加热消毒设备处理西瓜重茬基质工艺优化及栽培效果
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摘要
为解决西瓜重茬基质再生利用障碍问题,降低基质栽培经济成本,该研究设计研发了一台利用导热油夹套加热,高温消毒处理重茬基质的设备。从节能和病原菌杀灭的角度,优化该设备的运行参数,获得重茬基质消毒技术。通过对再生基质栽培后西瓜枯萎病发病情况和尖孢镰刀菌数量的调查,验证该技术在田间尺度上的应用效果。试验结果表明:西瓜基质栽培前后容重和孔隙度变化显著,全氮、速效氮、速效钾显著(P<0.05)下降33.0%、40.3%和33.5%,但仍在适宜栽培范围,再次利用需补充养分,而病原菌(尖孢镰刀菌的数量)显著增加是限制重茬基质再利用的主要障碍因子。利用该消毒设备对西瓜重茬基质消毒的最佳运行参数为:单次进料量为3 m3,基质含水率为40%,高温(70℃)消毒2.0～2.5h。田间验证试验显示,连茬种植西瓜后,经消毒处理的重茬基质枯萎病发病率与新基质无差异,分析基质中病原菌数量发现,经过高温处理后重茬基质中尖孢镰刀菌数量与新基质处理无差异,均显著低于未经消毒处理。此外,西瓜采收后的生长指标(植株干质量、单果质量和产量)均与新基质无差异。因此,基于导热油外加热的消毒设备处理西瓜重茬基质工艺达到了很好的灭菌效果,满足西瓜生产需求。整个工艺的经济成本为42.25～53.50元/m3,可以控制在新基质价格的6%以内。在农业生产中具有很好的应用前景。
In china,vegetable acreage was increasing year by year,and the problems of soil nutrient out of balance,soil acidification and salinization were becoming more and more prominent.Soilless substrate cultivation has unique advantages in relieving the increasingly tense land resources,preventing the rapid degradation of soil and ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products.However,in order to reduce the cost of substrate,the technology of cyclic utilization of cultivation substrate is necessary.Common technologies include chemical disinfection,solar disinfection and steam disinfection,but there are some unsolved vulnerabilities of incomplete killing of pathogenic bacteria due to heat uneven transfer.In order to resolve this problem,a kind of disinfection machine was designed.This machine could disinfect continuous cultivation substrate by means of the jacket heating with heat transfer oil.The maximum volume of this machine was 5000 L,and it realized automatic feeding,automatic mixing,automatic controlling temperature and automatic discharging.In this paper,we studied the main obstacle factors for the utilization of watermelon continuous cultivation substrate,and carried out correlative operating parameter(e.g.total tray capacity,moisture content,disinfection method and time) optimization for this equipment and verify the result of cultivation with disinfected substrate in the field.At the same time,we calculated the economic cost and put forward the promotion suggestions.Results indicated that physical and chemical properties of substrate changed significantly after cultivation of watermelon,and the bulk density increased while the porosity decreased significantly(P<0.05).The total nitrogen content,available nitrogen and available potassium decreased by 33.0%,40.3% and 33.5%,respectively.All the physical and chemical properties of substrate still met the reuse requirement for watermelon cultivation.The pathogenic bacteria population explosion(the population of Fusarium oxysporum changed from 0 to 5.3 ×103 cfu/g) was the main obstacle factor for reusing this substrate.Based on this machine,the optimum disinfection operating parameter of watermelon continuous cultivation substrate were as follows:Input quantity was 3 m3 and substrate water content was about 40%,disinfecting time was 2-2.5 hours at high temperature of 70 ℃.And based on the above parameters,the economic costs were controlled at 42.25-53.50 RMB/m3 with this equipment,which was below 6% of the cost of the new substrate.Field experimental results showed that no watermelon fusarium wilt broke out in disinfected substrate treatment,because the population of Fusarium oxysporum had no significant increase as compared to control.Meanwhile,there was no significant difference in watermelon growth parameters(e.g.plant height,stem diameter in middle stage of watermelon growth,plant dry weight,single fruit weight,and plot yield after harvest) between the new substrate and disinfected substrate.Therefore,this machine met the requirements of disinfection continuous cultivation substrate which could be applied well to actual agricultural production.Of course,considering the cost of this equipment,the best promotion mode should be through substrate marketing enterprises,who could conduct business plate of continuous cultivation substrate disinfection or trade in allowance.
In china,vegetable acreage was increasing year by year,and the problems of soil nutrient out of balance,soil acidification and salinization were becoming more and more prominent.Soilless substrate cultivation has unique advantages in relieving the increasingly tense land resources,preventing the rapid degradation of soil and ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products.However,in order to reduce the cost of substrate,the technology of cyclic utilization of cultivation substrate is necessary.Common technologies include chemical disinfection,solar disinfection and steam disinfection,but there are some unsolved vulnerabilities of incomplete killing of pathogenic bacteria due to heat uneven transfer.In order to resolve this problem,a kind of disinfection machine was designed.This machine could disinfect continuous cultivation substrate by means of the jacket heating with heat transfer oil.The maximum volume of this machine was 5000 L,and it realized automatic feeding,automatic mixing,automatic controlling temperature and automatic discharging.In this paper,we studied the main obstacle factors for the utilization of watermelon continuous cultivation substrate,and carried out correlative operating parameter(e.g.total tray capacity,moisture content,disinfection method and time) optimization for this equipment and verify the result of cultivation with disinfected substrate in the field.At the same time,we calculated the economic cost and put forward the promotion suggestions.Results indicated that physical and chemical properties of substrate changed significantly after cultivation of watermelon,and the bulk density increased while the porosity decreased significantly(P<0.05).The total nitrogen content,available nitrogen and available potassium decreased by 33.0%,40.3% and 33.5%,respectively.All the physical and chemical properties of substrate still met the reuse requirement for watermelon cultivation.The pathogenic bacteria population explosion(the population of Fusarium oxysporum changed from 0 to 5.3 ×103 cfu/g) was the main obstacle factor for reusing this substrate.Based on this machine,the optimum disinfection operating parameter of watermelon continuous cultivation substrate were as follows:Input quantity was 3 m3 and substrate water content was about 40%,disinfecting time was 2-2.5 hours at high temperature of 70 ℃.And based on the above parameters,the economic costs were controlled at 42.25-53.50 RMB/m3 with this equipment,which was below 6% of the cost of the new substrate.Field experimental results showed that no watermelon fusarium wilt broke out in disinfected substrate treatment,because the population of Fusarium oxysporum had no significant increase as compared to control.Meanwhile,there was no significant difference in watermelon growth parameters(e.g.plant height,stem diameter in middle stage of watermelon growth,plant dry weight,single fruit weight,and plot yield after harvest) between the new substrate and disinfected substrate.Therefore,this machine met the requirements of disinfection continuous cultivation substrate which could be applied well to actual agricultural production.Of course,considering the cost of this equipment,the best promotion mode should be through substrate marketing enterprises,who could conduct business plate of continuous cultivation substrate disinfection or trade in allowance.
引文
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[3]李萍萍.设施园艺中的土壤生态问题分析及清洁生产对策[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(2):346-351.Li Pingping.Soil ecological problem and its resolvent in greenhouse horticulture[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(2):346-351.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]李婷婷,马蓉丽,成妍,等.中国蔬菜基质栽培研究新进展[J].农学学报,2013,3(4):30-34.Li Tingting,Ma Rongli,Cheng Yan,et al.New research progress of substrate cultivation for vegetables in China[J].Journal of Agriculture,2013,3(4):30-34.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]张晶,郭德杰,宋修超,等,棉隆消毒改善发酵床垫料基质连茬栽培西瓜的效果研究[J].农业资源与环境学报,2017,34(6):562-567.Zhang Jing,Guo Dejie,Song Xiuchao,et al.Effects of dazomet disinfection on watermelon continuous cultivation in deep-litter materials substrate[J].Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2017,34(6):562-567.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]杨陆强,赵玉清,朱加繁,等.栽培基质物理消毒技术研究现状概述与评析[J].中国农机化学报,2017,38(2):100-107.Yang Luqiang,Zhao Yuqing,Zhu Jiafan,et al.Review and comment of the research status of physical disinfection technology for cultication matrix[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2017,38(2):100-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]张利英,李贺年,翟姗姗,等.太阳能土壤消毒在草莓保护地栽培中的应用效果[J].北方园艺,2010,2(14):67-68.Zhang Liying,Li Henian,Zhai Shanshan,et al.Effects of solar soil disinfection technology on strawberry protected planting[J].Northern Horticulture,2010,2(14):67-68.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]常泽辉,贾柠泽,侯静,等.聚光回热式太阳能土壤灭虫除菌装置光热性能[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(9):211-217.Chang Zehui,Jia Ningze,Hou Jing,et al.Performance on concentrating regeneration type solar soil deinsectization and sterilization device[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(9):211-217.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]陈志杰,张锋,张淑莲,等.太阳能消毒对温室土壤环境效应及防治黄瓜根结线虫病效果[J].生态学报,2009,29(12):6664-6671.Chen Zhijie,Zhang Feng,Zhang Shulian,et al.Effects of solarization on the cucumber root knot nematodes and soil environment under solar greenhouse[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(12):6664-6671.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]汪小旵,李成光,杨振杰,等.移动式土壤旋耕蒸汽消毒机的研制[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(2):18-24.Wang Xiaochan,Li Chengguang,Yang Zhenjie,et al.Development of mobile soil rotary steam disinfection machine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(2):18-24.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Peruzzi A,Raffaelli M,Ginanni M,et al.An innovative self-propelled machine for soil disinfection using steam and chemicals in an exothermic reaction[J].Biosystems Engineering,2011,110(4):434-442.
[12]郭世荣.无土栽培学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003:423-424.
[13]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第2版.北京:农业出版社,1981.
[14]Komada H.Development of a selective medium for quantitative isolation of Fusarium oxysporum from natural soil[J].Review of Plant Protection Research,1975(8):114-124.
[15]Fierer N,Jackson J A,Vilgalys R,et al.Assessment of soil microbial community structure by use of taxon-specific quantitative PCR assays[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2005,71(7):4117-4120.
[16]Lievens B,Brouwer M,Vanachter A C,et al.Quantitative assessment of phytopathogenic fungi in various substrates using a DNA macroarray[J].Environmental Microbiology,2010,7(11):1698-1710.
[17]Macgregor S T,Miller C,Psarianos K M,et al.Composting process control based on interaction between microbial heat output and temperature[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1981,41(6):1321-1330.
[18]范如芹,罗佳,刘海琴,等.淀粉基高吸水性树脂对基质理化性质及小青菜生长的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2015,38(4):617-623.Fan Ruqin,Luo Jia,Liu Haiqin,et al.The effects of a starch-based super absorbent polymer on characteristics of soilless growth media and the growth of Chinese cabbage[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2015,38(4):617-623.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]孙玲丽,张民.控释肥在基质栽培中的养分淋溶及其对基质理化性质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(2):151-154.Sun Lingli,Zhang Min.Nutrient leaching of controlled-release fertilizers in flower medium cultivation and its effects on medium properties[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(2):151-154.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]曾清华,毛兴平,孙锦,等.小麦秸秆复合基质的理化指标及其对黄瓜幼苗生长和光合参数的影响[J].植物资源与环境学报,2011,20(4):70-75.Zeng Qinghua,Mao Xingping,Sun Jin,et al.Physicochemical indexes of mixed substrates of wheat(Triticum aestivum)straw and its effect on growth and photosynthetic parameters of Cucumis sativus seedling[J].Journal of Plant Resources and Environment,2011,20(4):70-75.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]苏李君,王全九,王铄,等.基于土壤物理基本参数的土壤导热率模型[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(2):127-133.Su Lijun,Wang Quanjiu,Wang Shuo,et al.Soil thermal conductivity model based on soil physical basic parameters[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(2):127-133.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]李毅,邵明安,王文焰,等.质地对土壤热性质的影响研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(4):62-65.Li Yi,Shao Mingan,Wang Wenyan,et al.Influence of soil textures on the thermal properties[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2003,19(4):62-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]曹云,黄红英,钱玉婷,等.超高温预处理装置及其促进鸡粪稻秸好氧堆肥腐熟效果[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(13):243-250.Cao Yun,Huang Hongying,Qian Yuting,et al.Hyperthermophilic pretreatment device and its application on improving decomposition effect for chicken manure and rice straw aerobic composting[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(13):243-250.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]Cao Z H,Huang J F,Zhang C S,et al.Soil quality evolution after land use change from paddy soil to vegetable land[J].Environmental Geochemistry&Health,2004,26(2):97-103.
[3]李萍萍.设施园艺中的土壤生态问题分析及清洁生产对策[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(2):346-351.Li Pingping.Soil ecological problem and its resolvent in greenhouse horticulture[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(2):346-351.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]李婷婷,马蓉丽,成妍,等.中国蔬菜基质栽培研究新进展[J].农学学报,2013,3(4):30-34.Li Tingting,Ma Rongli,Cheng Yan,et al.New research progress of substrate cultivation for vegetables in China[J].Journal of Agriculture,2013,3(4):30-34.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]张晶,郭德杰,宋修超,等,棉隆消毒改善发酵床垫料基质连茬栽培西瓜的效果研究[J].农业资源与环境学报,2017,34(6):562-567.Zhang Jing,Guo Dejie,Song Xiuchao,et al.Effects of dazomet disinfection on watermelon continuous cultivation in deep-litter materials substrate[J].Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2017,34(6):562-567.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]杨陆强,赵玉清,朱加繁,等.栽培基质物理消毒技术研究现状概述与评析[J].中国农机化学报,2017,38(2):100-107.Yang Luqiang,Zhao Yuqing,Zhu Jiafan,et al.Review and comment of the research status of physical disinfection technology for cultication matrix[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2017,38(2):100-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]张利英,李贺年,翟姗姗,等.太阳能土壤消毒在草莓保护地栽培中的应用效果[J].北方园艺,2010,2(14):67-68.Zhang Liying,Li Henian,Zhai Shanshan,et al.Effects of solar soil disinfection technology on strawberry protected planting[J].Northern Horticulture,2010,2(14):67-68.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]常泽辉,贾柠泽,侯静,等.聚光回热式太阳能土壤灭虫除菌装置光热性能[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(9):211-217.Chang Zehui,Jia Ningze,Hou Jing,et al.Performance on concentrating regeneration type solar soil deinsectization and sterilization device[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(9):211-217.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]陈志杰,张锋,张淑莲,等.太阳能消毒对温室土壤环境效应及防治黄瓜根结线虫病效果[J].生态学报,2009,29(12):6664-6671.Chen Zhijie,Zhang Feng,Zhang Shulian,et al.Effects of solarization on the cucumber root knot nematodes and soil environment under solar greenhouse[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(12):6664-6671.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]汪小旵,李成光,杨振杰,等.移动式土壤旋耕蒸汽消毒机的研制[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(2):18-24.Wang Xiaochan,Li Chengguang,Yang Zhenjie,et al.Development of mobile soil rotary steam disinfection machine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(2):18-24.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Peruzzi A,Raffaelli M,Ginanni M,et al.An innovative self-propelled machine for soil disinfection using steam and chemicals in an exothermic reaction[J].Biosystems Engineering,2011,110(4):434-442.
[12]郭世荣.无土栽培学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003:423-424.
[13]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第2版.北京:农业出版社,1981.
[14]Komada H.Development of a selective medium for quantitative isolation of Fusarium oxysporum from natural soil[J].Review of Plant Protection Research,1975(8):114-124.
[15]Fierer N,Jackson J A,Vilgalys R,et al.Assessment of soil microbial community structure by use of taxon-specific quantitative PCR assays[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2005,71(7):4117-4120.
[16]Lievens B,Brouwer M,Vanachter A C,et al.Quantitative assessment of phytopathogenic fungi in various substrates using a DNA macroarray[J].Environmental Microbiology,2010,7(11):1698-1710.
[17]Macgregor S T,Miller C,Psarianos K M,et al.Composting process control based on interaction between microbial heat output and temperature[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1981,41(6):1321-1330.
[18]范如芹,罗佳,刘海琴,等.淀粉基高吸水性树脂对基质理化性质及小青菜生长的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2015,38(4):617-623.Fan Ruqin,Luo Jia,Liu Haiqin,et al.The effects of a starch-based super absorbent polymer on characteristics of soilless growth media and the growth of Chinese cabbage[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2015,38(4):617-623.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]孙玲丽,张民.控释肥在基质栽培中的养分淋溶及其对基质理化性质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(2):151-154.Sun Lingli,Zhang Min.Nutrient leaching of controlled-release fertilizers in flower medium cultivation and its effects on medium properties[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(2):151-154.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]曾清华,毛兴平,孙锦,等.小麦秸秆复合基质的理化指标及其对黄瓜幼苗生长和光合参数的影响[J].植物资源与环境学报,2011,20(4):70-75.Zeng Qinghua,Mao Xingping,Sun Jin,et al.Physicochemical indexes of mixed substrates of wheat(Triticum aestivum)straw and its effect on growth and photosynthetic parameters of Cucumis sativus seedling[J].Journal of Plant Resources and Environment,2011,20(4):70-75.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]苏李君,王全九,王铄,等.基于土壤物理基本参数的土壤导热率模型[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(2):127-133.Su Lijun,Wang Quanjiu,Wang Shuo,et al.Soil thermal conductivity model based on soil physical basic parameters[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(2):127-133.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]李毅,邵明安,王文焰,等.质地对土壤热性质的影响研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(4):62-65.Li Yi,Shao Mingan,Wang Wenyan,et al.Influence of soil textures on the thermal properties[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2003,19(4):62-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]曹云,黄红英,钱玉婷,等.超高温预处理装置及其促进鸡粪稻秸好氧堆肥腐熟效果[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(13):243-250.Cao Yun,Huang Hongying,Qian Yuting,et al.Hyperthermophilic pretreatment device and its application on improving decomposition effect for chicken manure and rice straw aerobic composting[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(13):243-250.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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