添加方式对不同固化剂稳定土壤重金属的影响
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摘要
以石灰、膨润土、沸石、骨粉、硫化钠、硫酸亚铁为固化材料,分别在最佳添加量下以不同添加方式(固-固、固-液和液-液)对重金属污染土壤进行稳定化修复,研究不同添加方式对固化剂稳定化修复土壤重金属的效果。结果表明:固化剂的添加方式会对土壤重金属的稳定化作用效果产生不同程度的影响,其中以液-液方式添加的石灰对潼关和凤县土壤中Cd稳定化效果最好,土壤中有效态Cd含量分别减少87.9%和70.8%;以固-液方式添加的膨润土对潼关和骨粉对凤县土壤中Pb的稳定化效果最好,重金属残渣态的比例分别增加了59.0%和56.3%;硫酸亚铁以固-液、液-液的添加方式分别对潼关和凤县土壤中Zn稳定化效果最优,有效态Zn含量减少87.2%和84.3%。
In this study, lime, bentonite, zeolite, bone powder, sodium sulfide, and ferrous sulfate were used to immobilize heavy metals in contaminated soil using different methods and at optimal application rates. The results revealed the following:lime had the greatest effect on Cd immobilization, bentonite and bone powder optimized Pb immobilization, and ferrous sulfate had the greatest effects on Zn immobilization in Tongguan and Feng County soils. However, the degrees of soil heavy metal immobilization differed according to the form of the remediation agents. Lime in liquid-liquid form had the greatest effect on Cd immobilization in both Tongguan and Feng County soils; the content of available Cd reduced by 87.9% and 70.8%, respectively. Bentonite and bone powder in a solid-liquid form had sound effects on Pb stabilization in both soils. Metals in the residual state increased by 59.0% and 56.3% for Tongguan and Feng County soils, respectively.Furthermore, the application of ferrous sulfate in the solid-liquid and liquid-liquid form optimized Zn immobilization in Tongguan and Feng County soils with the available Zn content reduced by 87.2% and 84.3%, respectively.
In this study, lime, bentonite, zeolite, bone powder, sodium sulfide, and ferrous sulfate were used to immobilize heavy metals in contaminated soil using different methods and at optimal application rates. The results revealed the following:lime had the greatest effect on Cd immobilization, bentonite and bone powder optimized Pb immobilization, and ferrous sulfate had the greatest effects on Zn immobilization in Tongguan and Feng County soils. However, the degrees of soil heavy metal immobilization differed according to the form of the remediation agents. Lime in liquid-liquid form had the greatest effect on Cd immobilization in both Tongguan and Feng County soils; the content of available Cd reduced by 87.9% and 70.8%, respectively. Bentonite and bone powder in a solid-liquid form had sound effects on Pb stabilization in both soils. Metals in the residual state increased by 59.0% and 56.3% for Tongguan and Feng County soils, respectively.Furthermore, the application of ferrous sulfate in the solid-liquid and liquid-liquid form optimized Zn immobilization in Tongguan and Feng County soils with the available Zn content reduced by 87.2% and 84.3%, respectively.
引文
[1] Mahar A, Wang P, Ali A, et al. Challenges and opportunities in the phytoremediation of heavy metals contaminated soils:A review[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2016, 126:111-121.
[2] Xiao R, Guo D, Ali A, et al. Accumulation, ecological-health risks assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals in paddy soils:A case study in Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2019, 248:349-357.
[3] Bolan N, Kunhikrishnan A, Thangarajan R, et al. Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils:To mobilize or to immobilize?[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, 266:141-166.
[4] Zhao F J, Ma Y B, Zhu Y G, et al. Soil contamination in China:Current status and mitigation strategies[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2015, 49(2):750-759.
[5]陶雪,杨琥,季荣,等.固定剂及其在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用[J].土壤, 2016, 48(1):1-11.TAO Xue, YANG Hu, JI Rong, et al. Stabilizers and their applications in remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil[J]. Soils, 2016, 48(1):1-11.
[6] Liu L W, Li W, Song W P, et al. Remediation techniques for heavy metal-contaminated soils:Principles and applicability[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 633:206-219.
[7] Vr?nceanu N O, Motelic?D M, Dumitru M, et al. Assessment of using bentonite, dolomite, natural zeolite and manure for the immobilization of heavy metals in a contaminated soil:The Cop?a Mic?case study(Romania)[J]. Catena, 2019, 176:336-342.
[8] Zhou Y F, Haynes R J. Sorption of heavy metals by inorganic and organic components of solid wastes:Significance to use of wastes as lowcost adsorbents and immobilizing agents[J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2010, 40(11):909-977.
[9]陈梦舫.我国工业污染场地土壤与地下水重金属修复技术综述[J].中国科学院院刊, 2014, 29(3):327-335.CHEN Meng-fang. Review of heavy metal remediation technology of soils and groundwater at industrially contaminated site in China[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2014, 29(3):327-335.
[10] Sun Q, Liu C, Cui P X. Formation of Cd precipitates onγ-Al2O3:Implications for Cd sequestration in the environment[J]. Environment International, 2019, 126:234-241.
[11] Uddin M K. A review on the adsorption of heavy metals by clay minerals, with special focus on the past decade[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 308:438-462.
[12]中华人民共和国生态环境部.土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）. GB 15618—2018[S].北京：中国环境出版社,2018.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of PRC. Soil environmental quality Risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land GB 15618—2018[S]. Beijing:China Environmental Press, 2018.
[13]王萍.不同钝化剂对重金属污染土壤长期稳定化效果研究[D].杨凌：西北农林科技大学, 2017:7-11.WANG Ping. Long-term effects of different amendments on the immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils[D]. Yangling:Northwest A&F University, 2017:7-11.
[14] Amanullah M.利用氧化钙、粉煤灰、硫及硫化钠固化土壤重金属[D].杨凌：西北农林科技大学, 2016:11-15.Amanullah M. Immobilization of soil heavy metals using CaO, fly ash,S and Na2S[D]. Yangling:Northwest A&F University, 2016:11-15.
[15] Shen F, Liao R, Ali A, et al. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil near a Pb/Zn smelter in Feng County, China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017, 139:254-262.
[16]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].三版.北京：中国农业出版社, 2000:237-238.BAO Shi-dan. Soil agrochemical analysis[M]. 3th Edition. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2000:237-238.
[17] Tessier A. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particle trace metals[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1979, 51(7):844-851.
[18]罗远恒,顾雪元,吴永贵,等.钝化剂对农田土壤镉污染的原位钝化修复效应研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(5):890-897.LUO Yuan-heng, GU Xue-yuan, WU Yong-gui, et al. In-situ remediation of cadmium-polluted agriculture land using stabilizing amendments[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(5):890-897.
[19] Xu Y, Liang X F, Xu Y M, et al. Remediation of heavy metal-polluted agricultural soils using clay minerals:A review[J]. Pedosphere, 2017,27(2):193-204.
[20]陈世宝,朱永官.不同含磷化合物对中国芥菜（Brassica Oleracea）铅吸收特性的影响[J].环境科学学报, 2004, 24(4):707-712.CHEN Shi-bao, ZHU Yong-guan. Effects of different phosphoruscompounds on Pb uptake by Brassica Oleracea[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2004, 24(4):707-712.
[21]曹宇,陈明,张佳文,等.硫化钠对土壤中铅镉的固定效果[J].环境工程学报, 2014, 8(2):782-788.CAO Yu, CHEN Ming, ZHANG Jia-wen, et al. Immobilization of lead and cadmium in soil by sulfide[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2014, 8(2):782-788.
[22] Zou Q, Li D A, Jiang J G, et al. Geochemical simulation of the stabilization process of vanadium-contaminated soil remediated with calcium oxide and ferrous sulfate[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2019, 174:498-505.
[23] Bolan N, Mahimairaja S, Kunhikrishnan A, et al. Sorption-bioavailability nexus of arsenic and cadmium in variable charge soils[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 261:725-732.
[24]王浩,潘利祥,张翔宇,等.复合稳定剂对砷污染土壤的稳定研究[J].环境科学, 2013, 34(9):3587-3594.WANG Hao, PAN Li-xiang, ZHANG Xiang-yu, et al. Study on composite stabilization of arsenic(As)contaminated soil[J]. Environmental Science, 2013, 34(9):3587-3594.
[25]胡克伟,贾冬艳,颜丽,等.膨润土对重金属离子的竞争性吸附研究[J].土壤通报, 2011, 42(2):467-470.HU Ke-wei, JIA Dong-yan, YAN Li, et al. Effect of bentonite on competitive adsorption of heavy metals ions[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2011, 42(2):467-470.
[26] Sakakibara M, Tanaka M, Takahashi Y, et al. Redistribution of Zn during transformation of ferrihydrite:Effects of initial Zn concentration[J]. Chemical Geology, 2019, 522:121-134.
[27]周四喜.磷酸二氢钾、膨润土、氢氧化钙联合固定土壤中Pb、Cd的研究[D].北京：中国地质大学, 2017:25-49.ZHOU Si-xi. Immobilization of lead and cadmium in contaminated soil using phosphate, bentonite and calcium hydroxide[D]. Beijing:China University of Geosciences, 2017:25-49.
[28]丁永祯,宋正国,唐世荣,等.大田条件下不同钝化剂对空心菜吸收镉的影响及机理[J].生态环境学报, 2011, 20(11):1758-1763.DING Yong-zhen, SONG Zheng-guo, TANG Shi-rong, et al. Mechanism and effects of different amendments on cadmium uptake by water spinach(Ipomoea aguatica Forsk.)in field conditions[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2011, 20(11):1758-1763.
[29]刘增俊,夏旭,张旭,等.铬污染土壤的药剂修复及其长期稳定性研究[J].环境工程, 2015, 33(2):160-163.LIU Zeng-jun, XIA Xu, ZHANG Xu, et al. Study of remediation and long-term effect of agents on chromium contaminated soil[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2015, 33(2):160-163.
[2] Xiao R, Guo D, Ali A, et al. Accumulation, ecological-health risks assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals in paddy soils:A case study in Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2019, 248:349-357.
[3] Bolan N, Kunhikrishnan A, Thangarajan R, et al. Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils:To mobilize or to immobilize?[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, 266:141-166.
[4] Zhao F J, Ma Y B, Zhu Y G, et al. Soil contamination in China:Current status and mitigation strategies[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2015, 49(2):750-759.
[5]陶雪,杨琥,季荣,等.固定剂及其在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用[J].土壤, 2016, 48(1):1-11.TAO Xue, YANG Hu, JI Rong, et al. Stabilizers and their applications in remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil[J]. Soils, 2016, 48(1):1-11.
[6] Liu L W, Li W, Song W P, et al. Remediation techniques for heavy metal-contaminated soils:Principles and applicability[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 633:206-219.
[7] Vr?nceanu N O, Motelic?D M, Dumitru M, et al. Assessment of using bentonite, dolomite, natural zeolite and manure for the immobilization of heavy metals in a contaminated soil:The Cop?a Mic?case study(Romania)[J]. Catena, 2019, 176:336-342.
[8] Zhou Y F, Haynes R J. Sorption of heavy metals by inorganic and organic components of solid wastes:Significance to use of wastes as lowcost adsorbents and immobilizing agents[J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2010, 40(11):909-977.
[9]陈梦舫.我国工业污染场地土壤与地下水重金属修复技术综述[J].中国科学院院刊, 2014, 29(3):327-335.CHEN Meng-fang. Review of heavy metal remediation technology of soils and groundwater at industrially contaminated site in China[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2014, 29(3):327-335.
[10] Sun Q, Liu C, Cui P X. Formation of Cd precipitates onγ-Al2O3:Implications for Cd sequestration in the environment[J]. Environment International, 2019, 126:234-241.
[11] Uddin M K. A review on the adsorption of heavy metals by clay minerals, with special focus on the past decade[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 308:438-462.
[12]中华人民共和国生态环境部.土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）. GB 15618—2018[S].北京：中国环境出版社,2018.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of PRC. Soil environmental quality Risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land GB 15618—2018[S]. Beijing:China Environmental Press, 2018.
[13]王萍.不同钝化剂对重金属污染土壤长期稳定化效果研究[D].杨凌：西北农林科技大学, 2017:7-11.WANG Ping. Long-term effects of different amendments on the immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils[D]. Yangling:Northwest A&F University, 2017:7-11.
[14] Amanullah M.利用氧化钙、粉煤灰、硫及硫化钠固化土壤重金属[D].杨凌：西北农林科技大学, 2016:11-15.Amanullah M. Immobilization of soil heavy metals using CaO, fly ash,S and Na2S[D]. Yangling:Northwest A&F University, 2016:11-15.
[15] Shen F, Liao R, Ali A, et al. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil near a Pb/Zn smelter in Feng County, China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017, 139:254-262.
[16]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].三版.北京：中国农业出版社, 2000:237-238.BAO Shi-dan. Soil agrochemical analysis[M]. 3th Edition. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2000:237-238.
[17] Tessier A. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particle trace metals[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1979, 51(7):844-851.
[18]罗远恒,顾雪元,吴永贵,等.钝化剂对农田土壤镉污染的原位钝化修复效应研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(5):890-897.LUO Yuan-heng, GU Xue-yuan, WU Yong-gui, et al. In-situ remediation of cadmium-polluted agriculture land using stabilizing amendments[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(5):890-897.
[19] Xu Y, Liang X F, Xu Y M, et al. Remediation of heavy metal-polluted agricultural soils using clay minerals:A review[J]. Pedosphere, 2017,27(2):193-204.
[20]陈世宝,朱永官.不同含磷化合物对中国芥菜（Brassica Oleracea）铅吸收特性的影响[J].环境科学学报, 2004, 24(4):707-712.CHEN Shi-bao, ZHU Yong-guan. Effects of different phosphoruscompounds on Pb uptake by Brassica Oleracea[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2004, 24(4):707-712.
[21]曹宇,陈明,张佳文,等.硫化钠对土壤中铅镉的固定效果[J].环境工程学报, 2014, 8(2):782-788.CAO Yu, CHEN Ming, ZHANG Jia-wen, et al. Immobilization of lead and cadmium in soil by sulfide[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2014, 8(2):782-788.
[22] Zou Q, Li D A, Jiang J G, et al. Geochemical simulation of the stabilization process of vanadium-contaminated soil remediated with calcium oxide and ferrous sulfate[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2019, 174:498-505.
[23] Bolan N, Mahimairaja S, Kunhikrishnan A, et al. Sorption-bioavailability nexus of arsenic and cadmium in variable charge soils[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 261:725-732.
[24]王浩,潘利祥,张翔宇,等.复合稳定剂对砷污染土壤的稳定研究[J].环境科学, 2013, 34(9):3587-3594.WANG Hao, PAN Li-xiang, ZHANG Xiang-yu, et al. Study on composite stabilization of arsenic(As)contaminated soil[J]. Environmental Science, 2013, 34(9):3587-3594.
[25]胡克伟,贾冬艳,颜丽,等.膨润土对重金属离子的竞争性吸附研究[J].土壤通报, 2011, 42(2):467-470.HU Ke-wei, JIA Dong-yan, YAN Li, et al. Effect of bentonite on competitive adsorption of heavy metals ions[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2011, 42(2):467-470.
[26] Sakakibara M, Tanaka M, Takahashi Y, et al. Redistribution of Zn during transformation of ferrihydrite:Effects of initial Zn concentration[J]. Chemical Geology, 2019, 522:121-134.
[27]周四喜.磷酸二氢钾、膨润土、氢氧化钙联合固定土壤中Pb、Cd的研究[D].北京：中国地质大学, 2017:25-49.ZHOU Si-xi. Immobilization of lead and cadmium in contaminated soil using phosphate, bentonite and calcium hydroxide[D]. Beijing:China University of Geosciences, 2017:25-49.
[28]丁永祯,宋正国,唐世荣,等.大田条件下不同钝化剂对空心菜吸收镉的影响及机理[J].生态环境学报, 2011, 20(11):1758-1763.DING Yong-zhen, SONG Zheng-guo, TANG Shi-rong, et al. Mechanism and effects of different amendments on cadmium uptake by water spinach(Ipomoea aguatica Forsk.)in field conditions[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2011, 20(11):1758-1763.
[29]刘增俊,夏旭,张旭,等.铬污染土壤的药剂修复及其长期稳定性研究[J].环境工程, 2015, 33(2):160-163.LIU Zeng-jun, XIA Xu, ZHANG Xu, et al. Study of remediation and long-term effect of agents on chromium contaminated soil[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2015, 33(2):160-163.
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