北江清远段有机氯农药的污染特征与风险评估
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摘要
北江作为清远市居民的主要生活饮用水水源,水体中持久性有机污染物污染问题备受重视,但目前对于北江清远段水体中酞酸酯的研究较少。了解OCPs的分布、来源及健康、生态风险,对于保障北江清远段居民的饮用水安全,给北江水生态环境保护管理提供技术支持具有重要参考意义。2016年7月和12月于北江清远段采集40个水和表层沉积物样品,采用高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱联用仪(HRGC-HRMS)法测定了样品中的有机氯农药(Organochlorine Pesticides,OCPs),分析了北江清远段水环境中OCPs的残留特征,并进行了健康和生态风险评估。结果表明,北江清远段水和沉积物中OCPs的残留较少,检出率低。丰枯两季水中仅有异狄氏剂(Endrin)和六氯苯(HCB)2种化合物被检出,丰水期水中ΣOCPs质量浓度为0.25-12 ng·L~(-1),枯水期水中ΣOCPs质量浓度为nd(表示未检出)-3.29 ng·L~(-1);沉积物中5种目标化合物:HCB、六六六(γ-HCH)、狄氏剂(Dieldrin)、滴滴伊(p,p’-DDE)、滴滴涕(o,p’-DDT)被检出,丰水期沉积物中∑OCPs质量分数为0.14-5.58ng·g~(-1),枯水期沉积物中∑OCPs质量分数为0.02-2.16ng·g~(-1)。OCPs的污染源解析结果表明,沉积物中DDT为历史残留导致,γ-HCH来源于杀虫剂林丹。致癌风险和非致癌风险评价结果表明,北江清远段水中OCPs对人体均未达到致癌风险。采用淡水沉积物环境质量基准法和效应区间中低值法评价沉积物中OCPs生态风险,发现丰水期BJ-1、BJ-4、BJ-6采样点对水生动物产生不良反应。
Beijiang River, the primary source of drinking water for residents in Qingyuan, has received increasing attention for its Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) pollution conditions. However, a small number of studies on Organochloride Pesticides(OCPs) in surface water of Qingyuan section have been reported. Understanding the distribution and sources of OCPs as well as the health and ecological risk will significantly help for ensuring the drinking water safety of residents, and providing technical support for the protection and management of the ecological environment in the Qingyuan section of Beijiang River. In July and December 2016, 40 water and surface sediment samples were collected from the Qingyuan section of Beijiang River. The isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS method was applied to detect the OCPs in the samples, and the residual characteristics of OCPs in Beijiang River was analyzed while the health and ecological risk was evaluated. The results shows that the OCPs in water and sediments samples from Qingyuan section of Beijiang River was scarcely detected while the residual level was low. In both flood and dry season, only HCB and Endrin were detected in water samples, particularly the concentration of OCPs in water ranged from 0.25 to 12 ng·L~(-1) in flood season, and ND(ND indicated undetected) to 3.29 ng·L~(-1) in dry season. In sediment samples, HCB, p, p'-DDE, o, p'DDT, Dieldrinand,γ-HCH were detected, and the ∑OCPs ranged from 0.14 to 5.58 ng·g~(-1) in flood season and 0.02 to 2.16 ng·g~(-1) in dry season. The result shows that γ-HCH in sediments originated from pesticides using, and the detection of DDT might attributed to historical residues. The carcinogenic risk from OCPs in the Qingyuan section of Beijiang River can be neglected. The ecological risk of OCPs in freshwater sediments was assessed by the benchmark method of environmental quality of freshwater sediments and the mid-low value method of effect interval, with the result of the sampling points of BJ-1, BJ-4 and BJ-6 had adverse effects on aquatic animals during the flood season.
Beijiang River, the primary source of drinking water for residents in Qingyuan, has received increasing attention for its Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) pollution conditions. However, a small number of studies on Organochloride Pesticides(OCPs) in surface water of Qingyuan section have been reported. Understanding the distribution and sources of OCPs as well as the health and ecological risk will significantly help for ensuring the drinking water safety of residents, and providing technical support for the protection and management of the ecological environment in the Qingyuan section of Beijiang River. In July and December 2016, 40 water and surface sediment samples were collected from the Qingyuan section of Beijiang River. The isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS method was applied to detect the OCPs in the samples, and the residual characteristics of OCPs in Beijiang River was analyzed while the health and ecological risk was evaluated. The results shows that the OCPs in water and sediments samples from Qingyuan section of Beijiang River was scarcely detected while the residual level was low. In both flood and dry season, only HCB and Endrin were detected in water samples, particularly the concentration of OCPs in water ranged from 0.25 to 12 ng·L~(-1) in flood season, and ND(ND indicated undetected) to 3.29 ng·L~(-1) in dry season. In sediment samples, HCB, p, p'-DDE, o, p'DDT, Dieldrinand,γ-HCH were detected, and the ∑OCPs ranged from 0.14 to 5.58 ng·g~(-1) in flood season and 0.02 to 2.16 ng·g~(-1) in dry season. The result shows that γ-HCH in sediments originated from pesticides using, and the detection of DDT might attributed to historical residues. The carcinogenic risk from OCPs in the Qingyuan section of Beijiang River can be neglected. The ecological risk of OCPs in freshwater sediments was assessed by the benchmark method of environmental quality of freshwater sediments and the mid-low value method of effect interval, with the result of the sampling points of BJ-1, BJ-4 and BJ-6 had adverse effects on aquatic animals during the flood season.
引文
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GéRALDINE L,BéATRICE T,MAUVAIS P,et al.,2004.Effect of organochlorine pesticides on human androgen receptor activation in vitro[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,196(2):235-246.
GLYNN P W,RUMBOLD D G,SNEDAKER S C,1995.Organochlorine pesticide residues in marine sediment and biota from the northern Florida reef tract[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,30(6):397-402.
IWATA H,TANABE S,SAKAI N,et al.,1994.Geographical distribution of persistent organochlorines in air,water and sediments from Asia and Oceania,and their implications for global redistribution from lower latitudes[J].Environmental Pollution,85(1):15-33.
LI Y F,1999.Global technical hexachlorocyclohexane usage and its contamination consequences in the environment:from 1948 to 1997[J].Science of the Total Environment,232(3):121-158.
LONG E R,FIELD L J Y,MACDONALD D D,1998.Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numerical sediment quality guidelines[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,17(4):714-727.
LONG E R,MACDONALD D D,F,SMITH S K,et al.,1995.Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuary sediments[J].Environmental Management,19(1):81-97.
MACDONALD D D,INGERSOLL C G,BERGER T A,2000.Development and Evaluation of Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines for Freshwater Ecosystems[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,39(1):20-31.
PAOLO M,TERESA C,EVELINA F,et al.,2014.Spatial distribution and partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyl and organochlorine pesticide in water and sediment from Sarno River and Estuary,Southern Italy[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,21(7):5023-5035.
PILAR F V,JOSéJ P,LUZARDO O P,et al.,2009.Differential effects exerted on human mammary epithelial cells by environmentally relevant organochlorine pesticides either individually or in combination[J].Chemico-Biological Interactions,180(3):485-491.
SHINSUKE T,2002.Contamination and toxic effects of persistent endocrine disrupters in marine mammals and birds[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,45(1-12):69-77.
TESIFON P,REQUENA M,ANTONIO F H,et al.,2011.Association between environmental exposure to pesticides and neurodegenerative diseases[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,256(3):379-385.
WALKER K,AND D A V,LEWIS R G,1999.Factors Influencing the Distribution of Lindane and Other Hexachlorocyclohexanes in the Environment[J].Environmental Science&Technology,33(24):4373-4378.
WU C F,LUO Y M,GUI T,et al.,2014.Concentrations and potential health hazards of organochlorine pesticides in shallow groundwater of Taihu Lake region,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,470-471(2):1047-1055.
YANG D,QI S H,ZHANG J Q,et al.,2013.Organochlorine pesticides in soil,water and sediment along the Jinjiang River mainstream to Quanzhou Bay,southeast China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,89(11):59-65.
ZHANG H Y,GAO R T,JIANG S R,2006.Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides(DDTs and HCHs)in surface soils of farmland in Beijing,China[J].Scientia AgriculturaSinica,39(7):1403-1410.
ZHANG J Q,XING X L,QI S H,et al.,2013.Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)in soils of the coastal areas along Sanduao Bay and Xinghua Bay,southeast China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,125:153-158.
暴志蕾,赵兴茹,耿梦娇,等,2016.长三角地区饮用水源地沉积物中有机氯农药污染特征[J].环境化学,35(6):1237-1245.BAO Z L,ZHAO X R,GENG M J,et al.,2016.Characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in the sediments from the drinking water source of the Yangtze River delta region[J].Environmental Chemistry,35(6):1237-1245.
郭秀红,陈玺,黄冠星,等,2006.珠江三角洲地区浅层地下水中有机氯农药的污染特征[J].环境化学,25(6):798-799.GUO X H,CHEN X,HUANG G X,et al.,2006.Pollution Characteristics of Organochlorine Pesticides in Shallow Groundwater of the Pearl River Delta[J].Environmental Chemistry,25(6):798-799.
韩向云,2018.北江清远段典型持久性有机污染物的分布特征与风险评估[D].石家庄:河北师范大学.HAN X Y,2018.Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of typical persistent organic pollutants in the Beijiang River of Qingyuan section[D].Shijiazhuang:Hebei Normal University.
贺珊珊,曹菱,王焰新,等,2013.江汉平原中部表层土壤中有机氯农药分布及来源[J].环境科学与技术,36(2):75-79.HE S S,CAO L,WANG Y X,et al.,2013.Organochlorine pesticides residues in stop soil of central Jianghan Plain:sources and distribution pattern[J].Environmental Science&Technology,36(2):75-79.
刘立丹,王玲,高丽荣,等,2011.鸭儿湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药残留及其分布特征[J].环境化学,30(9):1643-1649.LIU L D,WANG L,GAO L R,et al.,2011.Occurrence and distribution of OranochlorinePestivides(OCPs)in surface sediments of the Ya-Er Lake in Hubei Province,China[J].Environmental Chemistry,30(9):1643-1649.
刘玉波,张明时,张勇,等,2012.乌江流域中上游水体中有机氯农药残留现状调查[J].中国环境监测,28(6):112-116.LIU Y B,ZHANG M S,ZHANG Y,et al.,2012.Analysis on the Residue Situation of Organo-Chlorine Pesticide in the Mid-Upstream of Wujiang River Basin[J].Environmental Monitoring of Chin,28(6):112-116.
麦碧娴,林峥,张干,等,2000.珠江三角洲河流和珠江口表层沉积物中有机污染物研究:多环芳烃和有机氯农药的分布及特征[J].环境科学学报,20(2):192-197.MAI B X,LIN Z,ZHANG G,et al.,2000.Organic contaminants in surface sediments from rivers of the Pearl River Delta and Estuary:The distributions and characteristics of PAHs and organochlorine pesticides[J].ActaentiaeCircumstantiae,20(2):192-197.
王会霞,马玉龙,李光耀,等,2017.黄河流域有机氯农药的浓度水平及污染特征[J].环境科学与技术,40(11):160-166.WANG H X,MA Y L,LI G Y,et al.,2017.Levels and distribution of organochlorine pesticides in surface water and sediments from the Yellow River Basin[J].Environmental Science&Technology,40(11):160-166.
王雁,何伟,秦宁,等,2012.巢湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药的残留与风险[J].环境科学学报,32(2):308-316.WANG Y,HE W,QIN N,et al.,2012.Residual levels and ecological risks of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments from Lake Chaohu[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,32(2):308-316.
杨清书,麦碧娴,傅家谟,等,2004.珠江干流河口水体有机氯农药的时空分布特征[J].环境科学,25(2):150-156.YANG Q S,MAI B X,FU J M,et al.,2004.Spatial and temporal distribution of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)in surface water from the Pearl River Artery estuary[J].Environmental Science,25(2):150-156.
中国人民共和国环境保护部,2013.中国人群暴露参数手册,成人卷[M].北京:中国环境出版社.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China,2013.Exposure factors handbook of chinese population,adults2013[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press
中国人民共和国环境保护部,2013.中国人群暴露参数手册,儿童卷0-5岁[M].北京中国环境出版社.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China,2013.Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population,children 0-5 2013[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press
中国人民共和国环境保护部,2013..中国人群暴露参数手册,儿童卷6-17岁[M].北京:中国环境出版社Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China,2013.Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population,children 6-17 2013[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.
BARD S M,1999.Global transport of anthropogenic contaminants and the consequences for the arctic marine ecosystem[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,38(5):356-379.
FELLIN P,DOUGHERTY D,BARRIE L A,et al.,1996.Air monitoring in the arctic:Results for selected persistent organic pollutants for 1992[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,15(3):253-261.
GéRALDINE L,BéATRICE T,MAUVAIS P,et al.,2004.Effect of organochlorine pesticides on human androgen receptor activation in vitro[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,196(2):235-246.
GLYNN P W,RUMBOLD D G,SNEDAKER S C,1995.Organochlorine pesticide residues in marine sediment and biota from the northern Florida reef tract[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,30(6):397-402.
IWATA H,TANABE S,SAKAI N,et al.,1994.Geographical distribution of persistent organochlorines in air,water and sediments from Asia and Oceania,and their implications for global redistribution from lower latitudes[J].Environmental Pollution,85(1):15-33.
LI Y F,1999.Global technical hexachlorocyclohexane usage and its contamination consequences in the environment:from 1948 to 1997[J].Science of the Total Environment,232(3):121-158.
LONG E R,FIELD L J Y,MACDONALD D D,1998.Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numerical sediment quality guidelines[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,17(4):714-727.
LONG E R,MACDONALD D D,F,SMITH S K,et al.,1995.Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuary sediments[J].Environmental Management,19(1):81-97.
MACDONALD D D,INGERSOLL C G,BERGER T A,2000.Development and Evaluation of Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines for Freshwater Ecosystems[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,39(1):20-31.
PAOLO M,TERESA C,EVELINA F,et al.,2014.Spatial distribution and partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyl and organochlorine pesticide in water and sediment from Sarno River and Estuary,Southern Italy[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,21(7):5023-5035.
PILAR F V,JOSéJ P,LUZARDO O P,et al.,2009.Differential effects exerted on human mammary epithelial cells by environmentally relevant organochlorine pesticides either individually or in combination[J].Chemico-Biological Interactions,180(3):485-491.
SHINSUKE T,2002.Contamination and toxic effects of persistent endocrine disrupters in marine mammals and birds[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,45(1-12):69-77.
TESIFON P,REQUENA M,ANTONIO F H,et al.,2011.Association between environmental exposure to pesticides and neurodegenerative diseases[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,256(3):379-385.
WALKER K,AND D A V,LEWIS R G,1999.Factors Influencing the Distribution of Lindane and Other Hexachlorocyclohexanes in the Environment[J].Environmental Science&Technology,33(24):4373-4378.
WU C F,LUO Y M,GUI T,et al.,2014.Concentrations and potential health hazards of organochlorine pesticides in shallow groundwater of Taihu Lake region,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,470-471(2):1047-1055.
YANG D,QI S H,ZHANG J Q,et al.,2013.Organochlorine pesticides in soil,water and sediment along the Jinjiang River mainstream to Quanzhou Bay,southeast China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,89(11):59-65.
ZHANG H Y,GAO R T,JIANG S R,2006.Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides(DDTs and HCHs)in surface soils of farmland in Beijing,China[J].Scientia AgriculturaSinica,39(7):1403-1410.
ZHANG J Q,XING X L,QI S H,et al.,2013.Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)in soils of the coastal areas along Sanduao Bay and Xinghua Bay,southeast China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,125:153-158.
暴志蕾,赵兴茹,耿梦娇,等,2016.长三角地区饮用水源地沉积物中有机氯农药污染特征[J].环境化学,35(6):1237-1245.BAO Z L,ZHAO X R,GENG M J,et al.,2016.Characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in the sediments from the drinking water source of the Yangtze River delta region[J].Environmental Chemistry,35(6):1237-1245.
郭秀红,陈玺,黄冠星,等,2006.珠江三角洲地区浅层地下水中有机氯农药的污染特征[J].环境化学,25(6):798-799.GUO X H,CHEN X,HUANG G X,et al.,2006.Pollution Characteristics of Organochlorine Pesticides in Shallow Groundwater of the Pearl River Delta[J].Environmental Chemistry,25(6):798-799.
韩向云,2018.北江清远段典型持久性有机污染物的分布特征与风险评估[D].石家庄:河北师范大学.HAN X Y,2018.Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of typical persistent organic pollutants in the Beijiang River of Qingyuan section[D].Shijiazhuang:Hebei Normal University.
贺珊珊,曹菱,王焰新,等,2013.江汉平原中部表层土壤中有机氯农药分布及来源[J].环境科学与技术,36(2):75-79.HE S S,CAO L,WANG Y X,et al.,2013.Organochlorine pesticides residues in stop soil of central Jianghan Plain:sources and distribution pattern[J].Environmental Science&Technology,36(2):75-79.
刘立丹,王玲,高丽荣,等,2011.鸭儿湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药残留及其分布特征[J].环境化学,30(9):1643-1649.LIU L D,WANG L,GAO L R,et al.,2011.Occurrence and distribution of OranochlorinePestivides(OCPs)in surface sediments of the Ya-Er Lake in Hubei Province,China[J].Environmental Chemistry,30(9):1643-1649.
刘玉波,张明时,张勇,等,2012.乌江流域中上游水体中有机氯农药残留现状调查[J].中国环境监测,28(6):112-116.LIU Y B,ZHANG M S,ZHANG Y,et al.,2012.Analysis on the Residue Situation of Organo-Chlorine Pesticide in the Mid-Upstream of Wujiang River Basin[J].Environmental Monitoring of Chin,28(6):112-116.
麦碧娴,林峥,张干,等,2000.珠江三角洲河流和珠江口表层沉积物中有机污染物研究:多环芳烃和有机氯农药的分布及特征[J].环境科学学报,20(2):192-197.MAI B X,LIN Z,ZHANG G,et al.,2000.Organic contaminants in surface sediments from rivers of the Pearl River Delta and Estuary:The distributions and characteristics of PAHs and organochlorine pesticides[J].ActaentiaeCircumstantiae,20(2):192-197.
王会霞,马玉龙,李光耀,等,2017.黄河流域有机氯农药的浓度水平及污染特征[J].环境科学与技术,40(11):160-166.WANG H X,MA Y L,LI G Y,et al.,2017.Levels and distribution of organochlorine pesticides in surface water and sediments from the Yellow River Basin[J].Environmental Science&Technology,40(11):160-166.
王雁,何伟,秦宁,等,2012.巢湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药的残留与风险[J].环境科学学报,32(2):308-316.WANG Y,HE W,QIN N,et al.,2012.Residual levels and ecological risks of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments from Lake Chaohu[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,32(2):308-316.
杨清书,麦碧娴,傅家谟,等,2004.珠江干流河口水体有机氯农药的时空分布特征[J].环境科学,25(2):150-156.YANG Q S,MAI B X,FU J M,et al.,2004.Spatial and temporal distribution of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)in surface water from the Pearl River Artery estuary[J].Environmental Science,25(2):150-156.
中国人民共和国环境保护部,2013.中国人群暴露参数手册,成人卷[M].北京:中国环境出版社.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China,2013.Exposure factors handbook of chinese population,adults2013[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press
中国人民共和国环境保护部,2013.中国人群暴露参数手册,儿童卷0-5岁[M].北京中国环境出版社.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China,2013.Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population,children 0-5 2013[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press
中国人民共和国环境保护部,2013..中国人群暴露参数手册,儿童卷6-17岁[M].北京:中国环境出版社Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China,2013.Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population,children 6-17 2013[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.
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