硝化抑制剂阻控养殖肥液灌溉土壤氮素淋失
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摘要
为考察硝化抑制剂伴施养殖肥液灌溉条件下土壤氮素的淋溶特征和阻控效果,采用土柱模拟淋溶试验,设置尿素溶液单施、养殖肥液单施、以及养殖肥液分别伴施双氰胺(DCD,5%、10%和15%)和氯甲基吡啶(Nitrapyrin,0.25%、0.5%和1%)处理,连续监测了5个灌溉周期土壤淋溶液中铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、总氮(TN)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)淋失特征。养殖肥液单施比尿素溶液单施显著减少碳氮的淋失浓度和淋失量。养殖肥液伴施DCD和Nitrapyrin淋溶液中TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、DOC浓度分别比单施养殖肥液降低27.19%、35.69%、45.89%、53.69%和24.86%、30.87%、21.10%、64%,处理间均达到5%显著水平。从抑制效果及经济节约角度,推荐5%DCD伴施养殖肥液是优化的养分淋溶阻控模式。此外,发现养殖肥液连续饱和灌溉条件下土壤淋溶液硝态氮浓度与氧化还原电位间存在显著的相关性(R2=0.602 8*,n=34)。养殖肥液伴施硝化抑制剂是抑制养分淋失、提高养分利用效率和控制硝态氮淋溶污染的有效措施,但抑制剂的作用效果、抑制时间与施用方式之间的关系还需要进一步研究。
The aim of this study is to investigate the control efficiency of soil nitrogen leaching by nitrification inhibitors under biogas slurry irrigation conditions. Laboratory simulation tests were performed, including urea solution treatment, biogas slurry treatment, and nitrification inhibitors treatments. The concentrations of nitrification inhibitors were 5%, 10%, and 15% of DCD and 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% of nitrapyrin. Ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N), nitrate nitrogen(NO_3~--N), total nitrogen(TN), and dissolved organic carbon content(DOC)in the soil leaching solution were monitored for five continuous irrigation cycles. Compared with urea solution group, the application of biogas slurry could reduce the leaching loss of nitrogen and DOC. The concentrations of TN, NH_4~+-N, NO_3~--N, and DOC in leachate in DCD group were reduced by 27.19%, 35.69%, 45.89%, 53.69%, and in nitrapyrin group by 24.86%, 30.87%, 21.10%, 64%, respectively, with 5% level of significance for various treatments. Considering the cost and control effects, application of DCD at 5% with biogas slurry was recommended as an optimized control mode for preventing nutrient leaching. In addition, a significant correlation was found between nitrate concentration in soil leaching solution and redox potential under continuous saturated biogas irrigation(R~2=0.602 8*, n=34). The application of nitrification inhibitor in biogas slurry is an effective measure to restrict nutrient leaching, improve nutrient utilization efficiency, and control nitrate nitrogen leaching pollution. However, the relationship among the control efficiency, inhibition time, and application methods requires further investigation.
The aim of this study is to investigate the control efficiency of soil nitrogen leaching by nitrification inhibitors under biogas slurry irrigation conditions. Laboratory simulation tests were performed, including urea solution treatment, biogas slurry treatment, and nitrification inhibitors treatments. The concentrations of nitrification inhibitors were 5%, 10%, and 15% of DCD and 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% of nitrapyrin. Ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N), nitrate nitrogen(NO_3~--N), total nitrogen(TN), and dissolved organic carbon content(DOC)in the soil leaching solution were monitored for five continuous irrigation cycles. Compared with urea solution group, the application of biogas slurry could reduce the leaching loss of nitrogen and DOC. The concentrations of TN, NH_4~+-N, NO_3~--N, and DOC in leachate in DCD group were reduced by 27.19%, 35.69%, 45.89%, 53.69%, and in nitrapyrin group by 24.86%, 30.87%, 21.10%, 64%, respectively, with 5% level of significance for various treatments. Considering the cost and control effects, application of DCD at 5% with biogas slurry was recommended as an optimized control mode for preventing nutrient leaching. In addition, a significant correlation was found between nitrate concentration in soil leaching solution and redox potential under continuous saturated biogas irrigation(R~2=0.602 8*, n=34). The application of nitrification inhibitor in biogas slurry is an effective measure to restrict nutrient leaching, improve nutrient utilization efficiency, and control nitrate nitrogen leaching pollution. However, the relationship among the control efficiency, inhibition time, and application methods requires further investigation.
引文
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[2]张鹏翔.设施农业施肥存在的问题与对策[J].农民致富之友, 2017(22):50.ZHANG Peng-xiang. Problems and countermeasures of fertilization in protected agriculture[J]. Friends of Farmers Becoming Rich, 2017(22):50.
[3] RB Thompson C, Martinez-Gaitan M, Gallardo C, et al. Identification of irrigation and N management practices that contribute to nitrate leaching loss from an intensive vegetable production system by use of a comprehensive survey[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2007, 89(3):261-274.
[4]李卓瑞,韦高玲.不同生物炭添加量对土壤中氮磷淋溶损失的影响[J].生态环境学报, 2016, 25(2):333-338.LI Zhuo-rui, WEI Gao-ling. Effects of biochar with different additive amounts on the leaching loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2016, 25(2):333-338.
[5]王春燕.济南市郊设施蔬菜氮肥施用及硝态氮淋失状况研究[J].中国果菜, 2017, 37(2):22-25.WANG Chun-yan. Study on nitrogen and nitrate leaching of greenhouse vegetable in outskirts of Jinan City[J]. China Fruit Vegetable,2017, 37(2):22-25.
[6]王凤霞,刘旭,杨俊,等.硝化抑制剂研究概况[J].云南化工,2018, 45(2):69-71.WANG Feng-xia, LIU Xun, YANG Jun, et al. Research overview of nitrification inhibitors[J]. Yunnan Chemical Technology, 2018, 45(2):69-71.
[7] Mccarty G W, Bremner J M. Laboratory evaluation of dicyandiamide as a soil nitrification inhibitor[J]. Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis, 1989, 20(19/20):2049-2065.
[8]刘倩.硝化抑制剂对土壤的硝化抑制效应及其微生物作用机理[D].石河子：石河子大学, 2011.LIU Qian. Effect of different NIs on soil nitrification inhibition and its microbial mechanism[D]. Shihezi:Shihezi University, 2011.
[9]倪秀菊.几种抑制剂对尿素水解和土壤硝化作用的影响[D].北京：中国农业科学院, 2010.NI Xiu-ju. Effects of inhibitors on urea hydrolysis and soil nitrification[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2010.
[10]伍延正,张苗苗,秦红灵,等.双氰胺对冬闲稻田和油菜地N2O排放的影响[J].环境科学, 2017, 38(5):2084-2092.WU Yan-zheng, ZHANG Miao-miao, QIN Hong-ling, et al. Effect of dicyandiamide on N2O emission in fallow paddy field and rape cropping[J]. Environmental Science, 2017, 38(5):2084-2092.
[11]郭艳杰,王小敏,牛翠云,等. 2种氮源与双氰胺配施对温室芹菜氮素吸收和营养品质的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2016, 30(2):149-154.GUO Yan-jie, WANG Xiao-min, NIU Cui-yun, et al. Effects of 2kind of nitrogen sources with DCD application on nitrogen uptake and nutritional quality of greenhouse celery[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016, 30(2):149-154.
[12]许超,邝丽芳,吴启堂,等. 2-氯-6（三氯甲基）吡啶对菜地土壤氮素转化和径流流失及菜心品质的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2013,27(6):26-30.XU Chao, KUANG Li-fang, WU Qi-tang, et al. Effects of nitrification inhibition nitrapyrin on nitrogen transformation and nitrogen loss and quality of Brassica parachinensis in vegetable soil[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2013, 27(6):26-30.
[13]杨威.氮肥与双氰胺配施对温室番茄生长及氮素损失的影响研究[D].保定：河北农业大学, 2013.YANG Wei. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and DCD application on tomato growth and nitrogen losses in greenhouse[D]. Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University, 2013.
[14]洪瑜,刘锦霞,刘越,等.不同双氰胺用量对稻田土壤氮素淋失的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2015, 29(1):116-120.HONG Yu, LIU Jin-xia, LIU Yue, et al. Effects of different dicyandiamide rates on rice soil nitrogen leaching loss[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 29(1):116-120.
[15] Owens L B. Effects of nitrapyrin on nitrate movement in soil columns[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2001, 10(3):308-310.
[16]王雪薇,刘涛,褚贵新.三种硝化抑制剂抑制土壤硝化作用比较及用量研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(1):54-61.WANG Xue-wei, LIU Tao, CHU Gui-xin. Inhibition of DCD, DMPP and nitrapyrin on soil nitrification and their appropriate use dosage[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017, 23(1):54-61.
[17]谢红梅,朱波.农田非点源氮污染研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2003, 12(3):100-103.XIE Hong-mei, ZHU Bo. Research progress of non-point source nitrogen pollution in farmland[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2003, 12(3):100-103.
[18]邢英,李心清,王兵,等.生物炭对黄壤中氮淋溶影响：室内土柱模拟[J].生态学杂志, 2011, 30(11):2483-2488.XING Ying, LI Xin-qing, WANG Bing, et al. Effects of biochar on soil nitrogen leaching:A laboratory simulation test with yellow soil column[J]. Journal of Ecology, 2011, 30(11):2483-2488.
[19]杨剑虹,王陈林,代亨林.土壤农化分析与环境监测[M].北京：中国大地出版社, 2008:18-75.YANG Jian-hong, WANG Chen-lin, DAI Heng-lin. Soil agrochemical analysis and environmental monitoring[M]. Beijing:China Earth Press, 2008:18-75.
[20]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].四版.北京：中国环境科学出版社, 2002:254-281.State Environmental Protection Administration. Methods for monitoring and analysis of water and wastewater[M]. 4th Edition. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press, 2002:254-281.
[21]刘秋丽.灌施条件下尿素在土壤中的迁移转化规律研究[D].太原：太原理工大学, 2012.LIU Qiu-li. Migration and transformation of urea in soil under the condition of irrigation and fertilization[D]. Taiyuan:Taiyuan University of Technology, 2012.
[22] Abdelsabour M F, Massoud M A, Baveye P. The effect of water movement on the transport of dicyandiamide, ammonium and urea in unsaturated soils[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2010, 153(4):245-247.
[23]王薇,李东坡,王术,等.缓/控释尿素在稻田土壤中养分释放与转化特点及脲酶响应[J].水土保持学报, 2010, 24(2):116-121,145.WANG Wei, LI Dong-po, WANG Shu, et al. Nutrient release and transformation characteristics of slow/controlled release urea fertilizers and response of urease in paddy soil[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2010, 24(2):116-121, 145.
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