秸秆还田下生物炭和硫酸铵对稻田N_2O和CH_4排放的影响
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摘要
【目的】以江淮地区麦茬稻田为对象,研究秸秆还田下不同施肥处理对稻田N_2O和CH_4排放的影响,并结合水稻产量计算不同处理综合温室效应(GWPs)和温室气体强度(GHGI)。【方法】试验采用裂区设计,主处理2个水平,为秸秆还田(S)和秸秆移除(NS),副处理4个水平,分别为不施氮肥(CK)、传统施肥(T0)、生物炭与尿素配施(T1)和单施硫酸铵(T2),共计8个处理,采用静态暗箱-GC气相色谱法检测不同处理稻田N_2O和CH_4排放通量,测定土壤温度、湿度和无机氮含量,统计水稻产量,计算综合温室效应和温室气体强度。【结果】无论是秸秆还田还是移除条件下,除CK外,其他施肥处理的N_2O和CH_4排放通量都会在基肥和追肥施用后出现峰值。无论秸秆还田与否,与传统施肥处理相比,生物炭与尿素配施和单施硫酸铵处理均能显著降低N_2O和CH_4累积排放通量。在秸秆还田和移除条件下,与传统施肥处理相比,生物炭与尿素配施处理均会导致水稻产量显著降低,但会提高土壤NO3-含量,增加对周围水体污染的风险。在秸秆移除和还田条件下,与传统施肥处理相比,单施硫酸铵均能显著增加水稻产量,增幅分别为12.27%和7.78%。与秸秆移除相比,秸秆还田条件下单施硫酸铵会显著促进N_2O排放,但显著降低CH_4的排放以及综合温室效应和温室气体强度。【结论】在目前秸秆还田造成CH_4排放增加的背景下,用硫酸铵替代尿素能显著降低CH_4排放,并提高水稻产量,降低综合温室效应,施用效果最佳。
【Objective】This study analyzed effects of different fertilization treatments on N_2 O and CH_4 emissions from rice in wheat stubble field in Jianghuai area and calculated the global warming potentials(GWPs)and greenhouse gas intensities(GHGI)combined with rice yields under straw returning application.【Method】The split plot design was adopted with a total of 8 treatments.Two main treatments consisted of straw application(S)and straw removal(NS)and four sub-treatments included no nitrogen fertilizer(CK),traditional fertilization(T0),black carbon and urea(T1)and ammonium sulfate(T2).The N_2 O and CH_4 emission fluxes were monitored with a static chamber and gas chromatography method.The soiltemperature,humidity,inorganic nitrogen contents and rice yields under different fertilization treatments were measured and GWPs and GHGI were calculated.【Result】N_2 O and CH_4 emissions peaked after basal and topdressing application under all treatments expect CK regardless straw returning application.Compared to traditional treatments,the addition of biochar and ammonium sulfate effectively reduced N_2 O and CH_4 emissions.Compared to T0,the addition of biochar significantly decreased rice yield and increased soil NO-3 content and risk of NO-3 pollution to surrounding water regardless straw returning.Compared to T0,ammonium sulfate significantly increased rice yield by 12.27% without straw returning and 7.78% with straw returning.Compared with straw removal,ammonium sulfate addition under straw application promoted N_2 O emission but significantly reduced CH_4 emission,GWPs and GHGI.【Conclusion】With the increase of CH_4 emissions due to returning straw to paddy field,substitution of urea by ammonium sulfate was the best for reducing CH_4 emissions and GHGI,while increasing yield.
【Objective】This study analyzed effects of different fertilization treatments on N_2 O and CH_4 emissions from rice in wheat stubble field in Jianghuai area and calculated the global warming potentials(GWPs)and greenhouse gas intensities(GHGI)combined with rice yields under straw returning application.【Method】The split plot design was adopted with a total of 8 treatments.Two main treatments consisted of straw application(S)and straw removal(NS)and four sub-treatments included no nitrogen fertilizer(CK),traditional fertilization(T0),black carbon and urea(T1)and ammonium sulfate(T2).The N_2 O and CH_4 emission fluxes were monitored with a static chamber and gas chromatography method.The soiltemperature,humidity,inorganic nitrogen contents and rice yields under different fertilization treatments were measured and GWPs and GHGI were calculated.【Result】N_2 O and CH_4 emissions peaked after basal and topdressing application under all treatments expect CK regardless straw returning application.Compared to traditional treatments,the addition of biochar and ammonium sulfate effectively reduced N_2 O and CH_4 emissions.Compared to T0,the addition of biochar significantly decreased rice yield and increased soil NO-3 content and risk of NO-3 pollution to surrounding water regardless straw returning.Compared to T0,ammonium sulfate significantly increased rice yield by 12.27% without straw returning and 7.78% with straw returning.Compared with straw removal,ammonium sulfate addition under straw application promoted N_2 O emission but significantly reduced CH_4 emission,GWPs and GHGI.【Conclusion】With the increase of CH_4 emissions due to returning straw to paddy field,substitution of urea by ammonium sulfate was the best for reducing CH_4 emissions and GHGI,while increasing yield.
引文
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[5]郑侃,陈婉芝,杨宏伟,等.秸秆还田机械化技术研究与展望[J].江苏农业科学,2016,44(9):9-13.Zheng K,Chen W Z,Yang H W,et al.Research and prospect of straw returning to field[J].Journal of Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(9):9-13.
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[7]李秀青.长期有机无机肥料配施对土壤微生物学特性及土壤肥力的影响[J].江西农业,2017,41(1):24-25.Li X Q.Effects of long-term combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil microbiological properties and soil fertility[J].Jiangxi Agriculture,2017,41(1):24-25.
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[10]王海候,沈明星,陆长婴,等.不同秸秆还田模式对稻麦两熟农田稻季甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].江苏农业学报,2014,30(4):758-763.Wang H H,Shen M X,Lu C Y,et al.Effect of patterns of straw returning to field on methane and nitrous oxide emissions during rice-growing season in a rice-wheat double cropping system[J].Journal of Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2014,30(4):758-763.
[11]王小淇,索龙,季雅岚,等.添加几种秸秆并淹水对海南土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响[J].环境科学学报,2017,30(10):4004-4010.Wang X Q,Suo L,Ji Y L,et al.Effect of addition of several types of straws on N2O and CH4emissions from soil under flooding condition in Hainan Province[J].Journal of Environment Science,2017,30(10):4004-4010.
[12]张卫红.秸秆还田方式与水稻品种对双季稻CH4和N2O排放的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2016.Zhang W H.The Impact of different straw returning forms and rice varieties on CH4and N2O emission in a double rice field[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2016.
[13]Zou J W,Huang Y,Jiang J Y,et al.A 3-year field measurement of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddies in China:effects of water regime,crop residue,and fertilizer application[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2005,19(2):153-174.
[14]Ma J,Li X L,Xu H,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertiliser and wheat straw application on CH4and N2O emissions from a paddy rice field[J].Soil Research,2007,45(5):359-367.
[15]石生伟,李玉娥,刘运通,等.中国稻田CH4和N2O排放及减排整合分析[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(14):2923-2936.Shi S W,Li Y E,Liu Y T,et al.Mitigation options of CH4and N2O emissions from rice fileds[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(14):2923-2936.
[16]章明奎,Walelign D B,唐红娟,等.生物质炭对土壤有机质活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(2):127-131.Zhang M K,Walelign D B,Tang H J,et al.Effects of biochar’s application on active organic carbon fractions in soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(2):127-131.
[17]蒋晨,麻培侠,胡保国,等.生物质炭还田对稻田甲烷的减排效果[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(15):184-191.Jiang C,Ma P X,Hu B G,et al.Effect of biochar returning to paddy field on CH4emission reduction[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(15):184-191.
[18]Liang B,Lehmann J,Solomon D,et al.Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soil[J].Soil Science Society of A-merica Journal,2006,70(5):1719-1730.
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