双季机插稻不同产量水平群体的产量构成特征研究
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摘要
为明确双季机插稻产量构成特征及高产协同规律,促进双季稻机插栽培技术的发展,以4个早稻(株两优30、两优287、中嘉早17和中早35)和4个晚稻(H优518、五丰优T025、五优308和天优华占)品种(组合)为试验材料,研究双季机插稻中产(7 000～8 250 kg·hm~(-2))、高产(8 250～9 000 kg·hm~(-2))和超高产(>9 000 kg·hm~(-2))3个产量水平群体的产量及产量构成特征。结果表明,随着双季机插稻产量水平的提高,有效穗数、每穗粒数和总颖花量均呈显著增加的趋势,结实率和千粒重总体上差异较小;产量与群体总颖花量呈极显著正相关,要实现9 000 kg·hm~(-2)以上的产量,每平方米颖花量需达到42 000以上;从中产到高产,双季早晚稻总颖花量的增加均主要依靠穗数的增加,从高产至超高产,早稻总颖花量的增加仍可以通过适当增加穗数实现,而晚稻总颖花量的增加应在适当增加穗数的基础上提高每穗粒数。以较多的穗数和较大的穗型协同产出较高的总颖花量,同时保证正常的结实率和千粒重,是双季机插稻超高产基本特征。本研究结果为双季机插稻高产栽培提供了理论依据与实践参考。
To accelerate the development of mechanical transplanting cultivation techniques of double rice, field experiments were conducted to study the characteristics of yield and yield components among three types of populations(super-high-yield:>9 000 kg·hm~(-2), high-yield: 8 250～9 000 kg·hm~(-2), middle-yield: 7 000～8 250 kg·hm~(-2)) under mechanical transplanting, with four combinations of early rice(Zhuliangyou30, Liangyou287, Zhongjiazao17 and Zhongzao35) and four combinations of late rice(Hyou518, WufengyouT025, Wuyou308 and Tianyouhuazhan). The results showed that, the panicles, grains per panicle and total spikelets all increased significantly with the increase of yield level, while there was no significant difference in filled grain percentage and 1000-grain-weight. Significant positive linear correlation was existed between the total spikelets and grain yield. The total spikelet number should be greater than 42 000 per m~2as yield was above 9 000 kg·hm~(-2). In order to enlarge the total spikelets of double rice, it mainly depended on enriching panicles from middle-yield to high-yield. From high-yield to super-high-yield, the enlarging of total spikelets of early rice can be realized by enriching panicles appropriately, and increasing grains per panicle on the basis of enriching panicles appropriately was an important approach to enlarging total spikelets of late rice. The basic characteristics of super-high-yielding machine-transplanted double rice were enriching the amount of total spikelets by obtaining more and bigger panicles and keeping normal filled grain percentage and 1000-grain-weight. The study provids theoretical and practical basis for mechanized transplanting technology of double rice.
To accelerate the development of mechanical transplanting cultivation techniques of double rice, field experiments were conducted to study the characteristics of yield and yield components among three types of populations(super-high-yield:>9 000 kg·hm~(-2), high-yield: 8 250～9 000 kg·hm~(-2), middle-yield: 7 000～8 250 kg·hm~(-2)) under mechanical transplanting, with four combinations of early rice(Zhuliangyou30, Liangyou287, Zhongjiazao17 and Zhongzao35) and four combinations of late rice(Hyou518, WufengyouT025, Wuyou308 and Tianyouhuazhan). The results showed that, the panicles, grains per panicle and total spikelets all increased significantly with the increase of yield level, while there was no significant difference in filled grain percentage and 1000-grain-weight. Significant positive linear correlation was existed between the total spikelets and grain yield. The total spikelet number should be greater than 42 000 per m~2as yield was above 9 000 kg·hm~(-2). In order to enlarge the total spikelets of double rice, it mainly depended on enriching panicles from middle-yield to high-yield. From high-yield to super-high-yield, the enlarging of total spikelets of early rice can be realized by enriching panicles appropriately, and increasing grains per panicle on the basis of enriching panicles appropriately was an important approach to enlarging total spikelets of late rice. The basic characteristics of super-high-yielding machine-transplanted double rice were enriching the amount of total spikelets by obtaining more and bigger panicles and keeping normal filled grain percentage and 1000-grain-weight. The study provids theoretical and practical basis for mechanized transplanting technology of double rice.
引文
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[2] 杨建昌,杜永,刘辉.长江下游稻麦周年超高产栽培途径与技术[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(6):1611-1621
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[4] Yu Y,Huang Y,Zhang W.Changes in rice yields in China since 1980 associated with cultivar improvement,climate and crop management[J].Field Crops Research,2012,136:65-75
[5] Chang S Q,Chang T G,Song Q F,Zhu X G,Deng Q Y.Photosynthetic and agronomic traits of an elite hybrid rice Y-LiangYou 900 with a record-high yield[J].Field Crops Research,2016,187:49-57
[6] 杨守仁,张龙步,陈温福,徐正进,王进民.水稻超高产育种理论和方法[J].中国水稻科学,1996,10(2):115-120
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[8] 袁隆平.杂交水稻超高产育种[J].杂交水稻,2000,15(2):31-33
[9] 程式华,翟虎渠.水稻亚种间超高产杂交组合若干株型因子的比较[J].作物学报,2000,26(6):713-718
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[11] 凌启鸿.作物群体质量[M].上海:上海科技出版社,2000
[12] 罗德强,王绍华,江学海,李刚华,周维佳,李敏,姬广梅,丁艳锋,凌启鸿,刘正辉.贵州省高原山区杂交籼稻不同产量水平群体的特征[J].作物学报,2016,42(12):1817-1826
[13] 杨惠杰,杨仁崔,李义珍,郑景生,姜照伟.水稻超高产的决定因素[J].福建农业学报,2002,17(4):199-203
[14] 谢华安,王乌齐,杨惠杰,杨高群,李义珍.杂交水稻超高产特性研究[J].福建农业学报,2003,18(4):201-204
[15] 杨建昌,杜永,吴长付,刘立军,王志琴,朱庆森.超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(7):1336-1345
[16] 吴桂成,张洪程,钱银飞,李德剑,周有炎,徐军,吴文革,戴其根,霍中洋,许轲,高辉,徐宗进,钱宗华,孙菊英,赵品恒.粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征的研究[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(2):266-276
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[19] 张结刚,张美良,王璠,潘晓华.双季稻机插育秧床土选择试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(1):167-173
[20] 陈佳娜,谢小兵,伍丹丹,曹放波,单双吕,高伟,李志斌,邹应斌.机插密度与氮肥运筹对中嘉早17产量形成及氮肥利用率的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2015,29(6):628-636
[21] 黄程宽.机插条件下双季稻不同品种和基本苗的产量形成特性研究[D].南昌:江西农业大学,2014
[22] 吴青香,曾勇军,程慧煌,成臣,石庆华,潘晓华.双季稻机插技术在江西的应用现状、存在问题及推广对策[J].中国稻米,2017,23(4):157-159
[23] 袁继超,刘从军,蔡光泽,朱庆森,李俊青,杨建昌.攀西地区优质稻产量构成因素的变异及其构成特点[J].西南农业学报,2005,18(2):144-148
[24] 吴文革,周永进,张健美,陈刚,许有尊,李胜群,左庆,叶为发,余友玲,杨成林,孙雪原.杂交中籼稻钵苗机插群体特征及产量形成优势分析[J].核农学报,2016,30(7):1427-1434
[25] 霍中洋.长江中游地区双季早稻超高产形成特征及精确定量栽培关键技术研究[D].扬州:扬州大学,2010
[26] 于林惠,丁艳锋,朱庆森,窦永秀,沈建辉,薛艳凤,凌启鸿.江苏中部机插稻产量构成因素与产量关系的分析[J].江苏农业学报,2011,27(1):19-24
[27] 于林惠,李刚华,徐晶晶,凌启鸿,丁艳锋.基于高产示范方的机插水稻群体特征研究[J].中国水稻科学,2012,26(4):451-456
[28] 姚立生,高恒广,杨立彬,何顺椹,顾根宝,孙明法,顾来顺.江苏省五十年代以来中籼稻品种产量及有关性状的演变[J].江苏农业学报,1990,6(3):38-44
[29] 袁江,王丹英,廖西元,丁艳锋,邵国胜,徐春梅,彭建,王绍华,章秀福.早籼稻品种更替过程中农艺性状的演变特征[J].作物学报,2008,34(11):2041-2045
[30] 吕伟生,曾勇军,石庆华,潘晓华,黄山,商庆银,谭雪明,李木英,胡水秀,曾研华.双季机插稻叶龄模式参数及高产品种特征[J].作物学报,2018,44(12):1844-1857
[31] 曾勇军,石庆华,潘晓华,韩涛.长江中下游双季稻高产株型特征初步研究[J].作物学报,2009,35(3):546-551
[32] 张洪程,龚金龙.中国水稻种植机械化高产农艺研究现状及发展探讨[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(7):1273-1289
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