乌鲁木齐市散煤燃烧大气污染物排放清单及时空分布特征
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摘要
为研究乌鲁木齐市散煤燃烧对大气污染物的贡献情况,根据实地调研收集到的散煤燃烧活动水平数据,利用排放因子法建立2015年乌鲁木齐市散煤燃烧PM2. 5、SO_2和NOx的排放清单,利用Arc GIS空间分析工具进行空间分布特征分析,使用蒙特卡罗方法进行不确定性分析.结果表明:2015年散煤燃烧排放PM2. 5、SO_2、NOx分别为1. 70×10~4、4. 13×10~4、2. 80×10~3t. PM2. 5和SO_2排放的主要贡献区域为乌鲁木齐县,分别占排放总量的27. 35%和26. 23%,这是由于乌鲁木齐县社区居民和大棚种植耗煤量较大所致;NOx排放的主要贡献区域为米东区,贡献率高达28. 03%,这是因为米东区社区居民所用炉灶为手动炉排层燃炉灶,其排放因子较大所致.空间分布特征表明,污染物主要分布在米东区南部、沙依巴克区北部及乌鲁木齐县中部.不确定性分析表明,村庄、社区、大棚种植、商业和事业单位在95%的置信区间时不确定性分别为-69%～165%、-57%～116%、-68%～171%和-67%～165%.蒙特卡罗预测结果(平均值)高于排放清单的计算结果.研究显示,乌鲁木齐市散煤燃烧对污染物排放贡献较大,并且具有明显的季节性和区域性特征.
In order to study the contribution of residential coal combustion to pollutants in Urumqi,based on the collected activity level,a 2015-based emission inventory of PM2. 5,SO_2 and NOxfrom residential coal combustion was established for Urumqi City by applying the emission factors method. The spatial distribution characteristics of the pollutant emissions were analyzed by Arcgis software and the uncertainty of the pollutant emissions was determined by Monte Carlo simulation methods. The results showed that the total pollutant emissions of PM2. 5,SO_2 and NOxfrom residential coal combustion in Urumqi in 2015 were 1. 70 × 10~4,4. 13× 1~04 and 2. 80 × 10~3 t,respectively. The main contribution district of PM2.5 and SO_2 emissions was Urumqi County,accounting for 27. 35% and 26. 23% of the total pollutant emissions,respectively,which was due to the large coal consumption by urban residents and greenhouse cultivation. Midong district was the major contribution district to NOxemissions,which accounted for 28. 03% due to the large emission factor of manual fire grate layer stoves. The spatio-temporal distribution showed that the pollutant emissions were mainly distributed in the south of Midong District,the north of Saybagh District and center of Urumqi County. The uncertainties analysis with 95% confidence intervals for rural and urban residential areas,greenhouse cultivation and commercial institutions were-69%-165%,-57%-116%,-68%-171% and-67%-165%,respectively. The simulation results obtained by the Monte Carlo method( average value) was slightly higher than the calculated emissions with average emission factors. The results show that the contribution of residential coal combustion to the pollutants is large in Urumqi City,and has obvious seasonal and regional characteristics.
In order to study the contribution of residential coal combustion to pollutants in Urumqi,based on the collected activity level,a 2015-based emission inventory of PM2. 5,SO_2 and NOxfrom residential coal combustion was established for Urumqi City by applying the emission factors method. The spatial distribution characteristics of the pollutant emissions were analyzed by Arcgis software and the uncertainty of the pollutant emissions was determined by Monte Carlo simulation methods. The results showed that the total pollutant emissions of PM2. 5,SO_2 and NOxfrom residential coal combustion in Urumqi in 2015 were 1. 70 × 10~4,4. 13× 1~04 and 2. 80 × 10~3 t,respectively. The main contribution district of PM2.5 and SO_2 emissions was Urumqi County,accounting for 27. 35% and 26. 23% of the total pollutant emissions,respectively,which was due to the large coal consumption by urban residents and greenhouse cultivation. Midong district was the major contribution district to NOxemissions,which accounted for 28. 03% due to the large emission factor of manual fire grate layer stoves. The spatio-temporal distribution showed that the pollutant emissions were mainly distributed in the south of Midong District,the north of Saybagh District and center of Urumqi County. The uncertainties analysis with 95% confidence intervals for rural and urban residential areas,greenhouse cultivation and commercial institutions were-69%-165%,-57%-116%,-68%-171% and-67%-165%,respectively. The simulation results obtained by the Monte Carlo method( average value) was slightly higher than the calculated emissions with average emission factors. The results show that the contribution of residential coal combustion to the pollutants is large in Urumqi City,and has obvious seasonal and regional characteristics.
引文
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[20]王东升,刘明锐,白向飞,等.京津冀地区民用燃煤使用现状分析[J].煤质技术,2016(3):46-49.
[21] CAO G,ZHANG X,ZHANG F. Inventory of black carbon and organic carbon emissions from China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(34):6516-6527.
[22]霍沫霖,赵佳,徐朝,等.中国散烧煤消费地图及影响因素研究[J].中国电力,2017,50(1):1-8.HUO Molin,ZHAO Jia,XU Zhao,et al. China scattered coal consumption map influence factors[J]. Electric Power,2017,50(1):1-8.
[23] LI Q,JIANG J K,WANG S X,et al.Impacts of household coal and biomass combustion on indoor and ambient air quality in China:current status and implication[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,576:347-361.
[24] LIU P F,ZHANG C L,XUE C Y,et al. The contribution of residential coal combustion to atmospheric PM2. 5in northern China during winter[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17:11503-11520.
[25] ZHANG L,LIU L C,ZHAO Y H,et al. Source attribution of particulate matter pollution over North China with the adjoint method[J].Environmental Research Letters,2015,10:1-8.
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[27] CHEN S R,XU L,ZHANG Y X,et al.Direct observations of organic aerosols in common wintertime hazes in North China:insights into direct emissions from Chinese residential stoves[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17:1259-1270.
[28]孙韧.城市高分辨率大气污染源排放清单编制技术方法与应用实例[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2016:73-89.
[29]第一次全国污染源普查资料编纂委员会.《第一次全国污染源普查城镇生活源产排污系数手册》:城镇居民生活废气和煤渣[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011:31-37.
[30]乌鲁木齐市统计局.乌鲁木齐市统计年鉴:2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016:16-30.
[31]苗蕾,廖晓农,王迎春.基于长时间序列的北京PM2. 5浓度日变化及气象条件影响分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(8):2836-2846.MIAO Lei,LIAO Xiaonong,WANG Yingchun. Diurnal variation of PM2. 5mass concentration in Beijing and influence of meteorological factors based on long term date[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(8):2836-2846.
[32]薛亦峰,闫静,宋光武,等.大气污染物排放清单的建立及不确定性[J].城市环境与城市生态,2012(2):31-33.XUE Yifeng,YAN Jjin,SONG Guangwu,et al. Establishment of an air pollutant emission inventory and uncertainty analysis[J].Urban Environment and Urban Ecology,2012(2):31-33.
[33] ZHENG J Y,YIN S S,KANG D W,et al. Development and uncertainty analysis of a high-resolution NH3emissions inventory and its implications with precipitation over the Pearl River Delta region,China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry Physics,2012,12:7041-7058.
[34] STREETS D G,BOND T C,CARMICHAEL G R,et al. An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emission in Asia in the year 2000[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(S21):1-23.
[2] HERRERIAS M J,JOYEUX R,GIRARDIN E.Short-and long-run causality between energy consumption and economic growth:evidence across regions in China[J]. Applied Energy,2013,112:1483-1492.
[3]王敬,毕晓辉,冯银厂,等.乌鲁木齐市重污染期间PM2. 5污染特征与来源解析[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(2):113-119.WANG Jing,BI Xiaohui,FENG Yingchang,et al. Pollution characteristics and source apportionment of PM2. 5during heavy pollution in Urumchi City[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(2):113-119.
[4]邓文叶,贾尔恒·阿哈提,杨静,等.乌鲁木齐PM10和PM2. 5的形貌特征与来源解析[J].环境工程,2017,35(8):95-101.DENG Wenye,JIAERHENG Ahati,YANG Jing,et al. Morphology characteristics and source analysis of PM10and PM2. 5in Urumqi[J].Environmental Engineering,2017,35(8):92-101.
[5] SHI Y,XIA Y F,LU B H,et al.Emission inventory and trends of NOxfor China,2000-2020[J]. Journal of Zhejiang UniversityScience A(Applied Physics&Engineering),2014,15(6):454-464.
[6] PETRACCHINI F,PACIUCCI L,VICHI F,et al.Gaseous pollutants in the city of Urumqi,Xinjiang:spatial and temporal trends,sources and implications[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2016,7(5):925-934.
[7] SINDHWANI R,GOYAL P,KUMAR S,et al. Anthropogenic emission inventory of criteria air pollutants of an Urban Agglomeration:National Capital Region(NCR),Delhi[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2015,15:1681-1697.
[8] ABOU RAFEE S A,MARTINS L D,KAWASHIMA A B,et al.Contributions of mobile,stationary and biogenic sources to air pollution in the Amazon rainforest:a numerical study with the WRF-Chem model[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry Physics,2017,17:7977-7995.
[9] CHENG M M,ZHI G R,TANG W,et al.Air pollutant emission from the underestimated households'coal consumption source in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,580:641-650.
[10]梁云平,张大伟,林安国,等.北京市民用燃煤烟气中气态污染物排放特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(5):1775-1782.LIANG Yunping,ZHANG Dawei,LIN Anguo,et al. Emission characteristics of residential coal combustion flue gas in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(5):1775-1782.
[11]祝婕,马俊英,邓文叶,等. 2014年乌鲁木齐市PM2. 5排放清单研究[J].新疆环境保护,2017,39(1):46-54.ZHU Jie,MA Junying,DENG Wenye,et al. Research on PM2. 5emission inventory in Urumqi in 2014[J].Environmental Protection of Xinjiang,2017,39(1):46-54.
[12] DIOS M,SOUTO J A,CASARES J J.Experimental development of CO2,SO2and NOxemission factors for mixed lignite and subbituminous coal-fired power plant[J].Energy,2013,53:40-51.
[13] CHEN Y J,TIAN C G,FENG Y L,et al.Measurements of emission factors of PM2. 5,OC,EC,and BC for household stoves of coal combustion in China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015,109:190-196.
[14]孔少飞,白志鹏,陆炳.民用燃料燃烧排放PM2. 5和PM10中碳组分排放因子对比[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(11):2749-2756.KONG Shaofei,BAI Zhipeng,LU Bing,et al. Comparative analysis on emission factors of carbonaceous components in PM2. 5and PM10from domestic fuels combustion[J]. China Environmental Science,2014,34(11):2749-2756.
[15] XUE Y F,ZHOU Z,NIE T,et al.Trends of multiple air pollutants emissions from residential coal combustion in Beijing and its implication on improving air quality for control measures[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,142:303-312.
[16]刘茜,李泓,曹磊,等.北京市朝阳区城乡过渡带冬季采暖燃煤期及大气污染物排放量估算[J].科技创新与应用,2018(4):1-6.
[17]乌鲁木齐市统计局.乌鲁木齐市统计年鉴:2017[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017:16-30.
[18]苟少梅,代燕.乌鲁木齐市煤炭消费的CO2排放时空分析[J].环境科学与管理,2011,36(11):49-57.
[19] LI X,ZHANG Q,ZHANG Y,et al. Source contributions of urban PM2. 5in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region:changes between 2006and 2013 and relative impacts of emissions and meteorology[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,123:229-239.
[20]王东升,刘明锐,白向飞,等.京津冀地区民用燃煤使用现状分析[J].煤质技术,2016(3):46-49.
[21] CAO G,ZHANG X,ZHANG F. Inventory of black carbon and organic carbon emissions from China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(34):6516-6527.
[22]霍沫霖,赵佳,徐朝,等.中国散烧煤消费地图及影响因素研究[J].中国电力,2017,50(1):1-8.HUO Molin,ZHAO Jia,XU Zhao,et al. China scattered coal consumption map influence factors[J]. Electric Power,2017,50(1):1-8.
[23] LI Q,JIANG J K,WANG S X,et al.Impacts of household coal and biomass combustion on indoor and ambient air quality in China:current status and implication[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,576:347-361.
[24] LIU P F,ZHANG C L,XUE C Y,et al. The contribution of residential coal combustion to atmospheric PM2. 5in northern China during winter[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17:11503-11520.
[25] ZHANG L,LIU L C,ZHAO Y H,et al. Source attribution of particulate matter pollution over North China with the adjoint method[J].Environmental Research Letters,2015,10:1-8.
[26] ZHNAG Z Z,WANG W X,CHENG M M,et al.The contribution of residential coal combustion to PM2. 5pollution over China's BeijingTianjin-Hebei Region in winter[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017,159:147-161.
[27] CHEN S R,XU L,ZHANG Y X,et al.Direct observations of organic aerosols in common wintertime hazes in North China:insights into direct emissions from Chinese residential stoves[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17:1259-1270.
[28]孙韧.城市高分辨率大气污染源排放清单编制技术方法与应用实例[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2016:73-89.
[29]第一次全国污染源普查资料编纂委员会.《第一次全国污染源普查城镇生活源产排污系数手册》:城镇居民生活废气和煤渣[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011:31-37.
[30]乌鲁木齐市统计局.乌鲁木齐市统计年鉴:2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016:16-30.
[31]苗蕾,廖晓农,王迎春.基于长时间序列的北京PM2. 5浓度日变化及气象条件影响分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(8):2836-2846.MIAO Lei,LIAO Xiaonong,WANG Yingchun. Diurnal variation of PM2. 5mass concentration in Beijing and influence of meteorological factors based on long term date[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(8):2836-2846.
[32]薛亦峰,闫静,宋光武,等.大气污染物排放清单的建立及不确定性[J].城市环境与城市生态,2012(2):31-33.XUE Yifeng,YAN Jjin,SONG Guangwu,et al. Establishment of an air pollutant emission inventory and uncertainty analysis[J].Urban Environment and Urban Ecology,2012(2):31-33.
[33] ZHENG J Y,YIN S S,KANG D W,et al. Development and uncertainty analysis of a high-resolution NH3emissions inventory and its implications with precipitation over the Pearl River Delta region,China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry Physics,2012,12:7041-7058.
[34] STREETS D G,BOND T C,CARMICHAEL G R,et al. An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emission in Asia in the year 2000[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(S21):1-23.
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