城市湖泊氮磷沉降输入量及影响因子——以武汉东湖为例
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摘要
城市湖泊是受人类影响最严重生态系统之一,正面临着水体污染和生态系统退化的双重压力.研究氮、磷沉降输入量及影响因素对城市湖泊管理具有重要的实践意义.本文通过对中国最大的城市湖泊之一——武汉东湖进行为期1年的氮、磷沉降连续监测,研究了大气混合沉降对武汉东湖的氮、磷输入动态,并探讨了氮、磷沉降的影响因素.结果表明:武汉东湖大气氮、磷年沉降通量分别为22.80、1.37 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);总氮年沉降负荷为76.94 t·a~(-1),氨氮年沉降负荷为31.83 t·a~(-1),总磷年沉降负荷为4.61 t·a~(-1),分别占其东湖年入湖污染物的7.28%、7.61%和4.41%.从时间格局看,总氮沉降通量的季节性差异较为明显,表现为:春季(9.03 kg·hm~(-2))>夏季(6.01 kg·hm~(-2))>秋季(3.90 kg·hm~(-2))>冬季(3.86 kg·hm~(-2));而总磷沉降通量呈现出仅春季较高(0.52 kg·hm~(-2)),占全年的38%,其他三季总磷沉降通量变化较小的特征.相关性分析显示,氮、磷沉降负荷量与降雨量、降雨时间间隔及空气颗粒物浓度(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5))等因素呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈显著负相关.分析表明,随着控源、截污等措施对城市湖泊氮、磷输入的控制,氮、磷沉降对城市湖泊的生态影响应引起足够的重视.
Urban lake is one of the ecosystems vulnerable to the influence of anthropogenic activities, and is under a dual-threat from water pollution and ecosystem deterioration. Thus, it is of great practical significance to study the nitrogen and phosphorus deposition in urban lakes and the influencing factors. Based on a one-year monitoring nitrogen and phosphorus deposition in East Lake in Wuhan, the nitrogen and phosphorus input dynamics of East Lake and influencing factors were analyzed. Results show that the atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition fluxes of East Lake were 22.80 and 1.37 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) respectively. The annual deposition load of total nitrogen(TN), ammonia nitrogen(NH_3-N) and total phosphorus(TP) were 76.94, 31.83, and 4.61 t·a~(-1), which take up 7.28%, 7.61% and 4.41% of the annual TN, NH_3-N and TP pollution load in East lake respectively. From the time pattern, there is an obvious seasonal variation of total nitrogen deposition flux, i.e. spring(9.03 kg·hm~(-2))>summer(6.01 kg·hm~(-2))>autumn(3.90 kg·hm~(-2))>winter(3.86 kg·hm~(-2)). However, the seasonal variation of TP deposition flux shows higher only in spring(0.52 kg·hm~(-2)), which accounts for 38% of annual TP deposition. Correlation analysis results show that nitrogen and phosphorus deposition are positively correlated with rainfall, rainfall interval and air particulate matter(PM_(10), PM_(2.5)), and are negatively correlated with relative humidity. Our results suggest that enough attentions are needed on the ecological influences on urban lake caused by atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition, because their influence will become more and more serious.
Urban lake is one of the ecosystems vulnerable to the influence of anthropogenic activities, and is under a dual-threat from water pollution and ecosystem deterioration. Thus, it is of great practical significance to study the nitrogen and phosphorus deposition in urban lakes and the influencing factors. Based on a one-year monitoring nitrogen and phosphorus deposition in East Lake in Wuhan, the nitrogen and phosphorus input dynamics of East Lake and influencing factors were analyzed. Results show that the atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition fluxes of East Lake were 22.80 and 1.37 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) respectively. The annual deposition load of total nitrogen(TN), ammonia nitrogen(NH_3-N) and total phosphorus(TP) were 76.94, 31.83, and 4.61 t·a~(-1), which take up 7.28%, 7.61% and 4.41% of the annual TN, NH_3-N and TP pollution load in East lake respectively. From the time pattern, there is an obvious seasonal variation of total nitrogen deposition flux, i.e. spring(9.03 kg·hm~(-2))>summer(6.01 kg·hm~(-2))>autumn(3.90 kg·hm~(-2))>winter(3.86 kg·hm~(-2)). However, the seasonal variation of TP deposition flux shows higher only in spring(0.52 kg·hm~(-2)), which accounts for 38% of annual TP deposition. Correlation analysis results show that nitrogen and phosphorus deposition are positively correlated with rainfall, rainfall interval and air particulate matter(PM_(10), PM_(2.5)), and are negatively correlated with relative humidity. Our results suggest that enough attentions are needed on the ecological influences on urban lake caused by atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition, because their influence will become more and more serious.
引文
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宋玉芝,秦伯强、杨龙元,等.2005.大气湿沉降向太湖水生生态系统输送氮的初步估算[J].湖泊科学,17(3):226-230
孙丽英.2014.南京地区大气氮磷沉降及模拟氮沉降对土壤气体排放的影响研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.1-109
王小治,尹微琴,单玉华,等.2009.太湖地区湿沉降中氮磷输入量—以常熟生态站为例[J].应用生态学报,20(10):2487-2492
魏东霞,李璇,赵禹恒,等.2018.合肥科学岛大气氮磷沉降及对巢湖影响的分析[J].合肥工业大学学报,41(9):1260-1266
谢家兴,邱冠武,陈武瑞,等.2014.基于景区湖泊污染的多功能水域清理船设计[J].环境工程学报,8(6):2372-2375
徐晓峰,段欲晓.2002.北京地区PM10与气象条件分析[J].应用气象学报,13(增刊):300-303
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余功友,杨常亮,刘楷,等.2017.云南阳宗海大气氮、磷沉降特征[J].湖泊科学,29(5):1134-1142
余辉,张璐璐,燕姝雯,等.2011.太湖氮磷营养盐大气湿沉降特征及入湖贡献率[J].环境科学研究,24(11):1210-1219
张峰.2011.长乐江流域大气氮、磷沉降及其在区域营养物质循环中的贡献[D].杭州:浙江大学
张家瑞,杨逢乐,曾维华,等.2015.滇池流域水污染防治财政投资政策绩效评估[J].环境科学学报,35(2):596-601
张艳,王体健,胡正义,等.2004.典型大气污染物在不同下垫面上干沉积速率的动态变化及空间分布[J].气候与环境研究,9(4):591-604
赵海超,王圣瑞,焦立新,等.2013.2010年洱海全湖氮负荷时空分布特征[J].环境科学研究,26(4):389-395
赵健,代丹,王瑞,等.2019.太湖流域降雨和湖水酸根阴离子长期变化及其环境意义[J].湖泊科学,31(1):88-98
Chen Y X,Chen H Y,Wang W,et al.2015.Dissolved organic nitrogen in wet deposition in a coastal city (Keelung) of the southern east China Sea:Origin,molecular composition and flux[J].Atmospheric Environment,112:20-31
陈世博,汪亚峰,高扬,等.2017.黄土高原磷湿沉降特征及其对坝系流域磷输出影响—以羊圈沟为例[J].环境科学学报,37(2):721-728
邓绪伟,黄宇,李中强,等.2017.湖北省大气颗粒物浓度时空变化特征[J].环境工程学报,11(9):5152-5158
Fraser L,Stevens C.2008.Nitrogen deposition and loss of biological diversity:Agricultural land retirement as a policy response[J].Land Use Policy,25:455-463
Galloway J N,Townsend A R,Erisman J W,et al.2008.Transformation of the nitrogen cycle:Recent trends,questions,and potential solutions[J].Science,320:889-892
甘义群,郭永龙.2004.武汉东湖富营养化现状分析及治理对策[J].长江流域资源与环境,13(3):277-281
高会旺,姚小红,郭志刚,等.2014.大气沉降对海洋初级生产过程与氮循环的影响研究进展[J].地球科学进展,29(12):1325-1332
高晓栋,陈锡云,丁肇慰,等.2015.基于降水化学的北京城乡大气污染物差异探析[J].环境科学学报,35(12):4033-4042
郭怀成,刘永,戴永立.2004.小型城市湖泊生态系统预警技术—以武汉市汉阳地区为例[J].生态学杂志,23(4):175-178
胡敏,刘尚,吴志军,等.2006.北京夏季高温高湿和降水过程对大气颗粒物谱分布的影响[J].环境科学,27(11):2293-2298
焦立新,赵海超,王圣瑞,等.2013.2010 年洱海全湖磷负荷时空分布特征[J].环境科学研究,26(5):534-539
李春江,叶春,李春华,等.2015.太湖湖泊缓冲带不同类型草林复合系统中氮、磷的溶出与沉降特征[J].环境污染与防治,37(2):42-46
梁婷,同延安,林文,等.2014.陕西省不同生态区大气氮素干湿沉降的时空变异[J].生态学报,34(3):738-745
刘超明,万献军,曾伟坤,等.2018.洞庭湖大气氮湿沉降的时空变异[J].环境科学学报,38(3):1137-1146
刘大锰,马永胜,高少鹏,等.2005.北京市区春季燃烧源大气颗粒物的污染水平和影响因素[J].现代地质,19(4):627-633
刘涛,杨柳燕,胡志新,等.2012.太湖氮磷大气干湿沉降时空特征[J].环境监测管理与技术,24(6):20-24
Liu X J,Zhang Y,Han W X,et al.2013.Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China[J].Nature,494(7438):459-462
Migon C,Sandroni V.1999.Phosphorus in rainwater:Partitioning inputs and impact on the surface coastal ocean[J].Limnology Oceanography,44(4):1160-1165
盛文萍,于贵瑞,方华军,等.2010.大气氮沉降通量观测方法[J].生态学杂志,29(8):1671-1678
宋永会,于会彬,魏源送.2018.浑河中游沈阳区域水污染控制与治理的难点和关键技术—“浑河中游水污染控制与水环境综合整治技术集成与示范”专栏序言[J].环境科学学报,38(6):2119-2122
宋玉芝,秦伯强、杨龙元,等.2005.大气湿沉降向太湖水生生态系统输送氮的初步估算[J].湖泊科学,17(3):226-230
孙丽英.2014.南京地区大气氮磷沉降及模拟氮沉降对土壤气体排放的影响研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.1-109
王小治,尹微琴,单玉华,等.2009.太湖地区湿沉降中氮磷输入量—以常熟生态站为例[J].应用生态学报,20(10):2487-2492
魏东霞,李璇,赵禹恒,等.2018.合肥科学岛大气氮磷沉降及对巢湖影响的分析[J].合肥工业大学学报,41(9):1260-1266
谢家兴,邱冠武,陈武瑞,等.2014.基于景区湖泊污染的多功能水域清理船设计[J].环境工程学报,8(6):2372-2375
徐晓峰,段欲晓.2002.北京地区PM10与气象条件分析[J].应用气象学报,13(增刊):300-303
严国安,谭智群,任南.1994.武汉东湖水环境汚染状况及巧制和恢复对策[J].环境科学与技术,(4):19-23
余功友,杨常亮,刘楷,等.2017.云南阳宗海大气氮、磷沉降特征[J].湖泊科学,29(5):1134-1142
余辉,张璐璐,燕姝雯,等.2011.太湖氮磷营养盐大气湿沉降特征及入湖贡献率[J].环境科学研究,24(11):1210-1219
张峰.2011.长乐江流域大气氮、磷沉降及其在区域营养物质循环中的贡献[D].杭州:浙江大学
张家瑞,杨逢乐,曾维华,等.2015.滇池流域水污染防治财政投资政策绩效评估[J].环境科学学报,35(2):596-601
张艳,王体健,胡正义,等.2004.典型大气污染物在不同下垫面上干沉积速率的动态变化及空间分布[J].气候与环境研究,9(4):591-604
赵海超,王圣瑞,焦立新,等.2013.2010年洱海全湖氮负荷时空分布特征[J].环境科学研究,26(4):389-395
赵健,代丹,王瑞,等.2019.太湖流域降雨和湖水酸根阴离子长期变化及其环境意义[J].湖泊科学,31(1):88-98
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