop seeding dates in Heilongjiang from 1971 to 2014[J].Resources Science,2015,37(4):849-857.(in Chinese)
[5]姜丽霞,季生太,李帅,等.黑龙江省水稻空壳率与孕穗期低温的关系[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(7):1725-1730.Jiang L X,Ji S T,Li S,et al.Relationships between rice empty grain rate and low temperature at booting stage in Heilongjiang Province[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(7):1725-1730.(in Chinese)
[6]赵秀兰,姜艳.东北地区2013年低温春涝气候特征及对春耕春播影响分析[J].东北农业大学学报,2018,49(3):50-57.Zhao X L,Jiang Y.Climatic characteristics of low temperature and waterlogging in spring and its influence on spring sowing in northeast China in 2013[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2018,49(3):50-57.(in Chinese)
[7]姜艳,赵秀兰.2013年春季气候对农业生产的影响[J].中国农业气象,2013,34(3):374-376.Jiang Y,Zhao X L.Impact of climate on agricultural production during spring in 2013[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2013,34(3):374-376.(in Chinese)
[8]王春乙.东北地区农作物低温冷害研究[M].北京:气象出版社,2008:25-42.Wang C Y.Research on cold damage of crop in Northeast China[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2008:25-42.(in Chinese)
[9]陈德,杨沈斌,姜丽霞,等.基于障碍型冷害损失评估模型推算东北水稻无障碍型冷害终日[J].中国农业气象,2017,38(8):507-516.Chen D,Yang S B,Jiang L X,et al.Estimating the last date without sterile-type chilling injury for rice based on a model for evaluation of loss for sterile-type chilling injury in Northeast China[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2017,38(8):507-516.(in Chinese)
[10]马熙达,任传友,王艳华,等.孕穗开花期持续低温对不同熟期水稻气孔导度的影响[J].中国农业气象,2016,37(6):682-690.Ma X D,Ren C Y,Wang Y H,et al.Effects of consecutive low temperature on stomatal conductance of rice with different maturity periods at booting and blooming stages in Shenyang Region[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2016,37(6):682-690.(in Chinese)
[11]侯琼,王海梅,云文丽.河套灌区玉米低温冷害监测评估指标的研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(2):179-184.Hou Q,Wang H M,Yun W L.The research on the chilling injury indicators for corn Hetao irrigation district[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(2):179-184.(in Chinese)
[12]曲辉辉,姜丽霞,王冬冬.气候变化对黑龙江省水稻障碍型冷害的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(3):769-777.Qu H H,Jiang L X,Wang D D.Influence of climate change on sterile-type cooling injury in rice in Heilongjiang Province,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(3):769-777.(in Chinese)
[13]Lyons J M.Chilling injury in plants[J].Annual Review of Plant Physiology,2003,24(3):445-466.
[14]马建勇,许吟隆,潘婕.东北地区农业气象灾害的趋势变化及其对粮食产量的影响[J].中国农业气象,2012,33(2):283-288.Ma J Y,Xu Y L,Pan J.Analysis of agro-meteorological disasters tendency variation and the impacts on grain yield over northeast China[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2012,33(2):283-288.(in Chinese)
[15]何正梅.大同市近40年极端气温的变化特征[J].中国农业气象,2011,32(增1):15-18.He Z M.Characteristics of extreme temperature change nearly 40 years in Datong[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2011,32(增1):15-18.(in Chinese)
[16]王春乙,蔡菁菁,张继权.基于自然灾害风险理论的东北地区玉米干旱、冷害风险评价[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(6):238-245.Wang C Y,Cai J J,Zhang J Q.Risk assessment of drought and chilling injury of maize in Northeast China[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(6):238-245.(in Chinese)
[17]Bano S,Aslam M,Saleem M,et al.Evaluation of maize accessions under low temperature stress at early growth stages[J].Journal of Animal&Plant Sciences,2015,25(2):392-400.
[18]Imran S,Afzal I,Basra S M A,et al.Integrated seed priming with growth promoting substances enhances germination and seedling vigour of spring maize at low temperature[J].International Journal of Agriculture&Biology,2013,15(6):1251-1257.
[19]Basra S M A,Iftikhar M N,Afzal I.Potential of moringa(Moringa oleifera)leaf extract as priming agent for hybrid maize seeds[J].Int.J.Agric.Biol.,2011,13:1006-1010.
[20]Stirling C M,Nie G Y,Aguilera C.Photosynthetic productivity of an immature maize crop:changes in quantum yield of CO2 assimilation,conversion efficiency and thylakoid proteins[J].Plant Cell Environ.,1991,14:947-954.
[21]Jiang L X,Ren G L,Zhao H Y,et al.Evolution of cold day index based on minimum temperature and its impact on crop yield[A].Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental Science and Sustainable Energy,2017:51-60.
[22]Zhang Y P,Xiang J,Chen H Z,et al.Physiological characterization of green turning of rice seedlings at different temperature[J].Agricultural Science&Technology,2015,16(7):1390-1394.
[23]李秀芬,贾燕,黄元才,等.播栽期对水稻产量和产量构成因素及生育期的影响[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(5):98-100.Li X F,Jia Y,Huang Y C,et al.Effects of seeding time on grain yield,yield components and growth duration in different rice varieties[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2004,23(5):98-100.(in Chinese)
[24]韩丽娟,侯英雨,钱拴,等.2010年春季气候对农业生产的影响[J].中国农业气象,2010,31(3):484-486.Han L J,Hou Y Y,Qian S,et al.Impact of climate on agricultural production during spring in 2010[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2010,31(3):484-486.(in Chinese)
[25]姜秀萍,张桂英,周光会,等.五十年一遇春季低温灾害对内蒙古开鲁县农业生产的影响分析[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2012,33(1):92.Jiang X P,Zhang G Y,Zhou G H,et al.Analysis on the effects of spring chilling disaster on agricultural production in Kailu County,Inner Mongolia in 50 years[J].Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2012,33(1):92.(in Chinese)
[26]陈鹏狮,张玉书,纪瑞鹏,等.1961-2010年辽宁省玉米低温冷害时空分布特征[J].自然灾害学报,2017,26(4):164-171.Chen P S,Zhang Y S,Ji R P,et al.Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of maize chilling damage in Liaoning province during 1961-2010[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2017,26(4):164-171.(in Chinese)
[27]李帅,杜春英.黑龙江农业气象应用服务手册[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,2013:21-29.Li S,Du C Y.An agricultural meteorological application service manual in Heilongjiang province[M].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University Press,2013:21-29.(in Chinese)
[28]霍治国,范雨娴,杨建莹,等.中国农业洪涝灾害研究进展[J].应用气象学报,2013,28(6):641-653.Huo Z H,Fan Y X,Yang J Y,et al.Review on agricultural flood disaster in China[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2013,28(6):641-653.(in Chinese)
[29]姜丽霞,李帅,纪仰慧,等.1980-2005年松嫩平原土壤湿度对气候变化的响应[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(1):91-97.Jiang L X,Li S,Ji Y H,et al.Responsesof soil humidity on Songnen plain to climate change in 1980-2005[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(1):91-97.(in Chinese)
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