春季喷施植物生长调节剂对杏树花期物候及坐果的影响
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摘要
新疆伊犁早春开花的杏树常受倒春寒危害而减产甚至绝产,为了探究植物生长调节剂在延迟杏树花期和提高坐果率方面的效力,从而筛选出一种安全有效解决倒春寒的调节剂,为杏树生产提供依据。以伊犁树上干杏为试验材料,于春季对整株树喷施赤霉素(GA_3)、多效唑(PP_(333))、乙烯利(CEPA)、脱落酸(ABA)、萘乙酸(NAA)、矮壮素(CCC)6种植物生长调节剂,观察测定树上干杏花的物候期、完全花比率和坐果率及果实中植物生长调节剂残留量。结果表明,春季喷施500～1 000 mg/L的NAA处理的效果最好,推迟初花期4～6 d,推迟完全谢花期3～4 d,提高杏树的完全花比率与坐果率1.3%～14.3%和5.4%～6.9%;1 000～4 000 mg/L CCC和100～200 mg/L PP_(333)均能推迟初花期2～3 d;200 mg/L ABA、100～200 mg/L PP_(333)和1 500～2 000 mg/L CEPA均严重降低杏树的坐果率,降幅为7.7%～9.0%;春季喷施50～100 mg/L GA_3虽不能推迟花期但提高完全花比率与坐果率11.6%～19.4%和8.9%～10.9%;经检测,PP_(333)和NAA降解速率慢,在生理落果期,果实中残留质量浓度仍高于国家标准,在果实着色期后,6种调节剂在果实中的残留量均低于国家标准。露萼期喷施500～1 000 mg/L的NAA能有效推迟树上干杏花期,且成熟果实中无植物生长调节剂残留,可在生产中使用;PP_(333)、CCC和CEPA均可应用于花期的推迟上,但高质量浓度(100～200 mg/L PP_(333)、1 500～2 000 mg/L CEPA)的植物生长调节剂会严重降低杏树的坐果率,不建议使用。
Apricot reduction and failure are often caused by the cold spell in the early spring in Yili, Xinjiang. In order to explore the effect of plant growth regulator on delay of flowering of apricot trees, a safe and effective control agent was selected to solve the problem of spring cold spell,but there was no adverse effect on the yield of apricot trees. The study could provide theoretical basis for fruit tree production. In the spring, 6 kinds of plant regulators(GA_3,PP_(333),CEPA,ABA,NAA,CCC) were applied to the whole plant to observe the phenological period, total flower ratio and fruit rate of the dried apricot in the tree, and the residues of the regulating agent in the fruit, and to make a significant difference analysis of the results. In spring, the treatment of naphthalene with 500-1 000 mg/L was the best, which it could delay the initial blooming period of 4-6 d, delay the complete flowering stage 3-4 d, and increase the total flower ratio and fruit rate by 1.3%-14.3% and 5.4%-6.9%;in addition, it could also delay the initial flowering period from 2-3 d, but it could significantly reduce the fruit rate of apricot trees by 7.7%-9.0% by the 200 mg/L Abscisic acid, the 100-200 mg/L polyoxazole, and the 1 500-2 000 mg/L ethylene. In the spring, the injection of 50-100 mg/L Gibberellin did not delay the flowering period but increased the perfect flower ratio and the fruit rate to 11.6%-19.4% and 8.9%-10.9%. After the determination,the degradation rate of multi-effect on azole and naphthalene acetic acid was slow, in the physiological fruit period, fruit residue concentration was still higher than the national standard, after the fruit coloring period, 6 kinds of regulator residues in the fruit residues were lower than the national standard. Spraying 500-1 000 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid at the calyx stage could effectively delay of the flowering period of dry apricot on the tree, and there was no residue used in production in the mature fruit.The polyoxazole,cytoplasm,and ethylethylene could be used to delay the flowering stage, but the high mass concentration(100-200 mg/L polyoxazole, 1 500-2 000 mg/L ethylethylen) would seriously affect the fruit rate,so it would not be recommended.
Apricot reduction and failure are often caused by the cold spell in the early spring in Yili, Xinjiang. In order to explore the effect of plant growth regulator on delay of flowering of apricot trees, a safe and effective control agent was selected to solve the problem of spring cold spell,but there was no adverse effect on the yield of apricot trees. The study could provide theoretical basis for fruit tree production. In the spring, 6 kinds of plant regulators(GA_3,PP_(333),CEPA,ABA,NAA,CCC) were applied to the whole plant to observe the phenological period, total flower ratio and fruit rate of the dried apricot in the tree, and the residues of the regulating agent in the fruit, and to make a significant difference analysis of the results. In spring, the treatment of naphthalene with 500-1 000 mg/L was the best, which it could delay the initial blooming period of 4-6 d, delay the complete flowering stage 3-4 d, and increase the total flower ratio and fruit rate by 1.3%-14.3% and 5.4%-6.9%;in addition, it could also delay the initial flowering period from 2-3 d, but it could significantly reduce the fruit rate of apricot trees by 7.7%-9.0% by the 200 mg/L Abscisic acid, the 100-200 mg/L polyoxazole, and the 1 500-2 000 mg/L ethylene. In the spring, the injection of 50-100 mg/L Gibberellin did not delay the flowering period but increased the perfect flower ratio and the fruit rate to 11.6%-19.4% and 8.9%-10.9%. After the determination,the degradation rate of multi-effect on azole and naphthalene acetic acid was slow, in the physiological fruit period, fruit residue concentration was still higher than the national standard, after the fruit coloring period, 6 kinds of regulator residues in the fruit residues were lower than the national standard. Spraying 500-1 000 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid at the calyx stage could effectively delay of the flowering period of dry apricot on the tree, and there was no residue used in production in the mature fruit.The polyoxazole,cytoplasm,and ethylethylene could be used to delay the flowering stage, but the high mass concentration(100-200 mg/L polyoxazole, 1 500-2 000 mg/L ethylethylen) would seriously affect the fruit rate,so it would not be recommended.
引文
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[7] 董朝霞,叶明儿.植物生长调节剂在杏树上的应用[J].黑龙江农业科学,2013(6):156-157. DONG ZH X,YE M E.Application of plant growth regulator on apricot[J].Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2013(6):156-157.
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[9] 夏林喜,牛永波,李爱萍,等.浅谈木本植物物候观测要求及各物候期观测标准[J].山西气象,2006(2):47-48. XIA L X,NIU Y B,LI A P,et al.Discussion on the request and standard of woody plant phenological observation[J].Shanxi Meteorological Quarterly,2006(2):47-48.
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