施氮和覆膜对旱作春玉米农田土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性的影响
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摘要
为研究长期不同施氮水平和覆膜对黄土高原旱作春玉米高产体系土壤微生物活性的影响,设置田间试验包含施氮水平和覆膜2个因子,施氮量分别为0(N0)、100 kg·hm~(-2)(N100)、250 kg·hm~(-2)(N250)和400 kg·hm~(-2)(N400),每个施氮水平下分别有覆膜(F)与不覆膜(B)处理,供试玉米品种为先玉335。2014年采集0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤微生物量和酶活性,分析微生物量计量学特征并进行综合评价。结果表明,无论覆膜与否,土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷均随施氮量的增加而增加(除不覆膜时N400处理),施氮量高于250 kg·hm~(-2)时土壤微生物量增加不显著。覆膜对土壤微生物量碳、氮无显著影响,而显著增加土壤微生物量磷;覆膜在一定程度上降低N0、N100和N400处理土壤微生物量碳氮比,施氮则显著增加微生物量碳氮比和微生物量氮磷比。0～10 cm土层脲酶活性随施氮量的增加而增加,但覆膜对脲酶活性无显著影响。覆膜和施氮均显著增加碱性磷酸酶活性,0～10cm和10～20 cm土层覆膜N400处理碱性磷酸酶活性在相应土层最大,分别为1.49 mg·g~(-1)·d-1和1.61 mg·g~(-1)·d-1。主成分分析结果表明施氮量为250 kg·hm~(-2)时土壤微生物活性最强。研究表明无论覆膜与否,250 kg·hm~(-2)的施氮量是该地区适宜的施氮量。
To explore effects of long-term N fertilization and film mulching on soil microbial activities in highyield and high-efficiency dryland maize system on the Loess Plateau and provide microbial basis for reasonable fertilization and agronomic management in this region,a field study with two main treatments of film mulching( F) and N fertilization( N) were conducted. Nitrogen fertilization rates were 0( N0),100( N100),250( N250),and 400( N400) kg·hm~(-2). The maize variety used was Xianyu 335. Soil samples from layers of 0 ～ 10 cm and 10 ～ 20 cm were collected in 2014 and soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were determined. Ecological stoichiometry of soil microbial biomass and comprehensive evaluation of microbial activities were analyzed using principal component analysis. Whether mulched with plastic film or not,soil microbial biomass C,N,and P increased with increasing N fertilization rates except for microbial biomass N in N400 without film mulching,and the increase effect of N fertilization disappeared when N fertilization rate was above 250 kg·hm~(-2). Film mulching had no effect on soil microbial biomass C and N,but significantly increased microbial biomass P.Film mulching decreased ratios of microbial biomass C to N in treatments of N0,N100,and N400. N fertilization significantly increased the values of microbial biomass C/N and microbial biomass N/P. Urea activity increased with increasing N fertilization rate in 0～ 10 cm soil layer,but it was not affected by film mulching in both layers. Both film mulching and N fertilization significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity,and the highest values were observed in FN400( 1.49 mg·g~(-1)·d-1 in 0 ～ 10 cm layer and 1.61 mg·g~(-1)·d-1,respectively).The principal component analysis results indicated that 250 kg ·hm~(-2) of N fertilization treatment shared the highest soil microbial activities whether with or without plastic film mulching. Overall,N fertilization at a rate of 250 kg·hm~(-2) in soil with or without film mulching was optimal for soil sustainability in this region.
To explore effects of long-term N fertilization and film mulching on soil microbial activities in highyield and high-efficiency dryland maize system on the Loess Plateau and provide microbial basis for reasonable fertilization and agronomic management in this region,a field study with two main treatments of film mulching( F) and N fertilization( N) were conducted. Nitrogen fertilization rates were 0( N0),100( N100),250( N250),and 400( N400) kg·hm~(-2). The maize variety used was Xianyu 335. Soil samples from layers of 0 ～ 10 cm and 10 ～ 20 cm were collected in 2014 and soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were determined. Ecological stoichiometry of soil microbial biomass and comprehensive evaluation of microbial activities were analyzed using principal component analysis. Whether mulched with plastic film or not,soil microbial biomass C,N,and P increased with increasing N fertilization rates except for microbial biomass N in N400 without film mulching,and the increase effect of N fertilization disappeared when N fertilization rate was above 250 kg·hm~(-2). Film mulching had no effect on soil microbial biomass C and N,but significantly increased microbial biomass P.Film mulching decreased ratios of microbial biomass C to N in treatments of N0,N100,and N400. N fertilization significantly increased the values of microbial biomass C/N and microbial biomass N/P. Urea activity increased with increasing N fertilization rate in 0～ 10 cm soil layer,but it was not affected by film mulching in both layers. Both film mulching and N fertilization significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity,and the highest values were observed in FN400( 1.49 mg·g~(-1)·d-1 in 0 ～ 10 cm layer and 1.61 mg·g~(-1)·d-1,respectively).The principal component analysis results indicated that 250 kg ·hm~(-2) of N fertilization treatment shared the highest soil microbial activities whether with or without plastic film mulching. Overall,N fertilization at a rate of 250 kg·hm~(-2) in soil with or without film mulching was optimal for soil sustainability in this region.
引文
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[2] Zhou L M,Li F M,Jin S L,et al. How two ridges and the furrowmulched with plastic film affect soil water,soil temperature andyield of maize on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China[J]. FieldCrops Research,2009,113(1):41-47.
[3] Li Y S,Wu L H,Zhao L M,et al. Influence of continuous plasticfilm mulching on yield,water use efficiency and soil properties ofrice fields under non-flooding condition[J]. Soil&Tillage Re-search,2007,93(2):370-378.
[4] Zhou L M,Jin S L,Liu C A,et al. Ridge-furrow and plastic-mulching tillage enhances maize-soil interactions:Opportunitiesand challenges in a semiarid agroecosystem[J]. Field Crops Re-search,2012,126(1):181-188.
[5] Cusack D F,Firestone M K. Changes in microbial communitycharacteristics and soil organic matter with nitrogen additions intwo tropical forests[J]. Ecology,2011,92(3):621-632.
[6]井大炜.地膜覆盖对杨树林下土壤生物学特征的影响[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(6):269-273.
[7]张成娥,梁银丽,贺秀斌.地膜覆盖玉米对土壤微生物量的影响[J].生态学报,2002,22(04):508-512.
[8]张洋.不同施肥条件下黄瓜连作土壤微生物多样性分析[D].扬州:扬州大学,2016.
[9] Shen S M,Hart P B S,Powlson D S,et al. The nitrogen cycle inthe broadbalk wheat experiment:15 N-labelled fertilizer residuesin the soil and in the soil microbial biomass[J]. Soil Biology&Bi-ochemistry,1989,21(4):529-533.
[10] Liu Y,Shi G,Mao L,et al. Direct and indirect influences of 8yrof nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on Glomeromycota in analpine meadow ecosystem[J]. New Phytologist,2012,194(2):523-535.
[11]李东坡,陈利军,武志杰,等.不同施肥黑土微生物量氮变化特征及相关因素[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(10):1891-1896.
[12]郭天财,宋晓,马冬云,等.施氮量对冬小麦根际土壤酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(1):110-114.
[13]邵梅香,覃林,谭玲.我国生态化学计量学研究综述[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(11):6918-6920.
[14]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[15]于树,汪景宽,高艳梅.地膜覆盖及不同施肥处理对土壤微生物量碳和氮的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2006,37(4):602-606.
[16]史建国,刘景辉,贾利欣,等.连续覆盖地膜对土壤微生物量氮的影响[J].作物杂志,2014,(6):120-123.
[17]侯慧芝,吕军峰,郭天文,等.西北黄土高原半干旱区全膜覆土穴播对土壤水热环境和小麦产量的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(19):5503-5513.
[18]王月,刘兴斌,韩晓日,等.不同施肥处理对连作花生土壤微生物量和酶活性的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2016,47(5):553-558.
[19] Liu Y,Shi G,Mao L,et al. Direct and indirect influences of 8yr of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on Glomeromycota in analpine meadow ecosystem[J]. New Phytologist,2012,194(2):523-535.
[20]梁斌,周建斌,杨学云,等.栽培和施肥模式对黄土区旱地土壤微生物量及可溶性有机碳、氮的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(2):132-137.
[21] Hopkins D W,Shiel R S. Size and activity of soil microbial com-munities in long-term experimental grassland plots treated withmanure and inorganic fertilizers[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils.1996,22(1):66-70.
[22]蒋跃利,赵彤,闫浩,等.黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物量碳氮磷的影响[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(6):62-68.
[23] Wardle D A. Controls of temporal variability of the soil microbialbiomass:A global-scale synthesis[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemis-try,1998,30(13):1627-1637.
[24]吴金水,葛体达,祝贞科.稻田土壤碳循环关键微生物过程的计量学调控机制探讨[J].地球科学进展,2015,30(9):1006-1017.
[25]吴金水.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2006.
[26]吴宏亮,许强,陈阜,等.不同覆盖措施对旱区农田土壤酶活性及西瓜产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(3):173-178.
[27]王静,张天佑,徐万海,等.旱地全膜覆盖种植模式对土壤酶活性的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(6):738-741.
[28]王静,王廷璞,张明莉,等.全膜覆土穴播种植技术对旱地冬小麦土壤微生物活性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(2):108-112.
[29]周礼恺.土壤的脲酶活性与尿素肥料在土壤中的转化[J].土壤学进展,1984,(1):3-11.
[30]贾伟,周怀平,解文艳,等.长期有机无机肥配施对褐土微生物生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(4):700-705.
[31]姜培坤,徐秋芳.施肥对雷竹林土壤活性有机碳的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(2):253-256.
[32] Mcandrew D W,Malhi S S. Long-term N fertilization of a solo-netzic soil:effects on chemical and biological properties[J]. SoilBiology&Biochemistry,1992,24(7):619-623.
[33]李晓莎.覆膜与施氮对旱作春玉米农田温室气体排放的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[2] Zhou L M,Li F M,Jin S L,et al. How two ridges and the furrowmulched with plastic film affect soil water,soil temperature andyield of maize on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China[J]. FieldCrops Research,2009,113(1):41-47.
[3] Li Y S,Wu L H,Zhao L M,et al. Influence of continuous plasticfilm mulching on yield,water use efficiency and soil properties ofrice fields under non-flooding condition[J]. Soil&Tillage Re-search,2007,93(2):370-378.
[4] Zhou L M,Jin S L,Liu C A,et al. Ridge-furrow and plastic-mulching tillage enhances maize-soil interactions:Opportunitiesand challenges in a semiarid agroecosystem[J]. Field Crops Re-search,2012,126(1):181-188.
[5] Cusack D F,Firestone M K. Changes in microbial communitycharacteristics and soil organic matter with nitrogen additions intwo tropical forests[J]. Ecology,2011,92(3):621-632.
[6]井大炜.地膜覆盖对杨树林下土壤生物学特征的影响[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(6):269-273.
[7]张成娥,梁银丽,贺秀斌.地膜覆盖玉米对土壤微生物量的影响[J].生态学报,2002,22(04):508-512.
[8]张洋.不同施肥条件下黄瓜连作土壤微生物多样性分析[D].扬州:扬州大学,2016.
[9] Shen S M,Hart P B S,Powlson D S,et al. The nitrogen cycle inthe broadbalk wheat experiment:15 N-labelled fertilizer residuesin the soil and in the soil microbial biomass[J]. Soil Biology&Bi-ochemistry,1989,21(4):529-533.
[10] Liu Y,Shi G,Mao L,et al. Direct and indirect influences of 8yrof nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on Glomeromycota in analpine meadow ecosystem[J]. New Phytologist,2012,194(2):523-535.
[11]李东坡,陈利军,武志杰,等.不同施肥黑土微生物量氮变化特征及相关因素[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(10):1891-1896.
[12]郭天财,宋晓,马冬云,等.施氮量对冬小麦根际土壤酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(1):110-114.
[13]邵梅香,覃林,谭玲.我国生态化学计量学研究综述[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(11):6918-6920.
[14]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[15]于树,汪景宽,高艳梅.地膜覆盖及不同施肥处理对土壤微生物量碳和氮的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2006,37(4):602-606.
[16]史建国,刘景辉,贾利欣,等.连续覆盖地膜对土壤微生物量氮的影响[J].作物杂志,2014,(6):120-123.
[17]侯慧芝,吕军峰,郭天文,等.西北黄土高原半干旱区全膜覆土穴播对土壤水热环境和小麦产量的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(19):5503-5513.
[18]王月,刘兴斌,韩晓日,等.不同施肥处理对连作花生土壤微生物量和酶活性的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2016,47(5):553-558.
[19] Liu Y,Shi G,Mao L,et al. Direct and indirect influences of 8yr of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on Glomeromycota in analpine meadow ecosystem[J]. New Phytologist,2012,194(2):523-535.
[20]梁斌,周建斌,杨学云,等.栽培和施肥模式对黄土区旱地土壤微生物量及可溶性有机碳、氮的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(2):132-137.
[21] Hopkins D W,Shiel R S. Size and activity of soil microbial com-munities in long-term experimental grassland plots treated withmanure and inorganic fertilizers[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils.1996,22(1):66-70.
[22]蒋跃利,赵彤,闫浩,等.黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物量碳氮磷的影响[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(6):62-68.
[23] Wardle D A. Controls of temporal variability of the soil microbialbiomass:A global-scale synthesis[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemis-try,1998,30(13):1627-1637.
[24]吴金水,葛体达,祝贞科.稻田土壤碳循环关键微生物过程的计量学调控机制探讨[J].地球科学进展,2015,30(9):1006-1017.
[25]吴金水.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2006.
[26]吴宏亮,许强,陈阜,等.不同覆盖措施对旱区农田土壤酶活性及西瓜产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(3):173-178.
[27]王静,张天佑,徐万海,等.旱地全膜覆盖种植模式对土壤酶活性的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(6):738-741.
[28]王静,王廷璞,张明莉,等.全膜覆土穴播种植技术对旱地冬小麦土壤微生物活性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(2):108-112.
[29]周礼恺.土壤的脲酶活性与尿素肥料在土壤中的转化[J].土壤学进展,1984,(1):3-11.
[30]贾伟,周怀平,解文艳,等.长期有机无机肥配施对褐土微生物生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(4):700-705.
[31]姜培坤,徐秋芳.施肥对雷竹林土壤活性有机碳的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(2):253-256.
[32] Mcandrew D W,Malhi S S. Long-term N fertilization of a solo-netzic soil:effects on chemical and biological properties[J]. SoilBiology&Biochemistry,1992,24(7):619-623.
[33]李晓莎.覆膜与施氮对旱作春玉米农田温室气体排放的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
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