基于“生态水位-水质-水源地”协同作用的地下水环境风险评价方法研究
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摘要
地下水生态水位、地下水水质和地下水水源地是地下水环境的关键敏感属性,而现有关于地下水环境保护的研究多侧重于污染风险评价,常忽视地下水生态水位作为环境要素综合风险的重要性.为突破以往地下水风险评价中以污染要素为主的现状,在区域尺度针对地下水污染及地下水水位变化导致地下水系统生态服务功能失衡等问题,提出以地下水生态水位、地下水水质和地下水水源地作为风险受体,综合研究地下水系统对地下水风险源的暴露途径及响应关系,采用地下水防污性能指数指征地下水环境的空间差异性,构建了基于"生态水位-水质-水源地"协同作用的GERRM模型(地下水环境相对风险模型,groundwater environmental relative risk model),定量描述地下水污染和地下水水位突变耦合的地下水环境风险,并将建立的方法在下辽河平原进行案例研究.结果表明:①Ⅳ、Ⅴ级风险区主要位于化工企业、危险废物填埋场周围一定范围区域及沈阳市地下水水源地保护区和生态水位敏感性较高区,面积为2 107. 33 km2,占总面积的8. 93%.②Ⅰ、Ⅱ级风险区主要为农田种植区、林地种植区和农业城镇建设区,面积为17 704. 51 km2,占总面积的75. 01%.研究显示,GERRM模型适用于区域地下水环境风险评价,下辽河平原区化工企业、危废填埋场周围一定范围区域以及沈阳地下水水源地保护区相对风险最高,需采取相应的管理保护措施.
Groundwater ecological water level,groundwater quality and groundwater source area are the key sensitive attributes of groundwater environments. However,the existing research regarding groundwater protection focuses on pollution risk assessment,while the importance of groundwater ecological water level as an environmental factor is often ignored. Therefore,in order to improve the current groundwater risk assessment which usually mainly considered pollution factors,at the regional scale,it was proposed that groundwater be considered using the ecological groundwater level,groundwater quality and groundwater source area as the risk receptors because of the potential environmental risks to the ecosystem service functions of groundwater systems,such as groundwater pollution and changes in groundwater level. A comprehensive study of the exposure and response of groundwater systems to groundwater risk sources and the groundwater vulnerability index were used to indicate the spatial differences in the groundwater environment. The groundwater enviromental relative risk model(GERRM model) based on the synergy of the‘ecological groundwater level quality resource area'was constructed to quantitatively describe the groundwater environmental risk associated with groundwater pollution and the coupling risk of groundwater level mutation. The established method was applied to a case study in the lower Liaohe River Plain,which showed that:(1) The grade Ⅳ andⅤ risk zones were mainly located in chemical enterprises,a certain range of areas around hazardous waste landfill sites,and the Shenyang groundwater source protection area and ecological water level sensitive areas,covering an area of 2,107. 33 km2 and accounting for 8. 93%of the total area.(2) The grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ risk zones were mainly farmland,woodland and agricultural town construction areas,with a total area of 17,704. 51 km2,accounting for 75. 01% of the total area. According to the evaluation results,corresponding management and protection measures should be taken in the high-risk areas,and the construction and application of this method provide a new idea for comprehensive risk assessment of groundwater environments. The research shows that,The GERRM model is suitable for regional groundwater environmental risk assessment. Chemical enterprises,certain areas around hazardous waste landfills and Shenyang groundwater source protection area have the highest relative risks,and corresponding management and protection measures should be taken.
Groundwater ecological water level,groundwater quality and groundwater source area are the key sensitive attributes of groundwater environments. However,the existing research regarding groundwater protection focuses on pollution risk assessment,while the importance of groundwater ecological water level as an environmental factor is often ignored. Therefore,in order to improve the current groundwater risk assessment which usually mainly considered pollution factors,at the regional scale,it was proposed that groundwater be considered using the ecological groundwater level,groundwater quality and groundwater source area as the risk receptors because of the potential environmental risks to the ecosystem service functions of groundwater systems,such as groundwater pollution and changes in groundwater level. A comprehensive study of the exposure and response of groundwater systems to groundwater risk sources and the groundwater vulnerability index were used to indicate the spatial differences in the groundwater environment. The groundwater enviromental relative risk model(GERRM model) based on the synergy of the‘ecological groundwater level quality resource area'was constructed to quantitatively describe the groundwater environmental risk associated with groundwater pollution and the coupling risk of groundwater level mutation. The established method was applied to a case study in the lower Liaohe River Plain,which showed that:(1) The grade Ⅳ andⅤ risk zones were mainly located in chemical enterprises,a certain range of areas around hazardous waste landfill sites,and the Shenyang groundwater source protection area and ecological water level sensitive areas,covering an area of 2,107. 33 km2 and accounting for 8. 93%of the total area.(2) The grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ risk zones were mainly farmland,woodland and agricultural town construction areas,with a total area of 17,704. 51 km2,accounting for 75. 01% of the total area. According to the evaluation results,corresponding management and protection measures should be taken in the high-risk areas,and the construction and application of this method provide a new idea for comprehensive risk assessment of groundwater environments. The research shows that,The GERRM model is suitable for regional groundwater environmental risk assessment. Chemical enterprises,certain areas around hazardous waste landfills and Shenyang groundwater source protection area have the highest relative risks,and corresponding management and protection measures should be taken.
引文
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[12]艾矫燕,蔡亚娟,邓超冰,等.流域环境风险评价研究进展[J].环境监测管理与技术,2015(4):8-12.AI Jiaoyan,CAI Yajuan,DENG Chaobing,et al. Research progress of environmental risk assessment in river basin[J]. The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring,2015(4):8-12.
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[17] CHEN Qiuying,LIU Jingjing,HO-CHUNG K,et al.Development of a relative risk model for evaluating ecological risk of water environment in the Haihe River Basin estuary area[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2012,420:79-89.
[18] LI Daiqing,ZHANG Chen,PIZZOL L,et al. Regional risk assessment approaches to land planning for industrial polluted areas in China:the Hulunbeier Region case study[J]. Environment International,2014,65(2):16-32.
[19] YU Weiwei,ZHANG Luoping,RICCI P F,et al.Coastal ecological risk assessment in regional scale:application of the relative risk model to Xiamen Bay,China[J]. Ocean&Coastal Management,2015,108:131-139.
[20]荣丽杉,刘高焕,束龙仓,等.黄河三角洲地下水生态水位埋深研究[J].水电能源科学,2010,28(6):92-95.RONG Lishan,LIU Gaohuan,SHU Longcang,et al. Study on ecologic water level cover depth in Yellow River Delta[J]. Water Resources and Power,2010,28(6):92-95.
[21]孙才志,刘玉兰,杨俊.辽河流域平原区地下水生态水位及水量调控研究[J].水利水电科技进展,2007,27(4):15-19.SUN Caizhi,LIU Yulan,YANG Jun. Ecological groundwater level and quantity regulation in the plain region of Liaohe Watershed[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2007,27(4):15-19.
[22]张长春,邵景力,李慈君,等.华北平原地下水生态环境水位研究[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2003,33(3):323-326.ZHANG Changchun,SHAO Jingli,LI Cijun,et al. A study on the ecological groundwater table in the North China Plain[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2003,33(3):323-326.
[23]盖美,耿雅冬,张鑫.海河流域地下水生态水位研究[J].地域研究与开发,2005,24(1):85-88.GAI Mei,GENG Yadong,ZHANG Xin. Research on groundwater ecology water level of Haihe River Basin[J]. Areal Research and Development,2005,24(1):85-88.
[24]荣丽杉,束龙仓,王茂枚,等.合理地下水生态水位的估算方法研究:以塔里木河下游为例[J].地下水,2009,31(1):12-15.RONG Lishan,SHU Longcang,WANG Maomei,et al. Study on estimation method of ecological water level reasonable groundwater:case study on lower reaches of the Tarim River[J].Ground Water,2009,31(1):12-15.
[25] ZHANG Yinan,CHU Chunli,LI Tong,et al. A water quality management strategy for regionally protected water through health risk assessment and spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution in3 marine reserves[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,599:721-731.
[26]申利娜,李广贺.地下水污染风险区划方法研究[J].环境科学,2010,31(4):918-923.SHNE Lina,LI Guanghe. Groundwater pollution risk mapping method[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(4):918-923.
[27] AHN J,KIM Y,YOO K,et al.Using GA-ridge regression to select hydro-geological parameters influencing groundwater pollution vulnerability[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2012,184(11):6637-6645.
[28] ZGHIBI A,MERZOUGUI A,CHENINI I,et al. Groundwater vulnerability analysis of Tunisian coastal aquifer:an application of DRASTIC index method in GIS environment[J]. Groundwater for Sustainable Development,2016,2/3:169-181.
[29] LIU Jingjing,CHEN Qiuying,LI Yongli.Ecological risk assessment of water environment for Luanhe River Basin based on relative risk model[J].Ecotoxicology,2010,19(8):1400-1415.
[30] LI Xianbo,ZUO Rui,TENG Yanguo,et al.Development of relative risk model for regional groundwater risk assessment:a case study in the Lower Liaohe River Plain,China[J]. Plos One,2015,10(5):e0128249.
[31]李沫蕊,王亚飞,王金生,等.下辽河平原区域地下水典型污染物的筛选[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(3):62-69.LI Morui,WANG Yafei,WANG Jinsheng,et al. Application of modified potential damage index method to screening of the typical pollutants in groundwater of the Liao River Plain[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(3):62-69.
[2]滕彦国,左锐,苏小四,等.区域地下水环境风险评价技术方法[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(12):1532-1539.TENG Yanguo,ZUO Rui,SU Xiaosi,et al. Technique for assessing environmental risk of regional groundwater[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(12):1532-1539.
[3]张博,李国秀,程品,等.基于随机理论的地下水环境风险评价[J].水科学进展,2016,27(1):100-106.ZHANG Bo, LI Guoxiu, CHENG Pin, et al. Groundwater environment risk assessment based on stochastic theory[J].Advances in Water Science,2016,27(1):100-106.
[4]孙才志,朱静.下辽河平原浅层地下水环境风险评价及空间关联特征[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(2):270-279.SUN Caizhi,ZHU Jing. Environmental risk evaluation of shallow groundwater and its spatial auto-correlation in lower reach of Liaohe River Plain[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(2):270-279.
[5] ALLOUCHE N,MAANAN M,GONTARA M,et al. A global risk approach to assessing groundwater vulnerability[J]. Environmental Modelling&Software,2017,88:168-182.
[6] SHRESTHA S,KAFLE R,PANDEY V P. Evaluation of indexoverlay methods for groundwater vulnerability and risk assessment in Kathmandu Valley,Nepal[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,575:779-790.
[7] JAFARI F,JAVADIAVAD S,GOLMOHAMMADI G,et al.Groundwater risk mapping prediction using mathematical modeling and the Monte Carlo technique[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(6):1-11.
[8] LI Jianbing,HUANG G H,ZENG Guangming,et al.An integrated fuzzy-stochastic modeling approach for risk assessment of groundwater contamination[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2007,82(2):173-188.
[9] UJEVIC'BOˇSNJAK M,CAPAK K,JAZBEC A,et al. Hydrochemical characterization of arsenic contaminated alluvial aquifers in eastern Croatia using multivariate statistical techniques and arsenic risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,420(22):100-110.
[10] AYDI A.Evaluation of groundwater vulnerability to pollution using a GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis[J]. Groundwater for Sustainable Development,2018,7:204-211.
[11]孙才志,陈相涛,陈雪姣,等.地下水污染风险评价研究进展[J].水利水电科技进展,2015,35(5):152-161.SUN Caizhi,CHEN Xiangtao,CHEN Xuejiao,et al. Recent advances in groundwater contamination risk assessment[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2015,35(5):152-161.
[12]艾矫燕,蔡亚娟,邓超冰,等.流域环境风险评价研究进展[J].环境监测管理与技术,2015(4):8-12.AI Jiaoyan,CAI Yajuan,DENG Chaobing,et al. Research progress of environmental risk assessment in river basin[J]. The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring,2015(4):8-12.
[13]李绍飞,冯平,林超.地下水环境风险评价指标体系的探讨与应用[J].干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(1):38-43.LI Shaofei,FENG Ping,LIN Chao.Investigation on the index system of groundwater environment risk and its application[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2007,21(1):38-43.
[14] LANDIS W,WEIGERS J. Design considerations and a suggested approach for regional and comparative ecological risk assessment[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,1997,3:287-297.
[15] RODRIGUEZALVAREZ M S,WEIR M H,POPE J M,et al.Development of a relative risk model for drinking water regulation and design recommendations for a peri urban region of Argentina[J]. International Journal of Hygiene&Environmental Health,2015,218(7):627-638.
[16] BARTOLO R E,DAM R A V,BAYLISS P.Regional ecological risk assessment for Australia's tropical rivers:application of the relative risk model[J]. Human&Ecological Risk Assessment an International Journal,2012,18(1):16-46.
[17] CHEN Qiuying,LIU Jingjing,HO-CHUNG K,et al.Development of a relative risk model for evaluating ecological risk of water environment in the Haihe River Basin estuary area[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2012,420:79-89.
[18] LI Daiqing,ZHANG Chen,PIZZOL L,et al. Regional risk assessment approaches to land planning for industrial polluted areas in China:the Hulunbeier Region case study[J]. Environment International,2014,65(2):16-32.
[19] YU Weiwei,ZHANG Luoping,RICCI P F,et al.Coastal ecological risk assessment in regional scale:application of the relative risk model to Xiamen Bay,China[J]. Ocean&Coastal Management,2015,108:131-139.
[20]荣丽杉,刘高焕,束龙仓,等.黄河三角洲地下水生态水位埋深研究[J].水电能源科学,2010,28(6):92-95.RONG Lishan,LIU Gaohuan,SHU Longcang,et al. Study on ecologic water level cover depth in Yellow River Delta[J]. Water Resources and Power,2010,28(6):92-95.
[21]孙才志,刘玉兰,杨俊.辽河流域平原区地下水生态水位及水量调控研究[J].水利水电科技进展,2007,27(4):15-19.SUN Caizhi,LIU Yulan,YANG Jun. Ecological groundwater level and quantity regulation in the plain region of Liaohe Watershed[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2007,27(4):15-19.
[22]张长春,邵景力,李慈君,等.华北平原地下水生态环境水位研究[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2003,33(3):323-326.ZHANG Changchun,SHAO Jingli,LI Cijun,et al. A study on the ecological groundwater table in the North China Plain[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2003,33(3):323-326.
[23]盖美,耿雅冬,张鑫.海河流域地下水生态水位研究[J].地域研究与开发,2005,24(1):85-88.GAI Mei,GENG Yadong,ZHANG Xin. Research on groundwater ecology water level of Haihe River Basin[J]. Areal Research and Development,2005,24(1):85-88.
[24]荣丽杉,束龙仓,王茂枚,等.合理地下水生态水位的估算方法研究:以塔里木河下游为例[J].地下水,2009,31(1):12-15.RONG Lishan,SHU Longcang,WANG Maomei,et al. Study on estimation method of ecological water level reasonable groundwater:case study on lower reaches of the Tarim River[J].Ground Water,2009,31(1):12-15.
[25] ZHANG Yinan,CHU Chunli,LI Tong,et al. A water quality management strategy for regionally protected water through health risk assessment and spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution in3 marine reserves[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,599:721-731.
[26]申利娜,李广贺.地下水污染风险区划方法研究[J].环境科学,2010,31(4):918-923.SHNE Lina,LI Guanghe. Groundwater pollution risk mapping method[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(4):918-923.
[27] AHN J,KIM Y,YOO K,et al.Using GA-ridge regression to select hydro-geological parameters influencing groundwater pollution vulnerability[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2012,184(11):6637-6645.
[28] ZGHIBI A,MERZOUGUI A,CHENINI I,et al. Groundwater vulnerability analysis of Tunisian coastal aquifer:an application of DRASTIC index method in GIS environment[J]. Groundwater for Sustainable Development,2016,2/3:169-181.
[29] LIU Jingjing,CHEN Qiuying,LI Yongli.Ecological risk assessment of water environment for Luanhe River Basin based on relative risk model[J].Ecotoxicology,2010,19(8):1400-1415.
[30] LI Xianbo,ZUO Rui,TENG Yanguo,et al.Development of relative risk model for regional groundwater risk assessment:a case study in the Lower Liaohe River Plain,China[J]. Plos One,2015,10(5):e0128249.
[31]李沫蕊,王亚飞,王金生,等.下辽河平原区域地下水典型污染物的筛选[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(3):62-69.LI Morui,WANG Yafei,WANG Jinsheng,et al. Application of modified potential damage index method to screening of the typical pollutants in groundwater of the Liao River Plain[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(3):62-69.
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