黄土高原典型区水土保持技术评估与需求分析——以安塞为例
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摘要
黄土高原是我国乃至全球水土流失治理的重点地区,经过40多年的治理,积累了种类多样的水土保持技术,对遏制和缓解水土流失和生态退化起到了良好作用。目前由于缺乏对具体治理需求的考量,从而影响水土保持技术效果的发挥,故技术评估和需求分析是选择适宜可行生态治理技术的重要环节。选择安塞纸坊沟流域和南沟流域的4个自然村为研究区,通过实地调研、利益相关者问卷调查和地理空间分析,旨在辨识并评估现有水土保持技术,识别技术需求,构建指标体系分析其立地适宜性和社会-经济可行性。研究结果表明,农户主要应用3类12项技术,工程类和生物类技术应用居多,生物类中地埂植物带和农业类技术应用较少;目前应用的水土保持技术整体效果较好,专家认为12项技术中工程类的梯田和淤地坝、生物类的地埂植物带综合表现最好,农户对梯田和水平沟、鱼鳞坑整地等坡面治理技术的效果评分高于专家,对淤地坝、谷坊等沟道治理技术以及集雨水窖和保护性耕作技术的效果评分低于专家,农户更关注技术的经济效益;技术存在的问题表现在梯田和治沟造地配套措施不完善,淤地坝、谷坊和水窖缺少修缮维护;识别出的技术需求分为3类,即新技术、改良技术和配套技术;纸坊沟流域的两个村立地条件更适宜人工造林种草,南沟流域的两个村更适宜天然封育,由社会-经济可行性分析可知,峙崾崄农户需要更多梯田种植果树及其配套技术,纸坊沟需要更多梯田种植作物或大棚蔬菜瓜果,大南沟需要造地后的配套技术,杏树窑需要造地种植作物及道路等配套基础设施。该研究是对黄土高原水土保持技术进行评估和需求分析的重要尝试,为生态治理决策提供参考。
The Loess Plateau is the key area for soil and water loss(SWL) conservation and ecological restoration in China. A series of ecological restoration projects have been carried out and several conversation measures have been applied, which had sound function on control and mitigation of SWL and ecological degradation. The technology and its needs assessment are important links in selecting suitable and feasible technologies, as the lack of systematic needs analysis of different stakeholders has affected the effective application of soil and water conversation technology(SWCT). We selected 4 villages of Zhifanggou and Nangou basins of Ansai District of Yan′an City as case study area. Using the field survey, stakeholders questionnaires, and geospatial analysis, the objectives of this paper were to identify and assess the SWCT adopted in the study area, identify needs of technologies, and analyze the site suitability and socio-economic feasibility of the SWCT with indicator system. The results showed that farmers mainly applied 3 types of 12 technologies. Engineering and biological technologies were widely used, and there were few applications of vegetation covered ridge and agricultural technology. The overall effect of the SWCT was good. Experts from research institutions evaluated the SWCT in five dimensions of readiness, suitability, application barriers, effectiveness, and transfer potential. The comprehensive scores from experts of terrace, check dam, and vegetation covered ridge were higher than other technologies. Effectiveness scores from farmers of terrace, horizontal ditch, and fish scale pit were higher than those from experts. However, scores from farmers of check dam, water cellar, and conversation tillage were lower, because farmers were concerned about the economic benefits of technology. Problems of application of the SWCT included few supporting measures of terrace and gully land, few repair and maintenance of check dam and water cellar. Technology needs were divided into 3 categories, namely new technology, improved technology and supporting technology. The site condition with slope, geomorphologic types, and land use of two villages in Zhifanggou basin was suitable for planting trees and grass, while those of two villages in Nangou basin was suitable for natural recovery. Shiyaoxian village needed more terrace to plant apple trees. Zhifanggou village needed more terrace to plant crop or build green house. Danangou village needed more supporting technologies for gully lands. Xingshuyao village needed new gully lands and supporting infrastructure. We also conducted the social-economic condition analysis of labor force, accessibility, and farmers′ willingness. This research was an important attempt to assessment and needs analysis on the SWCT in the Loess Plateau for ecological governance decision-making.
The Loess Plateau is the key area for soil and water loss(SWL) conservation and ecological restoration in China. A series of ecological restoration projects have been carried out and several conversation measures have been applied, which had sound function on control and mitigation of SWL and ecological degradation. The technology and its needs assessment are important links in selecting suitable and feasible technologies, as the lack of systematic needs analysis of different stakeholders has affected the effective application of soil and water conversation technology(SWCT). We selected 4 villages of Zhifanggou and Nangou basins of Ansai District of Yan′an City as case study area. Using the field survey, stakeholders questionnaires, and geospatial analysis, the objectives of this paper were to identify and assess the SWCT adopted in the study area, identify needs of technologies, and analyze the site suitability and socio-economic feasibility of the SWCT with indicator system. The results showed that farmers mainly applied 3 types of 12 technologies. Engineering and biological technologies were widely used, and there were few applications of vegetation covered ridge and agricultural technology. The overall effect of the SWCT was good. Experts from research institutions evaluated the SWCT in five dimensions of readiness, suitability, application barriers, effectiveness, and transfer potential. The comprehensive scores from experts of terrace, check dam, and vegetation covered ridge were higher than other technologies. Effectiveness scores from farmers of terrace, horizontal ditch, and fish scale pit were higher than those from experts. However, scores from farmers of check dam, water cellar, and conversation tillage were lower, because farmers were concerned about the economic benefits of technology. Problems of application of the SWCT included few supporting measures of terrace and gully land, few repair and maintenance of check dam and water cellar. Technology needs were divided into 3 categories, namely new technology, improved technology and supporting technology. The site condition with slope, geomorphologic types, and land use of two villages in Zhifanggou basin was suitable for planting trees and grass, while those of two villages in Nangou basin was suitable for natural recovery. Shiyaoxian village needed more terrace to plant apple trees. Zhifanggou village needed more terrace to plant crop or build green house. Danangou village needed more supporting technologies for gully lands. Xingshuyao village needed new gully lands and supporting infrastructure. We also conducted the social-economic condition analysis of labor force, accessibility, and farmers′ willingness. This research was an important attempt to assessment and needs analysis on the SWCT in the Loess Plateau for ecological governance decision-making.
引文
[1] 张琨,吕一河,傅伯杰.黄土高原典型区植被恢复及其对生态系统服务的影响.生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(1):23- 31.
[2] Zhao G,Mu X,Wen Z,Wang F,Gao P.Soil erosion,conservation,and eco-environment changes in the Loess Plateau of China.Land Degradation & Development,2013,24(5):499- 510.
[3] Fu B J,Liu Y,Lü Y H,He C S,Zeng Y,Wu B F.Assessing the soil erosion control service of ecosystems change in the Loess Plateau of China.Ecological Complexity,2011,8(4):284- 293.
[4] Chen L D,Wei W,Fu B J,Lü Y H.Soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau in China:review and perspective.Progress in Physical Geography:Earth and Environment,2007,31(4):389- 403.
[5] Liu Y X,Lü Y H,Fu B J,Harris P,Wu L H.Quantifying the spatio-temporal drivers of planned vegetation restoration on ecosystem services at a regional scale.Science of the Total Environment,2019,650:1029- 1040.
[6] Liu F,Yan H M,Gu F X,Niu Z G,Huang M.Net primary productivity increased on the Loess Plateau following implementation of the Grain to Green Program.Journal of Resources and Ecology,2017,8(4):413- 421.
[7] 刘国彬,上官周平,姚文艺,杨勤科,赵敏娟,党小虎,郭明航,王国梁,王兵.黄土高原生态工程的生态成效.中国科学院院刊,2017,32(1):11- 19.
[8] 安文明,韩晓阳,李宗善,王帅,伍星,吕一河,刘国华,傅伯杰.黄土高原不同植被恢复方式对土壤水分坡面变化的影响.生态学报,2018,38(13):4852- 4860.
[9] Deng L,Shangguan Z P,Sweeney S.“Grain for Green” driven land use change and carbon sequestration on the Loess Plateau,China.Scientific Reports,2014,4:7039.
[10] Wang C,Zhen L,Du B Z.Assessment of the impact of China′s Sloping Land Conservation Program on regional development in a typical hilly region of the loess plateau—A case study in Guyuan.Environmental Development,2017,21:66- 76.
[11] 甄霖,王继军,姜志德,刘孝盈,张长印,马建霞,肖玉,谢永生,谢高地.生态技术评价方法及全球生态治理技术研究.生态学报,2016,36(22):7152- 7157.
[12] 甄霖,胡云锋,魏云洁,罗琦,韩月琪.典型脆弱生态区生态退化趋势与治理技术需求分析.资源科学,2019,41(1):63- 74.
[13] 余新晓,毕华兴.水土保持学(第三版).北京:中国林业出版社,2013:149- 154.
[14] 李生宝,蒋齐,赵世伟,蔡进军.半干旱黄土丘陵区退化生态系统恢复技术与模式.北京:科学出版社,2011:13- 13.
[15] 于洪波,陈利顶,蔡国军.黄土丘陵沟壑区生态综合整治技术与模式.北京:科学出版社,2011:232- 232.
[16] 中国-全球环境基金干旱生态系统土地退化防治伙伴关系,中国-全球干旱区土地退化评估项目.中国干旱地区土地退化防治最佳实践.北京:中国林业出版社,2008:57- 81.
[17] 环境领域技术预测研究组.环境领域中外技术竞争研究报告.北京:环境领域技术预测研究组,2014.
[18] 邵明安,王云强,贾小旭.黄土高原生态建设与土壤干燥化.中国科学院院刊,2015,30(3):257- 264.
[19] Jia X X,Shao M A,Zhu Y J,Luo Y.Soil moisture decline due to afforestation across the Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Hydrology,2017,546:113- 122.
[20] 侯庆春,黄旭,韩仕峰,张孝中.关于黄土高原地区小老树成因及其改造途径的研究——III:小老树的成因及其改造途径.水土保持学报,1991,5(4):80- 86.
[21] Wang Y Q,Shao M A.Spatial variability of soil physical properties in a region of the Loess Plateau of PR China subject to wind and water erosion.Land Degradation & Development,2013,24(3):296- 304.
[22] 程国栋,张志强,李锐.西部地区生态环境建设的若干问题与政策建议.地理科学,2000,20(6):503- 510.
[23] 杨文治.黄土高原土壤水资源与植树造林.自然资源学报,2001,16(5):433- 438.
[24] 何永涛,李文华,李贵才,闵庆文,赵海珍.黄土高原地区森林植被生态需水研究.环境科学,2004,25(3):35- 39.
[25] Feng X M,Fu B J,Piao S L,Wang S,Ciais P,Zeng Z Z,Lü Y H,Zeng Y,Li Y,Jiang X H,Wu B F.Revegetation in China′s Loess Plateau is approaching sustainable water resource limits.Nature Climate Change,2016,6(11):1019- 1022.
[26] 张汉雄,邵明安.黄土高原生态环境建设.西安:陕西科技出版社,2001:8- 12.
[27] Zhen L,Yan H M,Hu Y F,Xue Z C,Xiao Y,Xie G D,Ma J X,Wang J J.Overview of ecological restoration technologies and evaluation systems.Journal of Resources and Ecology,2017,8(4):315- 324.
[28] 胡小宁,谢晓振,郭满才,王继军.生态技术评价方法与模型研究——理论模型设计.自然资源学报,2018,33(7):1152- 1164.
[29] 蒋定生.黄土高原水土流失与治理模式.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997:207- 209.
[30] Shi H,Shao M A.Soil and water loss from the Loess Plateau in China.Journal of Arid Environments,2000,45(1):9- 20.
[31] Yang T,Xu C Y,Chen X,Singh V P,Shao Q X,Hao Z C,Tao X.Assessing the impact of human activities on hydrological and sediment changes (1953- 2000) in nine major catchments of the Loess Plateau,China.River Research and Applications,2010,26(3):322- 340.
[32] 王兵,张光辉,刘国彬,杨勤科,杨艳芬.黄土高原丘陵区水土流失综合治理生态环境效应评价.农业工程学报,2012,28(20):150- 161.
[33] Sun W Y,Song X Y,Mu X M,Gao P,Wang F,Zhao G J.Spatiotemporal vegetation cover variations associated with climate change and ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,209- 210:87- 99.
[34] 刘国彬,杨勤科,郑粉莉.黄土高原小流域治理与生态建设.中国水土保持科学,2004,2(1):11- 15.
[35] 曹世雄,刘伟,赵麦换,冯飞.延安市生态修复双赢模式实证研究.生态学报,2018,38(22):7879- 7885.
[2] Zhao G,Mu X,Wen Z,Wang F,Gao P.Soil erosion,conservation,and eco-environment changes in the Loess Plateau of China.Land Degradation & Development,2013,24(5):499- 510.
[3] Fu B J,Liu Y,Lü Y H,He C S,Zeng Y,Wu B F.Assessing the soil erosion control service of ecosystems change in the Loess Plateau of China.Ecological Complexity,2011,8(4):284- 293.
[4] Chen L D,Wei W,Fu B J,Lü Y H.Soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau in China:review and perspective.Progress in Physical Geography:Earth and Environment,2007,31(4):389- 403.
[5] Liu Y X,Lü Y H,Fu B J,Harris P,Wu L H.Quantifying the spatio-temporal drivers of planned vegetation restoration on ecosystem services at a regional scale.Science of the Total Environment,2019,650:1029- 1040.
[6] Liu F,Yan H M,Gu F X,Niu Z G,Huang M.Net primary productivity increased on the Loess Plateau following implementation of the Grain to Green Program.Journal of Resources and Ecology,2017,8(4):413- 421.
[7] 刘国彬,上官周平,姚文艺,杨勤科,赵敏娟,党小虎,郭明航,王国梁,王兵.黄土高原生态工程的生态成效.中国科学院院刊,2017,32(1):11- 19.
[8] 安文明,韩晓阳,李宗善,王帅,伍星,吕一河,刘国华,傅伯杰.黄土高原不同植被恢复方式对土壤水分坡面变化的影响.生态学报,2018,38(13):4852- 4860.
[9] Deng L,Shangguan Z P,Sweeney S.“Grain for Green” driven land use change and carbon sequestration on the Loess Plateau,China.Scientific Reports,2014,4:7039.
[10] Wang C,Zhen L,Du B Z.Assessment of the impact of China′s Sloping Land Conservation Program on regional development in a typical hilly region of the loess plateau—A case study in Guyuan.Environmental Development,2017,21:66- 76.
[11] 甄霖,王继军,姜志德,刘孝盈,张长印,马建霞,肖玉,谢永生,谢高地.生态技术评价方法及全球生态治理技术研究.生态学报,2016,36(22):7152- 7157.
[12] 甄霖,胡云锋,魏云洁,罗琦,韩月琪.典型脆弱生态区生态退化趋势与治理技术需求分析.资源科学,2019,41(1):63- 74.
[13] 余新晓,毕华兴.水土保持学(第三版).北京:中国林业出版社,2013:149- 154.
[14] 李生宝,蒋齐,赵世伟,蔡进军.半干旱黄土丘陵区退化生态系统恢复技术与模式.北京:科学出版社,2011:13- 13.
[15] 于洪波,陈利顶,蔡国军.黄土丘陵沟壑区生态综合整治技术与模式.北京:科学出版社,2011:232- 232.
[16] 中国-全球环境基金干旱生态系统土地退化防治伙伴关系,中国-全球干旱区土地退化评估项目.中国干旱地区土地退化防治最佳实践.北京:中国林业出版社,2008:57- 81.
[17] 环境领域技术预测研究组.环境领域中外技术竞争研究报告.北京:环境领域技术预测研究组,2014.
[18] 邵明安,王云强,贾小旭.黄土高原生态建设与土壤干燥化.中国科学院院刊,2015,30(3):257- 264.
[19] Jia X X,Shao M A,Zhu Y J,Luo Y.Soil moisture decline due to afforestation across the Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Hydrology,2017,546:113- 122.
[20] 侯庆春,黄旭,韩仕峰,张孝中.关于黄土高原地区小老树成因及其改造途径的研究——III:小老树的成因及其改造途径.水土保持学报,1991,5(4):80- 86.
[21] Wang Y Q,Shao M A.Spatial variability of soil physical properties in a region of the Loess Plateau of PR China subject to wind and water erosion.Land Degradation & Development,2013,24(3):296- 304.
[22] 程国栋,张志强,李锐.西部地区生态环境建设的若干问题与政策建议.地理科学,2000,20(6):503- 510.
[23] 杨文治.黄土高原土壤水资源与植树造林.自然资源学报,2001,16(5):433- 438.
[24] 何永涛,李文华,李贵才,闵庆文,赵海珍.黄土高原地区森林植被生态需水研究.环境科学,2004,25(3):35- 39.
[25] Feng X M,Fu B J,Piao S L,Wang S,Ciais P,Zeng Z Z,Lü Y H,Zeng Y,Li Y,Jiang X H,Wu B F.Revegetation in China′s Loess Plateau is approaching sustainable water resource limits.Nature Climate Change,2016,6(11):1019- 1022.
[26] 张汉雄,邵明安.黄土高原生态环境建设.西安:陕西科技出版社,2001:8- 12.
[27] Zhen L,Yan H M,Hu Y F,Xue Z C,Xiao Y,Xie G D,Ma J X,Wang J J.Overview of ecological restoration technologies and evaluation systems.Journal of Resources and Ecology,2017,8(4):315- 324.
[28] 胡小宁,谢晓振,郭满才,王继军.生态技术评价方法与模型研究——理论模型设计.自然资源学报,2018,33(7):1152- 1164.
[29] 蒋定生.黄土高原水土流失与治理模式.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997:207- 209.
[30] Shi H,Shao M A.Soil and water loss from the Loess Plateau in China.Journal of Arid Environments,2000,45(1):9- 20.
[31] Yang T,Xu C Y,Chen X,Singh V P,Shao Q X,Hao Z C,Tao X.Assessing the impact of human activities on hydrological and sediment changes (1953- 2000) in nine major catchments of the Loess Plateau,China.River Research and Applications,2010,26(3):322- 340.
[32] 王兵,张光辉,刘国彬,杨勤科,杨艳芬.黄土高原丘陵区水土流失综合治理生态环境效应评价.农业工程学报,2012,28(20):150- 161.
[33] Sun W Y,Song X Y,Mu X M,Gao P,Wang F,Zhao G J.Spatiotemporal vegetation cover variations associated with climate change and ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,209- 210:87- 99.
[34] 刘国彬,杨勤科,郑粉莉.黄土高原小流域治理与生态建设.中国水土保持科学,2004,2(1):11- 15.
[35] 曹世雄,刘伟,赵麦换,冯飞.延安市生态修复双赢模式实证研究.生态学报,2018,38(22):7879- 7885.
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