九龙江流域水稻土重金属赋存形态及污染评价
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摘要
采用改进的BCR四步提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析九龙江流域71个水稻土中12种重金属元素的赋存形态特征,运用风险评价编码法(RAC)、次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)和地质积累指数法(Igeo)评价重金属污染特征.结果表明,大部分重金属总量已存在不同程度的富集且不同重金属元素在水稻土中的赋存形态特征差异较大.Cd和Mn主要以F1弱酸溶态存在,平均比例分别为46.2%和35.2%;Fe和Pb主要以F2可还原态存在,平均比例分别为64.5%和41.5%;而V、Cr、Ni、As、Co、Sr、Zn和Cu主要以F4残渣态存在,平均比例分别为79.6%、78.4%、73.1%、67.7%、51.9%、49.7%、45.3%和38.4%.3种污染评价方法分别重点关注弱酸溶态、次生相和重金属总量,均有应用价值,缺点是不够全面.结合3种评价方法能更准确全面评估重金属污染特征.九龙江流域水稻土中Cd为中度~重度污染,Mn和Sr为轻度~重度污染,Zn、Pb、Cu和Co为轻度~中度污染,As和Ni为无污染~中度污染,V、Fe和Cr为无污染~轻度污染.
Speciation characteristics of twelve heavy metals in 71 paddy soils from the Jiulong River Basin were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) and the modified BCR protocol.The risk assessment coding method(RAC),ratio of secondary phase and primary phase(RSP),and geoaccumulation index(Igeo) were applied to evaluate the pollution degree of heavy metals in the area.The results show that most of these elements are abundant in the paddy soils and the speciation characteristics of different heavy metals vary.The elements Cd and Mn mainly exist as acid soluble fractions in the soils,with a mean proportion of46.2% and 35.2%,respectively;Fe and Pb mainly exist as reducible fractions in the soils,with a mean proportion of 64.5% and41.5%,respectively;and V,Cr,Ni,As,Co,Sr,Zn,and Cu mainly exist as residual fractions in the soils,with a mean proportion of 79.6%,78.4%,73.1%,67.7%,51.9%,49.7%,45.3%,and 38.4%,respectively.The three pollution assessment methods focus on the acid-soluble phase,secondary phase,and total amount of heavy metals,respectively.All have their own application value and disadvantages of incompletion.The comprehensive analysis of these three pollution assessment methods helps to more accurately and comprehensively assess the pollution characteristics of the heavy metals.The results show that the paddy soils are moderately to severely polluted with Cd;the Mn and Sr pollution is mild to severe;the Zn,Pb,Cu,and Co pollution is mild to moderate;the As and Ni pollution is absent or moderate;and V,Fe,and Cr pollution is non-existent or mild.
Speciation characteristics of twelve heavy metals in 71 paddy soils from the Jiulong River Basin were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) and the modified BCR protocol.The risk assessment coding method(RAC),ratio of secondary phase and primary phase(RSP),and geoaccumulation index(Igeo) were applied to evaluate the pollution degree of heavy metals in the area.The results show that most of these elements are abundant in the paddy soils and the speciation characteristics of different heavy metals vary.The elements Cd and Mn mainly exist as acid soluble fractions in the soils,with a mean proportion of46.2% and 35.2%,respectively;Fe and Pb mainly exist as reducible fractions in the soils,with a mean proportion of 64.5% and41.5%,respectively;and V,Cr,Ni,As,Co,Sr,Zn,and Cu mainly exist as residual fractions in the soils,with a mean proportion of 79.6%,78.4%,73.1%,67.7%,51.9%,49.7%,45.3%,and 38.4%,respectively.The three pollution assessment methods focus on the acid-soluble phase,secondary phase,and total amount of heavy metals,respectively.All have their own application value and disadvantages of incompletion.The comprehensive analysis of these three pollution assessment methods helps to more accurately and comprehensively assess the pollution characteristics of the heavy metals.The results show that the paddy soils are moderately to severely polluted with Cd;the Mn and Sr pollution is mild to severe;the Zn,Pb,Cu,and Co pollution is mild to moderate;the As and Ni pollution is absent or moderate;and V,Fe,and Cr pollution is non-existent or mild.
引文
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[11]范明毅,杨皓,黄先飞,等.典型山区燃煤型电厂周边土壤重金属形态特征及污染评价[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(8):2425-2436.Fan M Y,Yang H,Huang X F,et al.Chemical forms and risk assessment of heavy metals in soils around a typical coal-fired power plant located in the mountainous area[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(8):2425-2436.
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[18]张莉,祁士华,瞿程凯,等.福建九龙江流域重金属分布来源及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(8):2133-2139.Zhang L,Qi S H,Qu C K,et al.Distribution,source and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the water of Jiulong River,Fujian[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(8):2133-2139.
[19]黄金良,李青生,洪华生,等.九龙江流域土地利用/景观格局-水质的初步关联分析[J].环境科学,2011,32(1):64-72.Huang J L,Li Q S,Hong H S,et al.Preliminary study on linking land use&landscape pattern and water quality in the Jiulong River Watershed[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(1):64-72.
[20]鲁婷,陈能汪,陈朱虹,等.九龙江河流-库区系统沉积物磷特征及其生态学意义[J].环境科学,2013,34(9):3430-3436.Lu T,Chen N W,Chen Z H,et al.Characteristics of sediment phosphorus in the Jiulong River-Reservoir system and its ecological significance[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(9):3430-3436.
[21]Chakraborty P,Babu P V R,Vudamala K,et al.Mercury speciation in coastal sediments from the central east coast of India by modified BCR method[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,81(1):282-288.
[22]林承奇,胡恭任,于瑞莲,等.九龙江表层沉积物重金属赋存形态及生态风险[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1002-1009.Lin C Q,Hu G R,Yu R L,et al.Speciation and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments from Jiulong River[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):1002-1009.
[23]秦延文,张雷,郑丙辉,等.太湖表层沉积物重金属赋存形态分析及污染特征[J].环境科学,2012,33(12):4291-4299.Qin Y W,Zhang L,Zheng B H,et al.Speciation and pollution characteristics of heavy metals in the sediment of Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(12):4291-4299.
[24]陈振金,陈春秀,刘用清,等.福建省土壤环境背景值研究[J].环境科学,1992,13(4):70-75.Chen Z J,Chen C X,Liu Y Q,et al.Study on soil environmental background values in Fujian Province[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,1992,13(4):70-75.
[25]赵倩,马琳,刘翼飞,等.北京东南郊典型地层重金属分布特征与潜在生态风险[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1931-1937.Zhao Q,Ma L,Liu Y F,et al.Distribution characteristics and potential ecological hazards assessment of soil heavy metals in typical soil profiles in Southeast Suburb of Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(5):1931-1937.
[26]Gao X L,Zhou F X,Chen C T A.Pollution status of the Bohai Sea:an overview of the environmental quality assessment related trace metals[J].Environment International,2014,62:12-30.
[27]黄莹,李永霞,高甫威,等.小清河表层沉积物重污染区重金属赋存形态及风险评价[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):2046-2053.Huang Y,Li Y X,Gao F W,et al.Speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from the heavily polluted area of Xiaoqing River[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(6):2046-2053.
[28]Gao X L,Chen C T A,Wang G,et al.Environmental status of Daya Bay surface sediments inferred from a sequential extraction technique[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2010,86(3):369-378.
[29]江嵩鹤,胡恭任,于瑞莲,等.安溪铁观音茶园土壤重金属赋存形态及生态风险评价[J].地球与环境,2016,44(3):359-369.Jiang S H,Hu G R,Yu R L,et al.Speciation and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soil from Anxi Tieguanyin tea garden[J].Earth and Environment,2016,44(3):359-369.
[30]孙瑞瑞,陈华清,李杜康.基于土壤中铅化学形态的生态风险评价方法比较[J].安全与环境工程,2015,22(5):47-51.Sun R R,Chen H Q,Li D K.Comparison of ecological risk assessment methods based on the chemical forms of lead in soil[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,2015,22(5):47-51.
[31]叶宏萌,李国平,郑茂钟,等.武夷山茶园土壤中五种重金属的化学形态和生物有效性[J].环境化学,2016,35(10):2071-2078.Ye H M,Li G P,Zheng M Z,et al.Speciation and bioavailability of five toxic heavy metals in the tea garden soils of Wuyishan[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(10):2071-2078.
[32]Marrugo-Negrete J,Pinedo-Hernández J,Díez S.Assessment of heavy metal pollution,spatial distribution and origin in agricultural soils along the SinúRiver Basin,Colombia[J].Environmental Research,2017,154:380-388.
[2]陈星,马建华,李新宁,等.基于棕地的居民小区土壤重金属健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):1068-1074.Chen X,Ma J H,Li X N,et al.Health risk assessment of soil heavy metals in residential communities built on brownfields[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(3):1068-1074.
[3]张小敏,张秀英,钟太洋,等.中国农田土壤重金属富集状况及其空间分布研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):692-703.Zhang X M,Zhang X Y,Zhong T Y,et al.Spatial distribution and accumulation of heavy metal in arable land soil of China[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(2):692-703.
[4]Kelepertzis E.Accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Mediterranean:insights from Argolida basin,Peloponnese,Greece[J].Geoderma,2014,221-222:82-90.
[5]Liu G N,Tao L,Liu X H,et al.Heavy metal speciation and pollution of agricultural soils along Jishui River in non-ferrous metal mine area in Jiangxi Province,China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2013,132:156-163.
[6]Kennou B,El Meray M,Romane A,et al.Assessment of heavy metal availability(Pb,Cu,Cr,Cd,Zn)and speciation in contaminated soils and sediment of discharge by sequential extraction[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(7):5849-5858.
[7]Minkina T,Nevidomskaya D,Bauer T,et al.Determining the speciation of Zn in soils around the sediment ponds of chemical plants by XRD and XAFS spectroscopy and sequential extraction[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,634:1165-1173.
[8]Quevauviller P,Rauret G,López-Sánchez J F,et al.Certification of trace metal extractable contents in a sediment reference material(CRM 601)following a three-step sequential extraction procedure[J].Science of the Total Environment,1997,205(2-3):223-234.
[9]Cao L L,Tian H T,Yang J,et al.Multivariate analyses and evaluation of heavy metals by chemometric BCR sequential extraction method in surface sediments from Lingdingyang Bay,South China[J].Sustainability,2015,7(5):4938-4951.
[10]张金莲,丁疆峰,卢桂宁,等.广东清远电子垃圾拆解区农田土壤重金属污染评价[J].环境科学,2015,36(7):2633-2640.Zhang J L,Ding J F,Lu G N,et al.Heavy metal contamination in farmland soils at an E-waste disassembling site in Qingyuan,Guangdong,South China[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(7):2633-2640.
[11]范明毅,杨皓,黄先飞,等.典型山区燃煤型电厂周边土壤重金属形态特征及污染评价[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(8):2425-2436.Fan M Y,Yang H,Huang X F,et al.Chemical forms and risk assessment of heavy metals in soils around a typical coal-fired power plant located in the mountainous area[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(8):2425-2436.
[12]Perin G,Craboledda L,Lucchese L,et al.Heavy metal speciation in the sediments of Northern Adriatic Sea.A new approach for environmental toxicity determination[A].In:Lekkas T D(Ed.).Heavy Metals in the Environment[M].Edinburgh:CEP Consultants,1985.454-456.
[13]陈静生,董林,邓宝山,等.铜在沉积物各相中分配的实验模拟与数值模拟研究---以鄱阳湖为例[J].环境科学学报,1987,7(2):140-149.Chen J S,Dong L,Deng B S,et al.Modeling study on copper partitioning in sediments,a case study of Poyang Lake[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,1987,7(2):140-149.
[14]Müller G.Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J].Geo Journal,1969,2(3):108-118.
[15]陈穗玲,李锦文,陈南,等.福建沿海地区不同区域稻田土壤重金属元素富集特征与环境质量评价[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(2):34-40.Chen S L,Li J W,Chen N,et al.Fujian coastal areas in different regions of paddy soil heavy metal elements enrichment characteristics and assessment of environmental quality[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2013,29(2):34-40.
[16]李精精.福建九龙江流域产业结构的水环境污染效应[J].亚热带水土保持,2017,29(1):7-11.Li J J.Pollution effects to water-environment of the industry structure in the Jiulong River Watershed of Fujian Province[J].Subtropical Soil and Water Conservation,2017,29(1):7-11.
[17]Lin C Q,Yu R L,Hu G R,et al.Contamination and isotopic composition of Pb and Sr in offshore surface sediments from Jiulong River,Southeast China[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,218:644-650.
[18]张莉,祁士华,瞿程凯,等.福建九龙江流域重金属分布来源及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(8):2133-2139.Zhang L,Qi S H,Qu C K,et al.Distribution,source and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the water of Jiulong River,Fujian[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(8):2133-2139.
[19]黄金良,李青生,洪华生,等.九龙江流域土地利用/景观格局-水质的初步关联分析[J].环境科学,2011,32(1):64-72.Huang J L,Li Q S,Hong H S,et al.Preliminary study on linking land use&landscape pattern and water quality in the Jiulong River Watershed[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(1):64-72.
[20]鲁婷,陈能汪,陈朱虹,等.九龙江河流-库区系统沉积物磷特征及其生态学意义[J].环境科学,2013,34(9):3430-3436.Lu T,Chen N W,Chen Z H,et al.Characteristics of sediment phosphorus in the Jiulong River-Reservoir system and its ecological significance[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(9):3430-3436.
[21]Chakraborty P,Babu P V R,Vudamala K,et al.Mercury speciation in coastal sediments from the central east coast of India by modified BCR method[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,81(1):282-288.
[22]林承奇,胡恭任,于瑞莲,等.九龙江表层沉积物重金属赋存形态及生态风险[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1002-1009.Lin C Q,Hu G R,Yu R L,et al.Speciation and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments from Jiulong River[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):1002-1009.
[23]秦延文,张雷,郑丙辉,等.太湖表层沉积物重金属赋存形态分析及污染特征[J].环境科学,2012,33(12):4291-4299.Qin Y W,Zhang L,Zheng B H,et al.Speciation and pollution characteristics of heavy metals in the sediment of Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(12):4291-4299.
[24]陈振金,陈春秀,刘用清,等.福建省土壤环境背景值研究[J].环境科学,1992,13(4):70-75.Chen Z J,Chen C X,Liu Y Q,et al.Study on soil environmental background values in Fujian Province[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,1992,13(4):70-75.
[25]赵倩,马琳,刘翼飞,等.北京东南郊典型地层重金属分布特征与潜在生态风险[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1931-1937.Zhao Q,Ma L,Liu Y F,et al.Distribution characteristics and potential ecological hazards assessment of soil heavy metals in typical soil profiles in Southeast Suburb of Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(5):1931-1937.
[26]Gao X L,Zhou F X,Chen C T A.Pollution status of the Bohai Sea:an overview of the environmental quality assessment related trace metals[J].Environment International,2014,62:12-30.
[27]黄莹,李永霞,高甫威,等.小清河表层沉积物重污染区重金属赋存形态及风险评价[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):2046-2053.Huang Y,Li Y X,Gao F W,et al.Speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from the heavily polluted area of Xiaoqing River[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(6):2046-2053.
[28]Gao X L,Chen C T A,Wang G,et al.Environmental status of Daya Bay surface sediments inferred from a sequential extraction technique[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2010,86(3):369-378.
[29]江嵩鹤,胡恭任,于瑞莲,等.安溪铁观音茶园土壤重金属赋存形态及生态风险评价[J].地球与环境,2016,44(3):359-369.Jiang S H,Hu G R,Yu R L,et al.Speciation and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soil from Anxi Tieguanyin tea garden[J].Earth and Environment,2016,44(3):359-369.
[30]孙瑞瑞,陈华清,李杜康.基于土壤中铅化学形态的生态风险评价方法比较[J].安全与环境工程,2015,22(5):47-51.Sun R R,Chen H Q,Li D K.Comparison of ecological risk assessment methods based on the chemical forms of lead in soil[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,2015,22(5):47-51.
[31]叶宏萌,李国平,郑茂钟,等.武夷山茶园土壤中五种重金属的化学形态和生物有效性[J].环境化学,2016,35(10):2071-2078.Ye H M,Li G P,Zheng M Z,et al.Speciation and bioavailability of five toxic heavy metals in the tea garden soils of Wuyishan[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(10):2071-2078.
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