哈尔滨行道树的空间异质性分析
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摘要
城市行道树空间异质性分析是优化城市森林调查、科学管理与生态服务功能提升的基础。本研究以哈尔滨为例,基于网络街景测定哈尔滨市879个样方、26 140棵行道树的树高、胸径、冠幅、冠下高等指标,半方差函数和分形分析相结合,旨在确定树木空间异质性特征,为分析城市森林合理采样布点提供依据。结果发现,不同指标存在明显的空间异质性,表现为自相关距离明显差异,但是没有明显的方向性(在0°、45°、90°、135°方向上各向同性)。这些空间异质性受结构、随机因素影响,但是不同指标明显不同,即:冠幅空间变化中随机因素占比为26. 56%,而冠下高、树高、胸径的占比分别为8. 16%、8. 14%、12. 80%,后者更多的受城市化相关的结构因素影响(> 88%)。冠幅、冠下高、树高、胸径的变程分别为2 340、1 320、1 470、1 890 m,考虑到采样间距应控制在变程之内就可以有效揭示空间格局特征,测量不同指标的最小采样数量为:冠幅156个样方;冠下高440个样方;树高360个样方;胸径224个样方。分形分析结果显示,哈尔滨树木冠幅、冠下高、树高、胸径的D值分别为1. 957、1. 961、1. 961和1. 971,都接近于2,说明空间变异主要发生在各个样方间(距离:666 m),与半方差函数分析交互验证。我们的研究结果为哈尔滨市城市森林研究与管理提供了基础数据支持,有助于今后研究确定合理的采样方案。
Spatial heterogeneity analysis of urban street trees is the basis for optimizing the surveying method and scientificmanagementandimproving the ecological service of urban forest. In order to provide basis for analyzing of reasonable sampling sites of urban forest, the internet street view picture-based remote measurements were used to determine canopy size[CS]( average width),under branch height[UBH],tree height[TH] and diameter at breast height[DBH] in a total of 879 plots( 26 140 trees),combining with the semivariogram analysis and fractal analysis,to characterize the spatial heterogeneity of urban treesin Harbin. By anisotropy analysis,the insignificant differences in the spatial heterogeneity of CS,UBH,TH,DBH in Harbin city were found at 0°,45°,90°,amd 135° directions. As shown by the Nugget/base ratio,random effects accounted for 26. 56% of spatial heterogeneity of CS,while much less random effects were responsible for the spatial heterogeneity of UBH, TH, DBH( 8. 16%,8. 14%, and 12. 80% of the total heterogeneity,respectively). Thus,the results suggested that the spatial variations of UBH,TH and DBH were likely to be mainly due to the urbanization-related structural factors( such as urban planning etc.)( > 88%). The results indicated that spatial heterogeneityof urban tree varied with different tree size parameters,showing significant difference by the self-correlation length( semi-variogram range),i. e. the semi-variogram range values for CS,UBH,TH,DBH were 2 340,1 320,1 470 and 1 890 m,respectively. For precisely identifying thespatial heterogeneity of tree size,sampling interval should be within the semi-variogram range. Our data showed the minimum sampling numbers for measuring the targeted indicators are 156 plots for the CS,440 plots for the UBH,360 plots for the TH and 224 plots for the DBH. Fractal analysis showed that the fractal values( D value)of CS,UBH,TH,DBH were 1. 957,1. 961,1. 961 and 1. 971,respectively. The similar fractal values of the targeted indicators,which were close to 2,could suggest that that their spatial variations were mainly observed in smaller scales between neighboring plots( distance: 666 m). The results of this study provide basic data to support the further research and scientific management ofthe urban forest in Harbin City,as well as to determine reasonable sampling plans in the future study.
Spatial heterogeneity analysis of urban street trees is the basis for optimizing the surveying method and scientificmanagementandimproving the ecological service of urban forest. In order to provide basis for analyzing of reasonable sampling sites of urban forest, the internet street view picture-based remote measurements were used to determine canopy size[CS]( average width),under branch height[UBH],tree height[TH] and diameter at breast height[DBH] in a total of 879 plots( 26 140 trees),combining with the semivariogram analysis and fractal analysis,to characterize the spatial heterogeneity of urban treesin Harbin. By anisotropy analysis,the insignificant differences in the spatial heterogeneity of CS,UBH,TH,DBH in Harbin city were found at 0°,45°,90°,amd 135° directions. As shown by the Nugget/base ratio,random effects accounted for 26. 56% of spatial heterogeneity of CS,while much less random effects were responsible for the spatial heterogeneity of UBH, TH, DBH( 8. 16%,8. 14%, and 12. 80% of the total heterogeneity,respectively). Thus,the results suggested that the spatial variations of UBH,TH and DBH were likely to be mainly due to the urbanization-related structural factors( such as urban planning etc.)( > 88%). The results indicated that spatial heterogeneityof urban tree varied with different tree size parameters,showing significant difference by the self-correlation length( semi-variogram range),i. e. the semi-variogram range values for CS,UBH,TH,DBH were 2 340,1 320,1 470 and 1 890 m,respectively. For precisely identifying thespatial heterogeneity of tree size,sampling interval should be within the semi-variogram range. Our data showed the minimum sampling numbers for measuring the targeted indicators are 156 plots for the CS,440 plots for the UBH,360 plots for the TH and 224 plots for the DBH. Fractal analysis showed that the fractal values( D value)of CS,UBH,TH,DBH were 1. 957,1. 961,1. 961 and 1. 971,respectively. The similar fractal values of the targeted indicators,which were close to 2,could suggest that that their spatial variations were mainly observed in smaller scales between neighboring plots( distance: 666 m). The results of this study provide basic data to support the further research and scientific management ofthe urban forest in Harbin City,as well as to determine reasonable sampling plans in the future study.
引文
1.王雪薇.城市森林在城镇化人居环境中的作用和建设理念[J].安徽农学通报,2011,17(7):147-148.Wang X W. The role and construction concept of urban forests in urbanized human settlements[J]. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,17(7):147-148.
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3 .陈爽,詹志勇.南京城市森林结构特征与管理对策[J].林业科学,2004,40(6):158-164.Chen S,Zhan Z Y. Structure features and management countermeasure of urban forest in Nanjing,China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2004,40(6):158-164.
4 .雷相东,张则路,陈晓光.长白落叶松等几个树种冠幅预测模型的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(6):75-79.Lei X D,Zhang Z L,Chen X G. Crown-width prediction models for several tree species including Larix olgensisin northeastern China[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2006,28(6):75-79.
5 .张波,王文杰,周伟,等.哈尔滨城市森林树木生长状况及各生长指标的相关性分析[J].安徽农业科学,2016,44(26):127-128,154.Zhang B,Wang W J,Zhou W,et al. Correlations analysis of growth index and growth status of urban trees in Harbin City[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(26):127-128,154.
6 .司建华,冯起,鱼腾飞,等.额济纳绿洲土壤养分的空间异质性[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(12):2600-2606.Si J H,Feng Q,Yu T F,et al. Spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients in Ejinaoasis[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(12):2600-2606.
7 .王政权,王庆成,李哈滨.红松老龄林主要树种的空间异质性特征与比较的定量研究[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(6):718-723.Wang Z Q,Wang Q C,Li H B. Characteristics and comparison of spatial heterogeneity of the main species of Korean pine old growth forests[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2000,24(6):718-723.
8 .孙丹峰. IKONOS影像景观格局特征尺度的小波与半方差分析[J].生态学报,2003,23(3):405-413.Sun D F. Identifying multi-scale spatial patterns of landscape from wavelet and semivariogram analysis of IKONOS PAN remote sensing data[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(3):405-413.
9 .张娜.生态学中的尺度问题:内涵与分析方法[J].生态学报,2006,26(7):2340-2355.Zhang N. Scale issues in ecology:concepts of scale and scale analysis[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(7):2340-2355.
10 .严俊霞,梁雅南,李洪建,等.不同取样尺度下华北落叶松人工林土壤呼吸的空间变异性[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4591-4599.Yan J X,Liang Y N,Li H J,et al. Spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration in a larch plantation of north China at different sampling scales[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4591-4599.
11 . Utset A,Ruiz M E,Herrera J,et al. A geostatistical method for soil salinity sample site spacing[J]. Geoderma,1998,86(1-2):143-151.
12 .周伟,王文杰,张波,等.长春城市森林绿地土壤肥力评价[J].生态学报,2017,37(4):1211-1220.Zhou W,Wang W J,Zhang B,et al. Soil fertility evaluation for urban forests and green spaces in Changchun City[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(4):1211-1220.
13 .周伟,王文杰,何兴元,等.哈尔滨城市绿地土壤肥力及其空间特征[J].林业科学,2018,54(9):9-17.Zhou W,Wang W J,He X Y,et al. Soil fertility and spatial variability of urban green land in Harbin[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2018,54(9):9-17.
14 .肖路,王文杰,张丹,等.哈尔滨市城市森林树种种类组成特征及配置合理性[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(8):2074-2081.Xiao L,Wang W J,Zhang D,et al. Urban forest tree species composition and arrangement reasonability in Harbin,northeast China[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(8):2074-2081.
15 .吕海亮.城市植被与土壤碳储量时空变化规律研究——以哈尔滨市为例[D].长春:中国科学院大学(中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所),2017.LüH L. Spatial and temporal variations of urban vegetation and soil carbon storage:a case study in Harbin[D].Changchun:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun),2017.
16 . Alig R J,Kline J D,Lichtenstein M. Urbanization on the US landscape:looking ahead in the 21st century[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,69(2-3):219-234.
17 . Wang W J,Xiao L,Zhang J H,et al. Potential of Internet street-view images for measuring tree sizes in roadside forests[J]. Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2018,35:211-220.
18 .王政权.地统计学及在生态学中的应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.Wang Z Q. Geostatistics and its application in ecology[M]. Beijing:Science Press,1999.
19 .颜亮,周广胜,张峰,等.内蒙古荒漠草原植被盖度的空间异质性动态分析[J].生态学报,2012,32(13):4017-4024.Yan L,Zhou G S,ZHANG F,et al. Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation coverage and its temporal dynamics in desert steppe,Inner Mongolia[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(13):4017-4024.
20 . Cambardella C A,Moorman T B,Parkin T B,et al. FieldScale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(5):1501-1511.
21 . Cadenasso M L,Pickett S T A,Schwarz K. Spatial heterogeneity in urban ecosystems:reconceptualizing land cover and a framework for classification[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2007,5(2):80-88.
22 .祖元刚,马克明,张喜军.植被空间异质性的分形分析方法[J].生态学报,1997,17(3):333-337.Zu Y G,Ma K M,Zhang X J. A fractal method for analysing spatial heterogeneity of vegetation[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,1997,17(3):333-337.
23 .陈玉福,于飞海,董鸣.毛乌素沙地沙生半灌木群落的空间异质性[J].生态学报,2000,20(4):568-572.Chen Y F,Yu F H,Dong M. Spatial heterogeneity of the psammophytic half-shrub community in Mu Us Sandland[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(4):568-572.
24 . Steenberg J WN,Millwardaa,Nowak D,et al. A conceptual framework of urban forest ecosystem vulnerability[J]. Environmental Reviews,2017,25(1):115-126.
25 .张云霞,李晓兵,陈云浩.草地植被盖度的多尺度遥感与实地测量方法综述[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(1):85-93.Zhang Y X,Li X B,Chen Y H. Overview of field and multi-scale remote sensing measurement approaches to grassland vegetation coverage[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2003,18(1):85-93.
26 . Pickett S T A,Cadenasso M L,Rosi-Marshall E J,et al.Dynamic heterogeneity:a framework to promote ecological integration and hypothesis generation in urban systems[J]. Urban Ecosystems,2017,20(1):1-14.
27 . Faivre N,Fritz M,Freitas T,et al. Nature-Based Solutions in the EU:innovating with nature to address social,economic and environmental challenges[J]. Environmental Research,2017,159:509-518.
28 . Lafortezza R,Chen J,Van Den Bosch C K,et al. Naturebased solutions for resilient landscapes and cities[J]. Environmental Research,2018,165:431-444.
29 . Maes J,Jacobs S. Nature-based solutions for Europe’s sustainable development[J]. Conservation Letters,2017,10(1):121-124.
30 .张华杰,陈为峰,宋富贵,等.盐碱地土壤养分的空间变异及合理取样密度研究[J].农业资源与环境学报,2016,33(2):120-126.Zhang H J,Chen W F,Song F G,et al. Spatial variability of soil nutrients and salinity in saline-alkali land and determination of reasonable sampling density[J]. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2016,33(2):120-126.
31 .郑兰英,孟翎冬,熊德礼,等.不同坡度和土层厚度对毛竹生长量的影响研究[J].湖北林业科技,2012,64(1):1-2.Zheng L Y,Meng L D,Xiong D L,et al. Study on the impact of Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.)lehaie growth in different slope and soil thickness[J]. Hubei Forestry Science and Technology,2012,64(1):1-2.
2 .王欢,马小凡,郭平,等.城市绿化的结构和生态环境功能[J].环境科学,2005,26(4):205-208.Wang H,Ma X F,Guo P,et al. Structure and ecological environmental efficiency of urban forestation[J]. Environmental Science,2005,26(4):205-208.
3 .陈爽,詹志勇.南京城市森林结构特征与管理对策[J].林业科学,2004,40(6):158-164.Chen S,Zhan Z Y. Structure features and management countermeasure of urban forest in Nanjing,China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2004,40(6):158-164.
4 .雷相东,张则路,陈晓光.长白落叶松等几个树种冠幅预测模型的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(6):75-79.Lei X D,Zhang Z L,Chen X G. Crown-width prediction models for several tree species including Larix olgensisin northeastern China[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2006,28(6):75-79.
5 .张波,王文杰,周伟,等.哈尔滨城市森林树木生长状况及各生长指标的相关性分析[J].安徽农业科学,2016,44(26):127-128,154.Zhang B,Wang W J,Zhou W,et al. Correlations analysis of growth index and growth status of urban trees in Harbin City[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(26):127-128,154.
6 .司建华,冯起,鱼腾飞,等.额济纳绿洲土壤养分的空间异质性[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(12):2600-2606.Si J H,Feng Q,Yu T F,et al. Spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients in Ejinaoasis[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(12):2600-2606.
7 .王政权,王庆成,李哈滨.红松老龄林主要树种的空间异质性特征与比较的定量研究[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(6):718-723.Wang Z Q,Wang Q C,Li H B. Characteristics and comparison of spatial heterogeneity of the main species of Korean pine old growth forests[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2000,24(6):718-723.
8 .孙丹峰. IKONOS影像景观格局特征尺度的小波与半方差分析[J].生态学报,2003,23(3):405-413.Sun D F. Identifying multi-scale spatial patterns of landscape from wavelet and semivariogram analysis of IKONOS PAN remote sensing data[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(3):405-413.
9 .张娜.生态学中的尺度问题:内涵与分析方法[J].生态学报,2006,26(7):2340-2355.Zhang N. Scale issues in ecology:concepts of scale and scale analysis[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(7):2340-2355.
10 .严俊霞,梁雅南,李洪建,等.不同取样尺度下华北落叶松人工林土壤呼吸的空间变异性[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4591-4599.Yan J X,Liang Y N,Li H J,et al. Spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration in a larch plantation of north China at different sampling scales[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4591-4599.
11 . Utset A,Ruiz M E,Herrera J,et al. A geostatistical method for soil salinity sample site spacing[J]. Geoderma,1998,86(1-2):143-151.
12 .周伟,王文杰,张波,等.长春城市森林绿地土壤肥力评价[J].生态学报,2017,37(4):1211-1220.Zhou W,Wang W J,Zhang B,et al. Soil fertility evaluation for urban forests and green spaces in Changchun City[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(4):1211-1220.
13 .周伟,王文杰,何兴元,等.哈尔滨城市绿地土壤肥力及其空间特征[J].林业科学,2018,54(9):9-17.Zhou W,Wang W J,He X Y,et al. Soil fertility and spatial variability of urban green land in Harbin[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2018,54(9):9-17.
14 .肖路,王文杰,张丹,等.哈尔滨市城市森林树种种类组成特征及配置合理性[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(8):2074-2081.Xiao L,Wang W J,Zhang D,et al. Urban forest tree species composition and arrangement reasonability in Harbin,northeast China[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(8):2074-2081.
15 .吕海亮.城市植被与土壤碳储量时空变化规律研究——以哈尔滨市为例[D].长春:中国科学院大学(中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所),2017.LüH L. Spatial and temporal variations of urban vegetation and soil carbon storage:a case study in Harbin[D].Changchun:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun),2017.
16 . Alig R J,Kline J D,Lichtenstein M. Urbanization on the US landscape:looking ahead in the 21st century[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,69(2-3):219-234.
17 . Wang W J,Xiao L,Zhang J H,et al. Potential of Internet street-view images for measuring tree sizes in roadside forests[J]. Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2018,35:211-220.
18 .王政权.地统计学及在生态学中的应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.Wang Z Q. Geostatistics and its application in ecology[M]. Beijing:Science Press,1999.
19 .颜亮,周广胜,张峰,等.内蒙古荒漠草原植被盖度的空间异质性动态分析[J].生态学报,2012,32(13):4017-4024.Yan L,Zhou G S,ZHANG F,et al. Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation coverage and its temporal dynamics in desert steppe,Inner Mongolia[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(13):4017-4024.
20 . Cambardella C A,Moorman T B,Parkin T B,et al. FieldScale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(5):1501-1511.
21 . Cadenasso M L,Pickett S T A,Schwarz K. Spatial heterogeneity in urban ecosystems:reconceptualizing land cover and a framework for classification[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2007,5(2):80-88.
22 .祖元刚,马克明,张喜军.植被空间异质性的分形分析方法[J].生态学报,1997,17(3):333-337.Zu Y G,Ma K M,Zhang X J. A fractal method for analysing spatial heterogeneity of vegetation[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,1997,17(3):333-337.
23 .陈玉福,于飞海,董鸣.毛乌素沙地沙生半灌木群落的空间异质性[J].生态学报,2000,20(4):568-572.Chen Y F,Yu F H,Dong M. Spatial heterogeneity of the psammophytic half-shrub community in Mu Us Sandland[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(4):568-572.
24 . Steenberg J WN,Millwardaa,Nowak D,et al. A conceptual framework of urban forest ecosystem vulnerability[J]. Environmental Reviews,2017,25(1):115-126.
25 .张云霞,李晓兵,陈云浩.草地植被盖度的多尺度遥感与实地测量方法综述[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(1):85-93.Zhang Y X,Li X B,Chen Y H. Overview of field and multi-scale remote sensing measurement approaches to grassland vegetation coverage[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2003,18(1):85-93.
26 . Pickett S T A,Cadenasso M L,Rosi-Marshall E J,et al.Dynamic heterogeneity:a framework to promote ecological integration and hypothesis generation in urban systems[J]. Urban Ecosystems,2017,20(1):1-14.
27 . Faivre N,Fritz M,Freitas T,et al. Nature-Based Solutions in the EU:innovating with nature to address social,economic and environmental challenges[J]. Environmental Research,2017,159:509-518.
28 . Lafortezza R,Chen J,Van Den Bosch C K,et al. Naturebased solutions for resilient landscapes and cities[J]. Environmental Research,2018,165:431-444.
29 . Maes J,Jacobs S. Nature-based solutions for Europe’s sustainable development[J]. Conservation Letters,2017,10(1):121-124.
30 .张华杰,陈为峰,宋富贵,等.盐碱地土壤养分的空间变异及合理取样密度研究[J].农业资源与环境学报,2016,33(2):120-126.Zhang H J,Chen W F,Song F G,et al. Spatial variability of soil nutrients and salinity in saline-alkali land and determination of reasonable sampling density[J]. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2016,33(2):120-126.
31 .郑兰英,孟翎冬,熊德礼,等.不同坡度和土层厚度对毛竹生长量的影响研究[J].湖北林业科技,2012,64(1):1-2.Zheng L Y,Meng L D,Xiong D L,et al. Study on the impact of Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.)lehaie growth in different slope and soil thickness[J]. Hubei Forestry Science and Technology,2012,64(1):1-2.