雨强和植被覆盖度对红壤坡面产流产沙的影响
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摘要
为探究雨强和植被覆盖度对花岗岩红壤坡面产流产沙的影响,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,分析了不同雨强(0.5,1.0,1.5 mm/min)和植被覆盖度(0,20%,40%,60%)下坡面侵蚀的产流、产沙规律及相关关系。结果表明:(1)同一雨强下,初始产流时间随植被覆盖度增加而延迟,并随雨强增大而提前,雨强越大,产流时间提前越明显;(2)各坡面径流率、侵蚀率随植被覆盖度增加而减小,且植被覆盖度越高,径流率和侵蚀率波动范围越小,侵蚀过程越稳定;(3)有植被覆盖的坡面,产沙主要以<0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体为主,侵蚀泥沙中>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体比重随雨强增大而增加,且增加的幅度随覆盖度的提高而减小;(4)雨强、植被覆盖度均与产流时间、径流率、侵蚀率呈现极显著相关关系(P<0.01),且坡面产流过程与雨强变化的相关性大于其与植被覆盖度变化的相关性,坡面产沙过程与植被覆盖度变化的相关性大于其与雨强变化的相关性,不同雨强下植被覆盖坡面累积径流量和累积产沙量关系符合幂函数模型(R~2>0.98)。研究结果可为南方红壤丘陵区水土流失治理与生态恢复提供科学参考。
In order to investigate the effects of rainfall intensity and vegetation coverage on the runoff and sediment yield on granite red soil slope, this study analyzed regularity of runoff and sediment yield and their correlation under different rainfall intensities(0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mm/min) and vegetation coverages(0, 20%, 40%, 60%) through indoor artificial simulated rainfall test. The results showed that:(1) Under the same rainfall intensity, the initial flow time was delayed with the increasing of vegetation coverage, and it was advanced with the increasing of rainfall intensity. The greater the rainfall intensity, the earlier the flow time was.(2) The runoff rate and erosion rate of each slope decreased with the increasing of vegetation coverage, and the higher the vegetation coverage was, the smaller the fluctuation range of runoff rate and erosion rate was, and the more stable the erosion process was.(3) On the slope covered by vegetation, the sediment was mainly water-stable aggregates less than 0.25 mm. The proportion of water-stable aggregates greater than 0.25 mm in the sediment increased with the increasing of rainfall intensity, and the increase range decreased with the increasing of vegetation coverage.(4) Vegetation coverage and rainfall intensity were significantly correlated with runoff generation time, runoff rate and erosion rate(P < 0.01). The correlation between slope runoff generation process and rainfall intensity was greater than that between slope runoff generation process and vegetation cover change. The correlation between slope sediment yield and vegetation cover change was greater than that between slope sediment yield and rain intensity change. The relationship between cumulative runoff and cumulative sediment yield on vegetation covered slope was in consistent with power function model(R~(2 )> 0.98)under different rainfall intensities. The results could provide a scientific reference for soil erosion control and ecological restoration in red soil hilly area of southern China.
In order to investigate the effects of rainfall intensity and vegetation coverage on the runoff and sediment yield on granite red soil slope, this study analyzed regularity of runoff and sediment yield and their correlation under different rainfall intensities(0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mm/min) and vegetation coverages(0, 20%, 40%, 60%) through indoor artificial simulated rainfall test. The results showed that:(1) Under the same rainfall intensity, the initial flow time was delayed with the increasing of vegetation coverage, and it was advanced with the increasing of rainfall intensity. The greater the rainfall intensity, the earlier the flow time was.(2) The runoff rate and erosion rate of each slope decreased with the increasing of vegetation coverage, and the higher the vegetation coverage was, the smaller the fluctuation range of runoff rate and erosion rate was, and the more stable the erosion process was.(3) On the slope covered by vegetation, the sediment was mainly water-stable aggregates less than 0.25 mm. The proportion of water-stable aggregates greater than 0.25 mm in the sediment increased with the increasing of rainfall intensity, and the increase range decreased with the increasing of vegetation coverage.(4) Vegetation coverage and rainfall intensity were significantly correlated with runoff generation time, runoff rate and erosion rate(P < 0.01). The correlation between slope runoff generation process and rainfall intensity was greater than that between slope runoff generation process and vegetation cover change. The correlation between slope sediment yield and vegetation cover change was greater than that between slope sediment yield and rain intensity change. The relationship between cumulative runoff and cumulative sediment yield on vegetation covered slope was in consistent with power function model(R~(2 )> 0.98)under different rainfall intensities. The results could provide a scientific reference for soil erosion control and ecological restoration in red soil hilly area of southern China.
引文
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[20] 孙佳美,余新晓,樊登星,等.模拟降雨下植被盖度对坡面流水动力学特性的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(8):2574-2580.
[21] 王栋栋,王占礼,张庆玮,等.草地植被覆盖度坡度及雨强对坡面径流含沙量影响试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(15):119-125.
[22] Annabi M,Raclot D,Bahri H,et al.Spatial variability of soil aggregate stability at the scale of an agricultural region in Tunisia [J].Catena,2017,153:157-167.
[23] 曾全超,董扬红,李鑫,等.基于Le Bissonnais法对黄土高原森林植被带土壤团聚体及土壤可蚀性特征研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(9):1093-1101.
[24] 姚冲,查瑞波,黄少燕,等.模拟降雨条件下第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(3):10-15.
[25] 于国强,李占斌,李鹏,等.不同植被类型的坡面径流侵蚀产沙试验研究[J].水科学进展,2010,21(5):593-599.
[2] 赵其国,黄国勤,马艳芹.中国南方红壤生态系统面临的问题及对策[J].生态学报,2013,33(24):7615-7622.
[3] 何圣嘉,谢锦升,杨智杰,等.南方红壤丘陵区马尾松林下水土流失现状、成因及防治[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(6):65-70.
[4] Wu X Y ,Zhang L P ,Yu X X .Impacts of surface runoff and sediment on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in red soil region of southern China [J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,67(7):1939-1949.
[5] 李桂芳,郑粉莉,卢嘉,等.降雨和地形因子对黑土坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(4):147-154,182.
[6] 王志伟,陈志成,艾钊,等.不同雨强与坡度对沂蒙山区典型土壤坡面侵蚀产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(6):17-20.
[7] 廖义善,蔡强国,程琴娟.黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面侵蚀产沙地形因子的临界条件[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(2):32-38.
[8] 丛月,张洪江,程金花,等.草本植物对雨滴动能的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):114-118.
[9] Talbot L M,Turton S M,Graham A W.Trampling resistance of tropical rainforest soils and vegetation in the wet tropics of north east Australia.[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2003,69(1):63-69.
[10] 李裕元,邵明安,陈洪松,等.水蚀风蚀交错带植被恢复对土壤物理性质的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(16):4306-4316.
[11] Zhou Z C,Shangguan Z P.Effect of ryegrasses on soil runoff and sediment control [J].Pedosphere,2008,18(1):131-136.
[12] 鲁克新,李占斌,张霞,等.室内模拟降雨条件下径流侵蚀产沙试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(2):6-9.
[13] 王升,王全九,董文财,等.黄土坡面不同植被覆盖度下产流产沙与养分流失规律[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):23-27.
[14] 罗春燕,涂仕华,庞良玉,等.降雨强度对紫色土坡耕地养分流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(4):24-27.
[15] 戴金梅,查轩,黄少燕,等.不同植被覆盖度对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(3):33-38.
[16] 章文波,刘宝元,吴敬东.小区植被覆盖度动态快速测量方法研究[J].水土保持通报,2001,21(6):60-63.
[17] 李宏伟,王文龙,王贞,等.神府东胜煤田扰动地面野外降雨试验[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(2):11-15,20.
[18] 张旭昇,薛天柱,马灿,等.雨强和植被覆盖度对典型坡面产流产沙的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,26(6):66-70.
[19] 肖培青,姚文艺,李莉,等.植被影响下坡面流阻力变化特征研究[J].泥沙研究,2013(3):1-5.
[20] 孙佳美,余新晓,樊登星,等.模拟降雨下植被盖度对坡面流水动力学特性的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(8):2574-2580.
[21] 王栋栋,王占礼,张庆玮,等.草地植被覆盖度坡度及雨强对坡面径流含沙量影响试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(15):119-125.
[22] Annabi M,Raclot D,Bahri H,et al.Spatial variability of soil aggregate stability at the scale of an agricultural region in Tunisia [J].Catena,2017,153:157-167.
[23] 曾全超,董扬红,李鑫,等.基于Le Bissonnais法对黄土高原森林植被带土壤团聚体及土壤可蚀性特征研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(9):1093-1101.
[24] 姚冲,查瑞波,黄少燕,等.模拟降雨条件下第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(3):10-15.
[25] 于国强,李占斌,李鹏,等.不同植被类型的坡面径流侵蚀产沙试验研究[J].水科学进展,2010,21(5):593-599.