浙北某县域耕地土壤重金属空间分异特征、污染评价及来源分析
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摘要
以浙江省北部某产粮县的267个耕地土壤样本的5种土壤重金属As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Pb为研究对象,综合运用结合GIS手段、单因素、内梅罗综合评价法以及改进模糊综合评价法,分析研究区土壤重金属污染的空间分异、污染评价以及来源分析。结果表明:As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Pb平均含量分别为8.17、0.211、67.03、0.224、37.26 mg·kg-1,均符合国家相应的土壤环境质量二级标准。土壤重金属半方差函数拟合块基比大小顺序为Hg>Pb>Cd>As>Cr,其中Pb、Cd、As、Cr处于中等程度相关,Hg则表现出了较弱的空间相关性,受人类活动影响较大。该县土壤整体清洁,仅少数样点出现污染情况。这部分污染主要分布在县城周边,以Hg-Cd复合污染的形式存在,主要来源于工矿企业长期燃煤导致的粉尘挥发以及当地蓄电池产业发展所带来的负面影响。
The evaluation of heavy metal pollution and spatial pattern characteristics on cultivated land is of great significance for regional farmland protection and agricultural product safety. Five kinds of soil heavy metals, As, Hg, Cr, Cd, and Pb, from 267 soil samples in a grain producing county of northern Zhejiang Province were analyzed. GIS technology, the single factor and Nemero indexes, and an improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were used to analyze the spatial differentiation, pollution assessment, and source analysis of heavy metal pollution in the study area. The results showed that the average contents of As, Hg, Cr, Cd, and Pb were 8.17, 0.211, 67.03, 0.224, and 37.26mg·kg-1, respectively, which were all in line with the secondary grade standard of national soil environmental quality. The soil heavy metal block ratio of semivariance function fitting results showed that Hg>Pb>Cd>As>Cr, where Pb, Cd, As, and Cr were moderately related. At the same time, Hg showed a weaker spatial correlation, which is greatly influenced by human activities; the soil in this county was pretty clean and only a few samples were polluted. Pollution mainly occurred in the surrounding areas of the county town, and existed in the form of HgCd multiple contamination. This pollution was mainly due to dust settlement caused by long-term coal combustion in local industrial and mining enterprises, as well as the development of the local battery industry.
The evaluation of heavy metal pollution and spatial pattern characteristics on cultivated land is of great significance for regional farmland protection and agricultural product safety. Five kinds of soil heavy metals, As, Hg, Cr, Cd, and Pb, from 267 soil samples in a grain producing county of northern Zhejiang Province were analyzed. GIS technology, the single factor and Nemero indexes, and an improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were used to analyze the spatial differentiation, pollution assessment, and source analysis of heavy metal pollution in the study area. The results showed that the average contents of As, Hg, Cr, Cd, and Pb were 8.17, 0.211, 67.03, 0.224, and 37.26mg·kg-1, respectively, which were all in line with the secondary grade standard of national soil environmental quality. The soil heavy metal block ratio of semivariance function fitting results showed that Hg>Pb>Cd>As>Cr, where Pb, Cd, As, and Cr were moderately related. At the same time, Hg showed a weaker spatial correlation, which is greatly influenced by human activities; the soil in this county was pretty clean and only a few samples were polluted. Pollution mainly occurred in the surrounding areas of the county town, and existed in the form of HgCd multiple contamination. This pollution was mainly due to dust settlement caused by long-term coal combustion in local industrial and mining enterprises, as well as the development of the local battery industry.
引文
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[15]宋金茜,朱权,姜小三,等.基于GIS的农业土壤重金属风险评价研究:以南京市八卦洲为例[J].土壤学报, 2017, 54(1):81-91.SONG Jin-xi, ZHU Quan, JIANG Xiao-san, et al. GIS-based heavy metals risk assessment of agricultural soils:A case study of Baguazhou, Nanjing[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2017, 54(1):81-91.
[16]许桂苹,王晓飞,付洁.土壤重金属污染评价方法研究综述[J].农村经济与科技, 2014, 25(1):71-74.XU Gui-ping, WANG Xiao-fei, FU Jie. Review on evaluation methods of heavy metal pollution in soil[J] Rural Economy and Science and Technology, 2014, 25(1):71-74.
[17]汪庆华,董岩翔,周国华,等.浙江省土壤地球化学基准值与环境背景值[J].生态与农村环境学报, 2007, 23(2):81-88.WANG Qing-hua, DONG Yan-xiang, ZHOU Guo-hua, et al. Base value and background value of soil geochemistry in Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Ecological and Rural Environment, 2007, 23(2):81-88.
[18]李一蒙,马建华,刘德新,等.开封城市土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学, 2015, 36(3):1037-1044.LI Yi-meng, MA Jian-hua, LIU De-xin, et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and potential ecological risks of urban soils in Kaifeng City, China[J]. Environmental Science 2015, 36(3):1037-1044.
[19] Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:A sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research, 1980, 14(8):975-1001.
[20]李鹏.县域尺度耕地土壤重金属的时空变异特征及污染源识别研究[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2016.LI Peng. County-scale spatial-temporal variations and source identification of heavy metals in the cropland soils[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University, 2016.
[2]刘霈珈,吴克宁,罗明,等.农用地土壤重金属超标评价与安全利用分区[J].农业工程学报, 2016, 32(23):254-262.LIU Pei-jia, WU Ke-ning, LUO Ming, et al. Evaluation of agricultural land soil heavy metal elements exceed standards and safe utilization zones[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016, 32(23):254-262.
[3]杨军,陈同斌,雷梅,等.北京市再生水灌溉对土壤、农作物的重金属污染风险[J].自然资源学报, 2011, 26(2):209-217.YANG Jun, CHEN Tong-bin, LEI Mei, et al. Assessing the effect of irrigation with reclaimed water:The soil and crop pollution risk of heavy metals[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(2):209-217.
[4]夏敏,赵炳梓,张佳宝.基于GIS的黄淮海平原典型潮土区土壤重金属积累研究[J].土壤学报, 2013, 50(4):684-692.XIA Min, ZHAO Bing-zi, ZHANG Jia-bao. GIS-based research on soil heavy metal accumulation in a fluvo-aquic soil area typical of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2013, 50(4):684-692.
[5]于洋,高宏超,马俊花,等.密云县境内潮河流域土壤重金属分析评价[J].环境科学, 2013, 34(9):3572-3577.YU Yang, GAO Hong-chao, MA Jun-hua, et al. Analysis and evaluation of heavy metals along the Chaohe River in Miyun County[J]. Environmental Science, 2013, 34(9):3572-3577.
[6]张金婷,谢贵德,孙华.基于改进模糊综合评价法的地质异常区土壤重金属污染评价:以江苏灌南县为例[J].农业环境科学学报,2016, 35(11):2107-2115.ZHANG Jin-ting, XIE Gui-de, SUN Hua. Evaluation of soil heavy metal pollution of geological anomaly area based on improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method:A case study of Guannan in Jiangsu Province, China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2016, 35(11):2107-2115.
[7]陈晓杰,何政伟,薛东剑.基于模糊综合评价的土壤环境质量研究:以九龙县里伍铜矿区为例[J].水土保持研究, 2012, 19(1):130-133.CHEN Xiao-jie, HE Zheng-wei, XUE Dong-jian. Study on soil environmental quality based on Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation:A case study of Liwu copper area in Jiulong county[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 19(1):130-133.
[8]朱爱萍,陈建耀,江涛,等.北江流域横石河-翁江沿岸土壤重金属污染特征分析[J].中国环境科学, 2015, 35(2):506-515.ZHU Ai-ping, CHEN Jian-yao, JIANG Tao, et al. Characteristics analysis of heavy metal pollution in soil alongside Hengshihe and Wengjiang river in Beijiang Basin[J]. China Environmental Science, 2015, 35(2):506-515.
[9]李向,管涛,徐清.基于BP神经网络的土壤重金属污染评价方法:以包头土壤环境质量评价为例[J].中国农学通报, 2012, 28(2):250-256.LI Xiang, GUAN Tao, XU Qing. The evaluation of soil heavy metal pollution based on the BP neural network:Taking soil environmental quality assessment in Baotou as an example[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2012, 28(2):250-256.
[10]李春芳,王菲,曹文涛,等.龙口市污水灌溉区农田重金属来源、空间分布及污染评价[J].环境科学, 2017, 38(3):1018-1027.LI Chun-fang, WANG Fei, CAO Wen-tao, et al. Source analysis, spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in sewage irrigation area farmland soils of Longkou City[J]. Environmental Science, 2017, 38(3):1018-1027.
[11]孙华,季余佳,吴群.无锡市耕地毁坏综合鉴定案例研究[J].中国土地科学, 2017, 31(1):48-54.SUN Hua, JI Yu-jia, WU Qun. Comprehensive identification of cultivated land damage:Case study[J]. China Land Science, 2017, 31(1):48-54.
[12]施加春,刘杏梅,于春兰,等.浙北环太湖平原耕地土壤重金属的空间变异特征及其风险评价研究[J].土壤学报, 2007, 44(5):824-830.SHI Jia-chun, LIU Xing-mei, YU Chun-lan, et al. Spatial variability and risk evaluation of soil heavy metals in Taihu Lake region of north Zhejiang Province[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2007, 44(5):824-830.
[13]付传城,王文勇,潘剑君,等.城乡结合带土壤重金属时空变异特征与源解析:以南京市柘塘镇为例[J].土壤学报, 2014, 51(5):1066-1077.FU Chuan-cheng, WANG Wen-yong, PAN Jian-jun, et al. Spatialtemporal variation and source apportionment of soil heavy metals in Peri-urban area:A case study of Zhetang town, Nanjing[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2014, 51(5):1066-1077.
[14]刘莎,任红艳,史学正,等.水稻土有机碳密度的空间预测分析:以浙江省浙北某县为例[J].地球信息科学学报, 2010, 12(2):2180-2185LIU Sha, REN Hong-yan, SHI Xue-zheng, et al. Different methods for prediction of spatial patterns of paddy soil organic carbon density in Changxing county, Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2010, 12(2):2180-2185.
[15]宋金茜,朱权,姜小三,等.基于GIS的农业土壤重金属风险评价研究:以南京市八卦洲为例[J].土壤学报, 2017, 54(1):81-91.SONG Jin-xi, ZHU Quan, JIANG Xiao-san, et al. GIS-based heavy metals risk assessment of agricultural soils:A case study of Baguazhou, Nanjing[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2017, 54(1):81-91.
[16]许桂苹,王晓飞,付洁.土壤重金属污染评价方法研究综述[J].农村经济与科技, 2014, 25(1):71-74.XU Gui-ping, WANG Xiao-fei, FU Jie. Review on evaluation methods of heavy metal pollution in soil[J] Rural Economy and Science and Technology, 2014, 25(1):71-74.
[17]汪庆华,董岩翔,周国华,等.浙江省土壤地球化学基准值与环境背景值[J].生态与农村环境学报, 2007, 23(2):81-88.WANG Qing-hua, DONG Yan-xiang, ZHOU Guo-hua, et al. Base value and background value of soil geochemistry in Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Ecological and Rural Environment, 2007, 23(2):81-88.
[18]李一蒙,马建华,刘德新,等.开封城市土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学, 2015, 36(3):1037-1044.LI Yi-meng, MA Jian-hua, LIU De-xin, et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and potential ecological risks of urban soils in Kaifeng City, China[J]. Environmental Science 2015, 36(3):1037-1044.
[19] Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:A sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research, 1980, 14(8):975-1001.
[20]李鹏.县域尺度耕地土壤重金属的时空变异特征及污染源识别研究[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2016.LI Peng. County-scale spatial-temporal variations and source identification of heavy metals in the cropland soils[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University, 2016.