滨海滩涂垦区主要大田作物生产碳足迹研究——以江苏省盐城市为例
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摘要
[目的]由于自然要素组合的特殊性,与传统内陆农区相比,滩涂围垦区农业生产特点鲜明。摸清该区大田作物碳足迹,可减少区域碳排放,提升农业生产效率,优化区域资源配置。[方法]采用生命周期评价理论结合IPCC田间温室气体计算方法,建立大田作物碳足迹评估模型,估算滨海滩涂垦区大田作物温室气体排量。[结果](1)滨海滩涂地区大田作物的碳足迹(以CO_2当量)总体在0.63～0.769kg/kg范围内,不同作物的碳足迹由大到小依次为:玉米0.769±0.224kg/kg、水稻0.739±0.241kg/kg、小麦0.636±0.183kg/kg和大麦0.630±0.184kg/kg;(2)氮肥生产和施用环节对该区碳足迹贡献度最大,贡献率分别为26.46%～37.12%和29.06%～51.94%。该地碳足迹数值和结构上呈显著地域化特点,与中国其他地区相比,氮肥施用贡献度大,水田灌溉贡献度大。[结论]降低该地区碳足迹,重点关注施氮和水稻灌溉工程两个方面。采用降低施氮量、提高氮肥利用率、发展节水农业与生态农业等措施,可达到降低碳足迹的目的。
Carbon emissions have always been a key issue in agricultural production. Compared with traditional agricultural zones, saline agricultural production generally has some distinctive characteristics, such as higher soil salinity, lower soil nutrients, etc. However, information derived on carbon emissions from saline agricultural production is limited. This research aims to find out the carbon footprint of field crops in the area, so as to reduce regional carbon emissions, improve agricultural production efficiency, and optimize regional resource allocation. This research established a carbon footprint assessment model for field crops by adopting the life cycle assessment theory(LCA), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), and estimated the carbon footprint(CF) of four field crop productions(barley, wheat, corn and rice) through greenhouse gas(GHG) estimation method. Furthermore, it further determined the driving forces of carbon emissions, and proposed some effective measures to reduce them. The results were showed as follows. Firstly, the CF from the four crops in the study area varied from 0.630 to 0.769 kg·kg~(-1), which was higher than that from traditional agriculture. Secondly, GHG emissions from Fertilizer-Nitrogen(N) manufacture and inorganic N application had contributed to the greatest percentage of carbon emissions. Compared with traditional agricultural zones, fertilizer-N application and paddy irrigation involved with crop productions had overall greater contributions to the CF. Carbon emissions from saline agriculture can be reduced significantly by reducing the amount of N fertilizer application, improving traditional rotation system, developing water-saving agriculture and constructing ecological agriculture.
Carbon emissions have always been a key issue in agricultural production. Compared with traditional agricultural zones, saline agricultural production generally has some distinctive characteristics, such as higher soil salinity, lower soil nutrients, etc. However, information derived on carbon emissions from saline agricultural production is limited. This research aims to find out the carbon footprint of field crops in the area, so as to reduce regional carbon emissions, improve agricultural production efficiency, and optimize regional resource allocation. This research established a carbon footprint assessment model for field crops by adopting the life cycle assessment theory(LCA), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), and estimated the carbon footprint(CF) of four field crop productions(barley, wheat, corn and rice) through greenhouse gas(GHG) estimation method. Furthermore, it further determined the driving forces of carbon emissions, and proposed some effective measures to reduce them. The results were showed as follows. Firstly, the CF from the four crops in the study area varied from 0.630 to 0.769 kg·kg~(-1), which was higher than that from traditional agriculture. Secondly, GHG emissions from Fertilizer-Nitrogen(N) manufacture and inorganic N application had contributed to the greatest percentage of carbon emissions. Compared with traditional agricultural zones, fertilizer-N application and paddy irrigation involved with crop productions had overall greater contributions to the CF. Carbon emissions from saline agriculture can be reduced significantly by reducing the amount of N fertilizer application, improving traditional rotation system, developing water-saving agriculture and constructing ecological agriculture.
引文
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[11] 李强,李建国,张忠启,等.基于DNDC模型与二分法的滨海盐渍土水稻最佳施氮量研究.水土保持通报,2018,38(3):167-173.
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[20] 刘巽浩,徐文修,李增嘉,等.农田生态系统碳足迹法:误区、改进与应用——兼析中国集约农作碳效率.中国农业资源与区划,2013,34(6):1-7.
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[22] 史磊刚,陈阜,孔凡磊,等.华北平原冬小麦—夏玉米种植模式碳足迹研究.中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(9):93-98.
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[25] 黄文强,董红敏,朱志平,等.畜禽产品碳足迹研究进展与分析.中国农业科学,2015,48(1):93-111.
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[29] West T O,Marland G.A synthesis of carbon sequestration,carbon emissions,and net carbon flux in agriculture:Comparing tillage practices in the united states.Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2002,91(1-3):217-232.
[30] 谢鸿宇.生态足迹评价模型的改进和应用.化学工业出版社,2008.
[31] Di X,Nie Z,Yuan B,et al.Life cycle inventory for electricity generation in China.International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2007,12(4):217-224.
[32] 苗锐,张福锁,李隆.玉米/蚕豆、小麦/蚕豆和大麦/蚕豆间作体系地上部、地下部生物量及作物含氮量分析.中国农学通报,2008,24(7):148-152.
[33] 薛利红,杨林章,范小晖.基于碳氮代谢的水稻氮含量及碳氮比光谱估测.作物学报,2006,32(3):430-435.
[34] 武宁,王恩慧,王充卯,等.耕作方式对小麦—玉米两熟农田生态系统碳足迹的影响.山东农业科学,2017(6):40-46.
[35] 曹黎明,李茂柏,王新其,等.基于生命周期评价的上海市水稻生产的碳足迹.生态学报,2014,34(2):491-499.
[36] Adom F,Maes A,Workman C,et al.Regional carbon footprint analysis of dairy feeds for milk production in the USA.International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2012,17(5):520-534.
[37] Baek C Y,Lee K M,Park K H.Quantification and control of the greenhouse gas emissions from a dairy cow system.Journal of Cleaner Production,2014,70(4):50-60.
[38] N Yoshikawa,T Ikeda,K Amano,K Shimada.In Carbon footprint estimation and data sampling method:a case study of ecologically cultivated rice produced in Japan.Earth and Environmental Science,2015(7) 185-249.
[39] P Brock,P Madden,G Schwenke,D Herridge.Greenhouse gas emissions profile for 1 tonne of wheat produced in Central Zone(East)New South Wales:a life cycle assessment approach.Crop and Pasture Science,2012,63(9);78-85.
[40] 李寿生.深入实施能源节约和低碳发展战略加快形成石油和化工行业绿色发展方式.化工管理,2016(25):17-21.
[41] 王宜伦,李潮海,王瑾,等.缓/控释肥在玉米生产中的应用与展望.中国农学通报,2009(24):254-257.
[42] 赵自超,韩笑,石岳峰,等.硝化和脲酶抑制剂对华北冬小麦—夏玉米轮作固碳减排效果评价.农业工程学报,2016,32(6):254-262.
[43] 刘立军,徐伟,桑大志,等.实地氮肥管理提高水稻氮肥利用效率.作物学报,2006,32(7):987-994.
[44] 苏建平,邹忠,黄标,等.江苏如皋市农田土壤速效钾时空变化与平衡施肥技术研究.土壤通报,2006,37(2):407-410.
[45] 夏露.2017年春季主要农作物科学施肥指导意见.中国农业信息,2017(6):9-15.
[46] 李玉林.大田作物机械化收运系统精益运作及关键问题研究.重庆大学,2015.
[47] 陈百明.耕地与基本农田保护态势与对策.中国农业资源与区划,2004,25(5):1-4.
[48] 农业部关于印发《种养结合循环农业示范工程建设规划(2017—2020)》的通知.2017.http://www.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/ghjh/201708/t20170815_5785251.htm.
[2] Eugenie L.Birch.A Review of“Climate Change 2014:Impacts,Adaptation,and Vulnerability”and“Climate Change 2014:Mitigation of Climate Change”.Journal of the American Planning Association,2014,80(2):184-185.
[3] 齐晔,李惠民,王晓.农业与中国的低碳发展战略.中国农业科学,2012,45(1):1-6.
[4] 周云轩,田波,黄颖,等.我国海岸带湿地生态系统退化成因及其对策.中国科学院院刊,2016,31(10):1157-1166.
[5] 徐彩瑶,濮励杰,朱明.沿海滩涂围垦对生态环境的影响研究进展.生态学报,2018,38(3):1148-1162.
[6] 张富刚,刘彦随,张潆文.我国东部沿海地区农村发展态势评价与驱动力分析.自然资源学报,2010,25(2):177-184.
[7] Sun Z,Sun W,Tong C,et al.China′s coastal wetlands:Conservation history,implementation efforts,existing issues and strategies for future improvement.Environment International,2015,79:25-41.
[8] 李建国,濮励杰,朱明,等.土壤盐渍化研究现状及未来研究热点.地理学报,2012,67(9):1233-1245.
[9] 王宁,张利权,袁琳,等.气候变化影响下海岸带脆弱性评估研究进展.生态学报,2012,32(7):2248-2258.
[10] 李建国,王文超,濮励杰,等.滩涂围垦对盐沼湿地碳收支的影响研究进展.地球科学进展,2017(6):599-614.
[11] 李强,李建国,张忠启,等.基于DNDC模型与二分法的滨海盐渍土水稻最佳施氮量研究.水土保持通报,2018,38(3):167-173.
[12] 段华平,张悦,赵建波,等.中国农田生态系统的碳足迹分析.水土保持学报,2011,25(5):203-208.
[13] Mogensen L,Kristensen T,Nguyen T L T,et al.Method for calculating carbon footprint of cattle feeds-including contribution from soil carbon changes and use of cattle manure.Journal of Cleaner Production,2014,73(12):40-51.
[14] 陈亮,刘玫,黄进.GB/T 24040-2008《环境管理生命周期评价原则与框架》国家标准解读.标准科学,2009(2):76-80.
[15] West T O,Marland G.A synthesis of carbon sequestration,carbon emissions,and net carbon flux in agriculture:Comparing tillage practices in the united states.Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2002,91(1-3):217-232.
[16] Gan Y,Liang C,Hamel C,et al.Strategies for reducing the carbon footprint of field crops for semiarid areas.A review.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2011,31(4):643-656.
[17] Dubey A,Lal R.Carbon footprint and sustainability of agricultural production systems in punjab,india,and ohio,USA.Journal of Crop Improvement,2009,23(4):332-350.
[18] 王占彪,王猛,陈阜.华北平原作物生产碳足迹分析.中国农业科学,2015,48(1):83-92.
[19] 刘松,王效琴,崔利利,等.关中平原饲料作物生产的碳足迹及影响因素研究.环境科学学报,2017,37(3):1201-1208.
[20] 刘巽浩,徐文修,李增嘉,等.农田生态系统碳足迹法:误区、改进与应用——兼析中国集约农作碳效率.中国农业资源与区划,2013,34(6):1-7.
[21] 黄晓敏,陈长青,陈铭洲,等.2004—2013年东北三省主要粮食作物生产碳足迹.应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3307-3315.
[22] 史磊刚,陈阜,孔凡磊,等.华北平原冬小麦—夏玉米种植模式碳足迹研究.中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(9):93-98.
[23] Chambers J Q,Fisher J I,Zeng H,et al.Hurricane katrina′s carbon footprint on U.S.Gulf coast forests.Science,2007,318(5853):1107-1107.
[24] 郑秀君,胡彬.我国生命周期评价文献综述及国外最新研究进展.科技进步与对策,2013,30(6):155-160.
[25] 黄文强,董红敏,朱志平,等.畜禽产品碳足迹研究进展与分析.中国农业科学,2015,48(1):93-111.
[26] 毕于运.秸秆资源评价与利用研究.中国农业科学院,2010.
[27] IPCC.2006.2006IPCC国家温室气体清单指南.2015-12-16.http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.
[28] Ecoinvent Centre.2016.Ecoinveny Data V3.3.Dubendorf,Switzerland.2016-08-15.http://www.ecoinvent.org.
[29] West T O,Marland G.A synthesis of carbon sequestration,carbon emissions,and net carbon flux in agriculture:Comparing tillage practices in the united states.Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2002,91(1-3):217-232.
[30] 谢鸿宇.生态足迹评价模型的改进和应用.化学工业出版社,2008.
[31] Di X,Nie Z,Yuan B,et al.Life cycle inventory for electricity generation in China.International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2007,12(4):217-224.
[32] 苗锐,张福锁,李隆.玉米/蚕豆、小麦/蚕豆和大麦/蚕豆间作体系地上部、地下部生物量及作物含氮量分析.中国农学通报,2008,24(7):148-152.
[33] 薛利红,杨林章,范小晖.基于碳氮代谢的水稻氮含量及碳氮比光谱估测.作物学报,2006,32(3):430-435.
[34] 武宁,王恩慧,王充卯,等.耕作方式对小麦—玉米两熟农田生态系统碳足迹的影响.山东农业科学,2017(6):40-46.
[35] 曹黎明,李茂柏,王新其,等.基于生命周期评价的上海市水稻生产的碳足迹.生态学报,2014,34(2):491-499.
[36] Adom F,Maes A,Workman C,et al.Regional carbon footprint analysis of dairy feeds for milk production in the USA.International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2012,17(5):520-534.
[37] Baek C Y,Lee K M,Park K H.Quantification and control of the greenhouse gas emissions from a dairy cow system.Journal of Cleaner Production,2014,70(4):50-60.
[38] N Yoshikawa,T Ikeda,K Amano,K Shimada.In Carbon footprint estimation and data sampling method:a case study of ecologically cultivated rice produced in Japan.Earth and Environmental Science,2015(7) 185-249.
[39] P Brock,P Madden,G Schwenke,D Herridge.Greenhouse gas emissions profile for 1 tonne of wheat produced in Central Zone(East)New South Wales:a life cycle assessment approach.Crop and Pasture Science,2012,63(9);78-85.
[40] 李寿生.深入实施能源节约和低碳发展战略加快形成石油和化工行业绿色发展方式.化工管理,2016(25):17-21.
[41] 王宜伦,李潮海,王瑾,等.缓/控释肥在玉米生产中的应用与展望.中国农学通报,2009(24):254-257.
[42] 赵自超,韩笑,石岳峰,等.硝化和脲酶抑制剂对华北冬小麦—夏玉米轮作固碳减排效果评价.农业工程学报,2016,32(6):254-262.
[43] 刘立军,徐伟,桑大志,等.实地氮肥管理提高水稻氮肥利用效率.作物学报,2006,32(7):987-994.
[44] 苏建平,邹忠,黄标,等.江苏如皋市农田土壤速效钾时空变化与平衡施肥技术研究.土壤通报,2006,37(2):407-410.
[45] 夏露.2017年春季主要农作物科学施肥指导意见.中国农业信息,2017(6):9-15.
[46] 李玉林.大田作物机械化收运系统精益运作及关键问题研究.重庆大学,2015.
[47] 陈百明.耕地与基本农田保护态势与对策.中国农业资源与区划,2004,25(5):1-4.
[48] 农业部关于印发《种养结合循环农业示范工程建设规划(2017—2020)》的通知.2017.http://www.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/ghjh/201708/t20170815_5785251.htm.