模拟降雨条件下玉米马铃薯间作对降雨入渗量的影响
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摘要
为研究间作对土壤侵蚀的调控机制,采用人工模拟降雨方法分析了生育期内玉米马铃薯间作及起垄在不同降雨强度(40,80 mm/h)和坡度(10°,15°)下的降雨入渗规律。结果表明:(1)生育期内同一坡度同一降雨条件下玉米马铃薯间作的降雨入渗结束时间比单作玉米推迟,入渗开始时间差别不明显;玉米马铃薯间作的入渗量高于单作玉米(P<0.01),而与单作马铃薯差异不显著(P>0.05)。生育期内40,80 mm/h雨强下间作的入渗量比单作玉米分别增加了25.75%～69.07%和21.76%～50.95%。同一雨强下间作的入渗速率高于单作玉米,但与单作马铃薯差别不明显。(2)生育期内间作高垄的入渗量高于间作低垄(P>0.05)、单作玉米高垄(P<0.01)和单作玉米低垄(P<0.01)。生育期内40 mm/h雨强下间作高垄、间作低垄、单作玉米高垄的入渗量分别比单作玉米低垄增加了10.10%～28.14%,25.75%～65.96%,41.59%～75.46%;80 mm/h雨强下间作高垄、间作低垄、单作玉米高垄的入渗量分别比单作玉米低垄增加了9.12%～18.03%,21.76%～44.34%,36.45%～57.05%。间作增加了降雨过程中水分的渗入,减少地表径流的发生,为深入认识作物栽培控制土壤侵蚀的机理提供参考依据。此外,间作条件下起垄能有效增加降雨入渗量,这对于区域水资源管理以及农业的可持续发展具有重要的指导意义。
In order to study the regulation mechanism of intercropping on soil erosion, the rainfall infiltration rules of maize-potato intercropping and ridging under different rainfall intensities(40 and 80 mm/h) and slope gradients(10° and 15°) were evaluated by stimulated rainfall method. The results suggested that:(1) The infiltration terminal time of maize-potato intercropping(IC) was later than that of maize sole crop(MC) under the same slope and rainfall condition during the growth period, and the difference of infiltration start time was not significant. During the experimental periods, the infiltration amount of IC was significantly higher than that of MC(P < 0.01), but not significantly different from that of potato sole crop(PC)(P>0.05). During the growth period, the infiltration amount of IC were 25.75% ～ 69.07% and 21.76% ～ 50.95% higher than that of MC under the rainfall intensities of 40 mm/h and 80 mm/h, respectively, The infiltration rate of IC was higher than that of MC under the same rainfall intensity, but there was no significant difference between IC and PC.(2) The infiltration amount of intercropping with high ridging(IC+HR) was significantly higher than those of intercropping with low ridging(IC+LR)(P>0.05), maize sole crop with high ridging(MC+HR)(P<0.01) and maize sole crop with low ridging(MC+LR)(P<0.01). Under the rainfall intensity of 40 mm/h, infiltration amount of IC+LR, IC+HR and MC+HR was 10.10% ～ 28.14%, 25.75% ～ 65.96% and 41.59% ～ 75.46% higher than that of MC+LR, respectively, while under the rainfall intensity of 80 mm/h, the corresponding values were 9.12% ～ 18.03%, 21.76% ～ 44.34% and 36.45% ～ 57.05%, respectively. Thereby, intercropping increased rainfall infiltration and reduced the occurrence of surface runoff, which provided an important reference for understanding the mechanism of soil erosion controlling by crop cultivation. In addition, intercropping with high ridging could effectively increase rainfall infiltration, which was important for guiding regional water resources management and sustainable development of agriculture.
In order to study the regulation mechanism of intercropping on soil erosion, the rainfall infiltration rules of maize-potato intercropping and ridging under different rainfall intensities(40 and 80 mm/h) and slope gradients(10° and 15°) were evaluated by stimulated rainfall method. The results suggested that:(1) The infiltration terminal time of maize-potato intercropping(IC) was later than that of maize sole crop(MC) under the same slope and rainfall condition during the growth period, and the difference of infiltration start time was not significant. During the experimental periods, the infiltration amount of IC was significantly higher than that of MC(P < 0.01), but not significantly different from that of potato sole crop(PC)(P>0.05). During the growth period, the infiltration amount of IC were 25.75% ～ 69.07% and 21.76% ～ 50.95% higher than that of MC under the rainfall intensities of 40 mm/h and 80 mm/h, respectively, The infiltration rate of IC was higher than that of MC under the same rainfall intensity, but there was no significant difference between IC and PC.(2) The infiltration amount of intercropping with high ridging(IC+HR) was significantly higher than those of intercropping with low ridging(IC+LR)(P>0.05), maize sole crop with high ridging(MC+HR)(P<0.01) and maize sole crop with low ridging(MC+LR)(P<0.01). Under the rainfall intensity of 40 mm/h, infiltration amount of IC+LR, IC+HR and MC+HR was 10.10% ～ 28.14%, 25.75% ～ 65.96% and 41.59% ～ 75.46% higher than that of MC+LR, respectively, while under the rainfall intensity of 80 mm/h, the corresponding values were 9.12% ～ 18.03%, 21.76% ～ 44.34% and 36.45% ～ 57.05%, respectively. Thereby, intercropping increased rainfall infiltration and reduced the occurrence of surface runoff, which provided an important reference for understanding the mechanism of soil erosion controlling by crop cultivation. In addition, intercropping with high ridging could effectively increase rainfall infiltration, which was important for guiding regional water resources management and sustainable development of agriculture.
引文
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[4] Whitmore A P,Schr?der J J.Intercropping reduces nitrate leaching from under field crops without loss of yield:A modelling study [J].European Journal of Agronomy,2007,27(1):81-88.
[5] Bashagaluke J B,Logah V,Opoku A,et al.Soil nutrient loss through erosion:Impact of different cropping systems and soil amendments in Ghana [J].PLoS One,2018,13(12):e0208250.
[6] Wang Z,Bao X,Li X,et al.Intercropping maintains soil fertility in terms of chemical properties and enzyme activities on a timescale of one decade [J].Plant and Soil,2015,391(1/2):265-282.
[7] Fan Z,An T,Wu K,et al.Effects of intercropping of maize and potato on sloping land on the water balance and surface runoff [J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,166:9-16.
[8] Wu G L,Yang Z,Cui Z,et al.Mixed artificial grasslands with more roots improved mine soil infiltration capacity [J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,535:54-60.
[9] Ghestem M,Veylon G,Bernard A,et al.Influence of plant root system morphology and architectural traits on soil shear resistance [J].Plant and Soil,2014,377(1/2):43-61.
[10] Cong W F,Hoffland E,Li L,et al.Intercropping enhances soil carbon and nitrogen [J].Global Change Biology,2015,21(4):1715-1726.
[11] Govers G,Takken I,Helming K.Soil roughness and overland flow [J].Agronomie,2000,20(2):131-146.
[12] Darboux F,Gascuel-Odoux C,Davy P.Effects of surface water storage by soil roughness on overland-flow generation [J].Earth Surface Processes & Landforms,2002,27(3):223-233.
[13] Zheng Z,He S,Wu F.Changes of soil surface roughness under water erosion process [J].Hydrological Processes,2014,28(12):3919-3929.
[14] Archer N A L,Otten W,Schmidt S,et al.Rainfall infiltration and soil hydrological characteristics below ancient forest,planted forest and grassland in a temperate northern climate [J].Ecohydrology,2016,9(4):585-600.
[15] Zhao L,Wang L,Liang X,et al.Soil surface roughness effects on infiltration process of a cultivated slopes on the loess plateau of China [J].Water Resources Management,2013,27(14):4759-4771.
[16] Rosa J D,Cooper M,Darboux F,et al.Soil roughness evolution in different tillage systems under simulated rainfall using a semivariogram-based index [J].Soil and Tillage Research,2012,124(4):226-232.
[17] Jian W,Watts D B,Meng Q,et al.Influence of surface crusting on infiltration of a loess plateau soil [J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2016,80(3):683-692.
[18] Ziadat F M,Taimeh A Y.Effect of rainfall intensity,slope,land use and antecedent soil moisture on soil erosion in an arid environment [J].Land Degradation & Development,2013,24(6):582-590.
[19] Peng W,Zhang Z,Zhang K.Hydrodynamic characteristics of rill flow on steep slopes [J].Hydrological Processes,2015,29(17):3677-3686.
[20] Wei W,Chen L,Fu B,et al.The effect of land uses and rainfall regimes on runoff and soil erosion in the semi-arid loess hilly area,China [J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,335(3/4):247-258.
[21] 吴发启,赵西宁,佘雕.坡耕地土壤水分入渗影响因素分析[J].水土保持通报,2003,23(1):16-18.
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