天然降雨下川中丘陵区不同年限植物篱水土保持效用
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摘要
通过对遂宁水土保持试验站内不同坡度(10°和15°)植物篱小区及对应对照小区为期7年的水土流失定位观测,探究了天然降雨条件下香根草植物篱和新银合欢植物篱在其生长年限增长过程中对紫色土坡耕地水土流失的影响。结果表明:(1)当植物篱开始发挥其水土保持作用时,减流率(年均)达10.5%～20.0%,减沙率(年均)达53.5%～54.5%,减流作用随年限增长波动较大,减沙作用逐渐趋稳;(2)10°香根草植物篱水土保持效果最优,其减流和减沙作用均在生长年限为1年时开始发挥,10°新银合欢植物篱次之,其减沙作用较减流作用提前约1年凸显,15°香根草植物篱最弱,其布设小区多数次降雨减流率均明显低于10°植物篱小区;(3)总体上植物篱能够降低坡度对坡耕地水土流失的加剧作用,其中径流流失减少28.9%,泥沙流失减少11.3%,并削弱降雨量与径流泥沙的相关程度;(4)平均径流系数和降雨引发泥沙量随植物篱年限增长逐渐趋稳,其中10°小区香根草植物篱和新银合欢植物篱对特大暴雨(12 h降水总量>140.0 mm)和大暴雨(12 h降水总量为70～140 mm)下产生的径流系数消减明显,达15.0%～34.4%,各植物篱对所有降雨等级平均单位降雨所产生泥沙量均有明显消减作用,达34.1%～48.5%。
By analyzing the soil and water loss monitoring observation data(2010—2016) of the Suining Soil and Water Conservation Experimental Station, this article studied the effects of Vetiveria zizanioides and Leucaena leucocephala hedgerows with different planting years which were layout in purple sloping farmland under natural rainfall conditions. The results showed that:(1) During the study period, when the hedgerows began to play its soil and water conservation role, the average annual runoff reduction rate reached 10.5% ～ 20.0%, and the average annual sediment reduction rate reached 53.5% ～ 54.5%. The reduction rates of hedgerows on average annual runoff fluctuated in different planting years, but its effect on reducing sediment gradually stabilized.(2) The Vetiveria zizanioides hedgerow(10°) showed the best influence on soil and water conservation, giving its reduction effects on runoff and sediment in its first planting year. Leucaena leucocephala hedgerows(10°) gave the inferior effectiveness on soil and water conservation, which sediment-reducing effect was one-year earlier than the runoff-reducing effect. The effects of Vetiveria zizanioides hedgerows(15°) were the worst, showing the lower runoff reduction rates than others.(3) In general, hedgerows could weaken the effects of slope gradients on soil and water loss on sloping farmland, in which runoff loss was decreased by 28.9%, sediment loss by 11.3%, and could also weaken the correlation between rainfall and runoff and sediment.(4) The runoff coefficient and sediment loss caused by the rainfall in hedgerow plots gradually stabilized with the increasing planting years. Torrential rain(12 hours precipitation over 140.0 mm) caused the highest runoff coefficient, followed by heavy rain(12 hours precipitation between 70 ～ 140 mm), the runoff coefficient caused by torrential rain and heavy rain were reduced by 15.0% ～ 34.4% in the Vetiveria zizanioides hedgerow(10°) and Leucaena leucocephala hedgerow(10°) plots. The average sediment loss per millimeter of rainfall,was decreased by 34.1%～48.5% in hedgerow plots.
By analyzing the soil and water loss monitoring observation data(2010—2016) of the Suining Soil and Water Conservation Experimental Station, this article studied the effects of Vetiveria zizanioides and Leucaena leucocephala hedgerows with different planting years which were layout in purple sloping farmland under natural rainfall conditions. The results showed that:(1) During the study period, when the hedgerows began to play its soil and water conservation role, the average annual runoff reduction rate reached 10.5% ～ 20.0%, and the average annual sediment reduction rate reached 53.5% ～ 54.5%. The reduction rates of hedgerows on average annual runoff fluctuated in different planting years, but its effect on reducing sediment gradually stabilized.(2) The Vetiveria zizanioides hedgerow(10°) showed the best influence on soil and water conservation, giving its reduction effects on runoff and sediment in its first planting year. Leucaena leucocephala hedgerows(10°) gave the inferior effectiveness on soil and water conservation, which sediment-reducing effect was one-year earlier than the runoff-reducing effect. The effects of Vetiveria zizanioides hedgerows(15°) were the worst, showing the lower runoff reduction rates than others.(3) In general, hedgerows could weaken the effects of slope gradients on soil and water loss on sloping farmland, in which runoff loss was decreased by 28.9%, sediment loss by 11.3%, and could also weaken the correlation between rainfall and runoff and sediment.(4) The runoff coefficient and sediment loss caused by the rainfall in hedgerow plots gradually stabilized with the increasing planting years. Torrential rain(12 hours precipitation over 140.0 mm) caused the highest runoff coefficient, followed by heavy rain(12 hours precipitation between 70 ～ 140 mm), the runoff coefficient caused by torrential rain and heavy rain were reduced by 15.0% ～ 34.4% in the Vetiveria zizanioides hedgerow(10°) and Leucaena leucocephala hedgerow(10°) plots. The average sediment loss per millimeter of rainfall,was decreased by 34.1%～48.5% in hedgerow plots.
引文
[1] 刘定辉.紫色丘陵区蓑草植物篱防治水土流失的效应及机理[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2006.
[2] Narain P,Singh R K,Sindhwal N S,et al.Agroforestry for soil and water conservation in the western Himalayan Valley Region of India 1.Runoff,soil and nutrient losses [J].Agroforestry Systems,1997,39(2):175-189.
[3] 涂仕华,陈一兵,朱青,等.经济植物篱在防治长江上游坡耕地水土流失中的作用及效果[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6):1-5.
[4] Kiepe P.Effect of cassia siamea hedgerow barriers on soil physical properties [J].Geoderma,1995,66(1):113-120.
[5] Lenka N K,Dass A,Sudhishri S,et al.Soil carbon sequestration and erosion control potential of hedgerows and grass filter strips in sloping agricultural lands of eastern India [J].Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2012,158(6):31-40.
[6] Adhikary P P,Hombegowda H C,Barman D,et al.Soil erosion control and carbon sequestration in shifting cultivated degraded highlands of eastern India:Performance of two contour hedgerow systems [J].Agroforestry Systems,2017,91(4):757-771.
[7] 周洋,姜敏,李梦雨,等.湘中丘陵区紫色土坡耕地水土保持措施效益的试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(6):134-138.
[8] 胡晚枚,熊康宁,向廷杰,等.贵州喀斯特高原山地植物篱物种选择与试验示范[J].济南大学学报(自然科学版),2017,31(5):445-451.
[9] 何丙辉,陈晶晶,向明辉,等.不同生长年限的植物篱对坡耕地紫色土土壤侵蚀和土壤有机质的影响[J].三峡生态环境监测,2016,1(1):36-45.
[10] 程冬兵,蔡崇法.等高绿篱技术保水抗旱效益研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(5):793-797.
[11] 马星,王文武,郑江坤,等.植物篱措施对紫色土坡耕地产流产沙及微地形的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(6):85-89.
[12] Lin C W,Tu S H,Huang J J,et al.The effect of plant hedgerows on the spatial distribution of soil erosion and soil fertility on sloping farmland in the purple-soil area of China [J].Soil and Tillage Research,2009,105(2):307-312.
[13] 曾宪海,王真辉,谢贵水,等.幼龄胶园间种新银合欢对胶树生长和土壤肥力影响[J].热带农业科学,2001(4):1-3.
[14] 卜崇峰,蔡强国,袁再健.三峡库区等高植物篱的控蚀效益及其机制[J].中国水土保持科学,2006,4(4):14-18.
[15] 李建兴,何丙辉,梅雪梅,等.紫色土区坡耕地不同种植模式对土壤渗透性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(3):725-731.
[16] 黄鑫,蒲晓君,郑江坤,等.不同植物篱对紫色土区坡耕地表层土壤理化性质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(4):173-177.
[17] 谌芸,何丙辉,向明辉,等.紫色土坡耕地植物篱的水土保持效应研究[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(2):47-52.
[18] 中华人民共和国水利部.SL 419—2007水土保持试验规程[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008:15-21.
[19] 常松果,胡雪琴,史东梅,等.不同土壤管理措施下坡耕地产流产沙和氮磷流失特征[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):34-40.
[20] Wallace B M,Krzic M,Newman R F,et al.Soil aggregate dynamics and plant community response after bio solids application in a semiarid grassland [J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2016,45(5):1663-1671.
[21] 中华人民共和国水利部.GB/T 15774—2008水土保持综合治理效益计算方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.
[22] 国家防汛抗旱总指挥部.国家气象局颁布的降水强度等级划分标准[EB/OL].(2008-10-07)[2018-09-03].http://www.gov.cn/ztzl/2008tffy/content_1113935.htm.
[23] 黄传伟,牛德奎,黄顶,等.草篱对坡耕地水土流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(6):40-43.
[24] 李新平,王兆骞,陈欣,等.红壤坡耕地人工模拟降雨条件下植物篱笆水土保持效益及机理研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):36-40.
[25] 邵明安,张兴昌.坡面土壤养分与降雨、径流的相互作用机理及模型[J].世界科技研究与发展,2001,23(2):7-12.
[26] 中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,1997,10(2):132.
[27] 尹迪信,唐华彬,朱青,等.植物篱逐步梯化技术试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(2):84-87.
[28] 林锦阔,李子君,许海超,等.降雨因子对沂蒙山区不同土地利用方式径流小区产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(5):7-12.
[29] 高磊,饶良懿,崔飞波,等.太行山土石山区侵蚀性降雨对典型植物措施产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(1):5-11.
[30] 刘月娇.不同降雨强度和纱网覆盖下紫色土坡耕地水土流失与养分输出特征[D].重庆:西南大学,2016.
[31] 郑子成,李廷轩,张锡洲,等.模拟降雨条件下玉米植株对降雨再分配的作用[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(4):72-76.
[32] 谌芸.植物篱对紫色土水土特性的效应及作用机理[D].重庆:西南大学,2012.
[2] Narain P,Singh R K,Sindhwal N S,et al.Agroforestry for soil and water conservation in the western Himalayan Valley Region of India 1.Runoff,soil and nutrient losses [J].Agroforestry Systems,1997,39(2):175-189.
[3] 涂仕华,陈一兵,朱青,等.经济植物篱在防治长江上游坡耕地水土流失中的作用及效果[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6):1-5.
[4] Kiepe P.Effect of cassia siamea hedgerow barriers on soil physical properties [J].Geoderma,1995,66(1):113-120.
[5] Lenka N K,Dass A,Sudhishri S,et al.Soil carbon sequestration and erosion control potential of hedgerows and grass filter strips in sloping agricultural lands of eastern India [J].Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2012,158(6):31-40.
[6] Adhikary P P,Hombegowda H C,Barman D,et al.Soil erosion control and carbon sequestration in shifting cultivated degraded highlands of eastern India:Performance of two contour hedgerow systems [J].Agroforestry Systems,2017,91(4):757-771.
[7] 周洋,姜敏,李梦雨,等.湘中丘陵区紫色土坡耕地水土保持措施效益的试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(6):134-138.
[8] 胡晚枚,熊康宁,向廷杰,等.贵州喀斯特高原山地植物篱物种选择与试验示范[J].济南大学学报(自然科学版),2017,31(5):445-451.
[9] 何丙辉,陈晶晶,向明辉,等.不同生长年限的植物篱对坡耕地紫色土土壤侵蚀和土壤有机质的影响[J].三峡生态环境监测,2016,1(1):36-45.
[10] 程冬兵,蔡崇法.等高绿篱技术保水抗旱效益研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(5):793-797.
[11] 马星,王文武,郑江坤,等.植物篱措施对紫色土坡耕地产流产沙及微地形的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(6):85-89.
[12] Lin C W,Tu S H,Huang J J,et al.The effect of plant hedgerows on the spatial distribution of soil erosion and soil fertility on sloping farmland in the purple-soil area of China [J].Soil and Tillage Research,2009,105(2):307-312.
[13] 曾宪海,王真辉,谢贵水,等.幼龄胶园间种新银合欢对胶树生长和土壤肥力影响[J].热带农业科学,2001(4):1-3.
[14] 卜崇峰,蔡强国,袁再健.三峡库区等高植物篱的控蚀效益及其机制[J].中国水土保持科学,2006,4(4):14-18.
[15] 李建兴,何丙辉,梅雪梅,等.紫色土区坡耕地不同种植模式对土壤渗透性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(3):725-731.
[16] 黄鑫,蒲晓君,郑江坤,等.不同植物篱对紫色土区坡耕地表层土壤理化性质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(4):173-177.
[17] 谌芸,何丙辉,向明辉,等.紫色土坡耕地植物篱的水土保持效应研究[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(2):47-52.
[18] 中华人民共和国水利部.SL 419—2007水土保持试验规程[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008:15-21.
[19] 常松果,胡雪琴,史东梅,等.不同土壤管理措施下坡耕地产流产沙和氮磷流失特征[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):34-40.
[20] Wallace B M,Krzic M,Newman R F,et al.Soil aggregate dynamics and plant community response after bio solids application in a semiarid grassland [J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2016,45(5):1663-1671.
[21] 中华人民共和国水利部.GB/T 15774—2008水土保持综合治理效益计算方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.
[22] 国家防汛抗旱总指挥部.国家气象局颁布的降水强度等级划分标准[EB/OL].(2008-10-07)[2018-09-03].http://www.gov.cn/ztzl/2008tffy/content_1113935.htm.
[23] 黄传伟,牛德奎,黄顶,等.草篱对坡耕地水土流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(6):40-43.
[24] 李新平,王兆骞,陈欣,等.红壤坡耕地人工模拟降雨条件下植物篱笆水土保持效益及机理研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):36-40.
[25] 邵明安,张兴昌.坡面土壤养分与降雨、径流的相互作用机理及模型[J].世界科技研究与发展,2001,23(2):7-12.
[26] 中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,1997,10(2):132.
[27] 尹迪信,唐华彬,朱青,等.植物篱逐步梯化技术试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(2):84-87.
[28] 林锦阔,李子君,许海超,等.降雨因子对沂蒙山区不同土地利用方式径流小区产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(5):7-12.
[29] 高磊,饶良懿,崔飞波,等.太行山土石山区侵蚀性降雨对典型植物措施产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(1):5-11.
[30] 刘月娇.不同降雨强度和纱网覆盖下紫色土坡耕地水土流失与养分输出特征[D].重庆:西南大学,2016.
[31] 郑子成,李廷轩,张锡洲,等.模拟降雨条件下玉米植株对降雨再分配的作用[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(4):72-76.
[32] 谌芸.植物篱对紫色土水土特性的效应及作用机理[D].重庆:西南大学,2012.
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