开花灌浆期小麦叶片奢侈蒸腾发生的土壤水分阈值试验研究
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摘要
奢侈蒸腾耗水对作物光合及产量形成贡献较低,而开花灌浆期是冬小麦产量形成的关键期,精准调控作物蒸腾耗水、明确影响奢侈蒸腾的土壤水分阈值,对提高冬小麦的水分利用效率至关重要。本研究以冬小麦品种‘石新828’为材料,在人工气候生长箱进行盆栽试验,定量研究土壤水分对作物气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响,明确开花灌浆期奢侈蒸腾产生的土壤水分阈值。结果表明:气孔导度与土壤水吸力关系密切,在土壤水吸力较低时,气孔导度随土壤水吸力增加而迅速降低,而土壤水吸力较高时,气孔导度降低速度变缓。光合速率随土壤水吸力增加以抛物线的形式递减,当土壤水吸力低于1.2 MPa时,光合速率接近最大值,随后土壤水吸力继续增加,光合速率逐渐降低。蒸腾速率随着土壤水吸力增加呈线性递减,降低速率为2.3mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·MPa-1。光合速率与蒸腾速率的关系符合米氏方程,蒸腾速率低于2.179 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时,光合速率随蒸腾速率线性增加,当蒸腾速率高于此值时,单位光合速率的增加变缓,奢侈蒸腾开始产生,此值所对应的土壤水吸力为1.76MPa,此时叶片光合速率处于较高(16μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)左右)水平,叶片水平水分利用效率(WUEL)达到最高7.3μmol(CO_2)·mmol-1(H_2O)。综上所述,小麦叶片奢侈蒸腾的发生始于水分利用效率从最高转向降低、光合速率处于较高水平而非最大。通过光合随蒸腾变化的米氏方程关系及蒸腾与土壤水吸力的线性关系,可以确定土壤水吸力1.76 MPa为小麦开花灌浆期叶片奢侈蒸腾发生的土壤水分阈值。
Luxury transpiration water consumption has a lower contribution to the formation of photosynthetic products and crop yield, and the flowering and filling stage is the key period for the yield of winter wheat. In order to efficiently and accurately regulate the transpiration of crops, to determine the soil moisture threshold affecting luxury transpiration is important. In this study, the winter wheat variety ‘Shixin 828' was used as study material. Pot experiments were carried out in an artificial climate growth box. The effects of soil moisture on stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of crops were quantitatively studied in order to define soil moisture threshold for luxury transpiration at flowering and filling stage. The results showed that the stomatal conductance was closely related to soil water suction. When soil water suction was low, stomatal conductance decreased rapidly with the increase in soil water suction. When soil water suction was high, stomatal conductance decreased slowly. When water suction was less than 1.2 MPa, the photosynthetic rate was close to the maximum value. Then as water suction increased, the photosynthetic rate decreased gradually in the form of a parabola. The transpiration rate decreased linearly with a reduction rate of 2.3 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·MPa-1 as soil water suction increased. The coupling relationship between photosynthesis and transpiration was described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. When the transpiration rate was lower than KTr=2.179 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1), the photosynthetic rate increased linearly with the transpiration rate; but when the transpiration rate was higher than KTr, the increase in net photosynthetic rate became slower, and luxury transpiration occurred.When soil water suction corresponded to the luxury transpiration threshold of KTr(1.76 MPa), the leaf photosynthetic rate was at a high level(about 16 μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)), and the leaf water use efficiency(WUEL) was at the highest level [7.3 μmol(CO_2)·mmol-1(H_2O)]. In summary, the luxury transpiration of wheat leaf started with a shift from the highest WUEL to lower while photosynthetic rate maintaining a rather higher level. Based on the Michaelis-Menten equation, the relationship between photosynthesis and transpiration, and the linear relationship between transpiration and soil water suction, soil water suction of 1.76 MPa was found to be the soil water threshold for the start point of luxury transpiration of wheat leaves during the flowering and filling stage.
Luxury transpiration water consumption has a lower contribution to the formation of photosynthetic products and crop yield, and the flowering and filling stage is the key period for the yield of winter wheat. In order to efficiently and accurately regulate the transpiration of crops, to determine the soil moisture threshold affecting luxury transpiration is important. In this study, the winter wheat variety ‘Shixin 828' was used as study material. Pot experiments were carried out in an artificial climate growth box. The effects of soil moisture on stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of crops were quantitatively studied in order to define soil moisture threshold for luxury transpiration at flowering and filling stage. The results showed that the stomatal conductance was closely related to soil water suction. When soil water suction was low, stomatal conductance decreased rapidly with the increase in soil water suction. When soil water suction was high, stomatal conductance decreased slowly. When water suction was less than 1.2 MPa, the photosynthetic rate was close to the maximum value. Then as water suction increased, the photosynthetic rate decreased gradually in the form of a parabola. The transpiration rate decreased linearly with a reduction rate of 2.3 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·MPa-1 as soil water suction increased. The coupling relationship between photosynthesis and transpiration was described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. When the transpiration rate was lower than KTr=2.179 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1), the photosynthetic rate increased linearly with the transpiration rate; but when the transpiration rate was higher than KTr, the increase in net photosynthetic rate became slower, and luxury transpiration occurred.When soil water suction corresponded to the luxury transpiration threshold of KTr(1.76 MPa), the leaf photosynthetic rate was at a high level(about 16 μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)), and the leaf water use efficiency(WUEL) was at the highest level [7.3 μmol(CO_2)·mmol-1(H_2O)]. In summary, the luxury transpiration of wheat leaf started with a shift from the highest WUEL to lower while photosynthetic rate maintaining a rather higher level. Based on the Michaelis-Menten equation, the relationship between photosynthesis and transpiration, and the linear relationship between transpiration and soil water suction, soil water suction of 1.76 MPa was found to be the soil water threshold for the start point of luxury transpiration of wheat leaves during the flowering and filling stage.
引文
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[3]陆红娜,康绍忠,杜太生,等.农业绿色高效节水研究现状与未来发展趋势[J].农学学报,2018,8(1):163-170LU H N,KANG S Z,DU T S,et al.Current status and future research trend on water-saving high-efficiency and eco-friendly agriculture[J].Journal of Agriculture,2018,8(1):163-170
[4]康绍忠,霍再林,李万红.旱区农业高效用水及生态环境效应研究现状与展望[J].中国科学基金,2016,30(3):208-212KANG S Z,HUO Z L,LI W H.High-efficient water use and eco-environmental impacts in agriculture in arid regions:Advance and future strategies[J].Bulletin of National Natural Science Foundation of China,2016,30(3):208-212
[5]董宝娣,刘会灵,王亚凯,等.作物高效用水生理生态调控机制研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2018,26(10):1465-1475DONG B D,LIU H L,WANG Y K,et al.Physio-ecological regulating mechanisms for highly efficient water use of crops[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2018,26(10):1465-1475
[6]孟兆江,段爱旺,王景雷,等.调亏灌溉对冬小麦不同生育阶段水分蒸散的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,48(1):198-202MENG Z J,DUAN A W,WANG J L,et al.Effect of regulated deficit irrigation on evapotranspiration at different growth stages in winter wheat[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,48(1):198-202
[7]张薇,司徒淞,王和洲.节水农业的土壤水分调控与标准研究[J].农业工程学报,1996,12(2):27-31ZHANG W,Situ S,WANG H Z.Study on soil moisture regulating and criterion for water-saving agriculture[J].Transactions of CSAE,1996,12(2):27-31
[8]孙景生,刘祖贵,肖俊夫,等.冬小麦节水灌溉的适宜土壤水分上、下限指标研究[J].中国农村水利水电,1998,(9):10-12SUN J S,LIU Z G,XIAO J F,et al.Study on suitable soil moisture and lower and upper limit indexes of winter wheat water saving irrigation[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,1998,(9):10-12
[9]吴海卿,段爱旺,杨传福.冬小麦对不同土壤水分的生理和形态响应[J].华北农学报,2000,15(1):92-96WU H Q,DUAN A W,YANG C F.Physiological and morphological responses of winter wheat to soil moisture[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2000,15(1):92-96
[10]卢振民,牛文元,张翼.土壤水分含量对冬小麦气孔开启程度的影响[J].植物学报,1986,28(4):419-426LU Z M,NIU W Y,ZHANG Y.Field studies of the wheat stomata resistance influenced by soil water content[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,1986,28(4):419-426
[11]GALLéá,CSISZáR J,BENYóD,et al.Isohydric and anisohydric strategies of wheat genotypes under osmotic stress:Biosynthesis and function of ABA in stress responses[J].Journal of Plant Physiology,2013,170(16):1389-1399
[12]COWAN I R,FARQUHAR G D.Stomatal function in relation to leaf metabolism and environment[J].Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology,1977,31:471-505
[13]张喜英,裴冬,由懋正.几种作物的生理指标对土壤水分变动的阈值反应[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(3):280-283ZHANG X Y,PEI D,YOU M Z.Response of leaf water potential,photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to varying soil moisture in four crops:Winter wheat,corn,sorghum and millet[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2000,24(3):280-283
[14]方文松,刘荣花,邓天宏.冬小麦生长发育的适宜土壤含水量[J].中国农业气象,2010,31(S1):73-76FANG W S,LIU R H,DENG T H.Study on reasonable soil moisture indexes of growth and development for winter wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2010,31(S1):73-76
[15]赵叶萌,李玉中,刘晓英,等.冬小麦节水高产的土壤水分阈值及其动态[J].中国农业气象,2015,36(5):536-543ZHAO Y M,LI Y Z,LIU X Y,et al.Soil water threshold and its dynamics of winter wheat aiming water-saving and high yield[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2015,36(5):536-543
[16]许贵民,刘育慧,栾雨时,等.塑料大棚黄瓜节水灌溉的研究[J].农业工程学报,1990,6(2):56-63XU G M,LIU Y H,LUAN Y S,et al.Study on irrigation with saving water for growing cucumber in plastic house[J].Transactions of CASE,1990,6(2):56-63
[17]黄明斌,邵明安.不同有效土壤水势下植物叶水势与蒸腾速率的关系[J].水利学报,1996,(3):1-6HUANG M B,SHAO M A.The relationship between transpiration rates and leaf water potentials in plants under various effective soil water potential[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1996,(3):1-6
[18]马强,宇万太,沈善敏,等.旱地农田水肥效应研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(3):665-673MA Q,YU W T,SHEN S M,et al.Research advances in water-fertilizer effect on dry land farmland[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(3):665-673
[19]孙宏勇,刘昌明,张永强,等.微型蒸发器测定土面蒸发的试验研究[J].水利学报,2004,(8):114-118SUN H Y,LIU C M,ZHANG Y Q,et al.Study on soil evaporation by using micro-lysimeter[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004,(8):114-118
[20]杨文文,张学培,王洪英.晋西黄土区刺槐蒸腾、光合与水分利用的试验研究[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(1):72-75YANG W W,ZHANG X P,WANG H Y.Study on Robinia pseudoscacia L.transpiration,photosynthesis and water use efficiency[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,13(1):72-75
[21]纪莎莎.基于作物叶片尺度水分高效利用的气孔最优调控机理研究与应用[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017JI S S.Research and application of the optimal stomatal regulation mechanism based on the crop efficient water use at leaf scale[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017
[22]赵风华,王秋凤,王建林,等.小麦和玉米叶片光合-蒸腾日变化耦合机理[J].生态学报,2011,31(24):7526-7532ZHAO F H,WANG Q F,WANG J L,et al.Photosynthesis-transpiration coupling mechanism of wheat and maize during daily variation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(24):7526-7532
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