不同年代培育的棉花品种产量性状及氮利用效率特征
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摘要
棉花品种培育过程与土壤培肥、栽培技术、气候变化等因素密切相关,品种产量性状的选育也与养分吸收利用性状存在协同选择性。为了理解品种选育过程对棉花养分效率的影响,采用单因素随机区组设计,比较了新疆1950s—2013年不同年代培育的22个棉花品种(系)的产量性状和氮素利用效率的特征,分析了各棉花品种不同生育期生物量积累规律、产量性状和氮素利用效率的差异。结果表明:不同品种生物量、产量、氮素利用效率和氮素偏生产力差异较大,生物量苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期分别为2.87～11.67 g·株~(-1)、20.8～38.6 g·株~(-1)、42.3～88.3 g·株~(-1)和58.2～120.4 g·株~(-1),变异系数分别为30.2%、8.2%、5.6%和5.6%。产量构成因素中单株铃数变异系数最大(29.0%),衣分最小(1.0%)。氮素利用效率和氮素偏生产力分别为1.12～4.47kg·kg~(-1)和2.87～11.67kg·kg~(-1),变异系数分别为35.3%和27.6%。氮素偏生产力与生物量、皮棉产量呈极显著正相关。新疆过去60年棉花品种更替过程中,经济系数没有发生明显改变,始终维持在0.20～0.24 g·g~(-1);棉花皮棉产量性状逐渐提升,由1950s的853.6 kg·hm~(-2)增加到2013年的1 569.8 kg·hm~(-2);氮素偏生产力和氮素利用效率变化较大,分别由4.12 kg·kg~(-1)增加到7.58 kg·kg~(-1)、由2.32 kg·kg~(-1)增加到3.07 kg·kg~(-1)。基于生物量、产量构成因素、氮肥利用效率和氮素偏生产力等性状指标的综合评价和聚类分析,将22个品种分为氮高效型、氮中效型和氮低效型3组,‘新陆早50号’‘新陆早57号’为氮高效型品种。与氮低效型组相比,氮高效型组的品种具有较高的皮棉产量和生物量。通过上述结果可以认为,棉花高产育种过程提高了氮素利用效率和偏生产力。
The cotton breeding process is closely related to the improvement of soil fertility, innovation of culturing technology, climate change, and so on. The selection of lint yield-related traits is connected to the selection of traits of nutrient uptake and use efficiency. To understand the impact of the cotton breeding process on the nutrient efficiency of cotton, 22 cotton varieties released from the 1950 s to 2013 in Xinjiang were grown together in a field with a randomized block design. The biomass, lint yield, N content and N use efficiency of each cultivar were analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in N use efficiency and partial factor productivity among the analyzed varieties. The biomass of the seeding stage, befuddling stage, flower and boll stage, and boll opening stage were 2.87-11.67 g, 20.8-38.6 g, 42.3-88.3 g, and 58.2-120.4 g per plant, respectively. Coefficients of variation were 30.2%, 8.2%, 5.6%, and 5.6%, respectively. For the yield components, the coefficient of variation of the boll number per plant was the highest(29.0%), and lint percent the lowest(1.0%). The variation of N use efficiency was 1.12-4.47 kg·kg~(-1), and the partial factor productivity of N(PFPN) was 2.87-11.67 kg·kg~(-1), with the coefficients of variation of 35.3% and 27.6%, respectively. It showed that PFPN had a significant correlation with biomass and lint cotton yield. The cotton economic coefficient had not changed significantly during the past 60 years and remained in a range of 0.20-0.24 g·g~(-1). The lint yield of cotton increased gradually from 853.6 kg·hm~(-2) in the 1950 s to 1 569.8 kg·hm~(-2) in 2013. There were significant changes in PFPN and N use efficiency: these factors increased from 4.12 kg·kg~(-1) to 5.78 kg·kg~(-1), and from 2.32 kg·kg~(-1) to 3.07 kg·kg~(-1), respectively. Based on lint yield components, N use efficiency and PFPN, the cotton varieties were divided into three groups: a high N efficiency group, a medium N efficiency group, and a low N efficiency group. Cluster analysis showed that ‘Xinluzao 50' and ‘Xinluzao 57' were the high N efficient varieties. Compared with the low-efficiency cultivar, the high N-efficiency cultivar had a higher lint yield and biomass. It can be concluded that high-yield cultivar selection could improve N use efficiency and PFPN of cotton.
The cotton breeding process is closely related to the improvement of soil fertility, innovation of culturing technology, climate change, and so on. The selection of lint yield-related traits is connected to the selection of traits of nutrient uptake and use efficiency. To understand the impact of the cotton breeding process on the nutrient efficiency of cotton, 22 cotton varieties released from the 1950 s to 2013 in Xinjiang were grown together in a field with a randomized block design. The biomass, lint yield, N content and N use efficiency of each cultivar were analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in N use efficiency and partial factor productivity among the analyzed varieties. The biomass of the seeding stage, befuddling stage, flower and boll stage, and boll opening stage were 2.87-11.67 g, 20.8-38.6 g, 42.3-88.3 g, and 58.2-120.4 g per plant, respectively. Coefficients of variation were 30.2%, 8.2%, 5.6%, and 5.6%, respectively. For the yield components, the coefficient of variation of the boll number per plant was the highest(29.0%), and lint percent the lowest(1.0%). The variation of N use efficiency was 1.12-4.47 kg·kg~(-1), and the partial factor productivity of N(PFPN) was 2.87-11.67 kg·kg~(-1), with the coefficients of variation of 35.3% and 27.6%, respectively. It showed that PFPN had a significant correlation with biomass and lint cotton yield. The cotton economic coefficient had not changed significantly during the past 60 years and remained in a range of 0.20-0.24 g·g~(-1). The lint yield of cotton increased gradually from 853.6 kg·hm~(-2) in the 1950 s to 1 569.8 kg·hm~(-2) in 2013. There were significant changes in PFPN and N use efficiency: these factors increased from 4.12 kg·kg~(-1) to 5.78 kg·kg~(-1), and from 2.32 kg·kg~(-1) to 3.07 kg·kg~(-1), respectively. Based on lint yield components, N use efficiency and PFPN, the cotton varieties were divided into three groups: a high N efficiency group, a medium N efficiency group, and a low N efficiency group. Cluster analysis showed that ‘Xinluzao 50' and ‘Xinluzao 57' were the high N efficient varieties. Compared with the low-efficiency cultivar, the high N-efficiency cultivar had a higher lint yield and biomass. It can be concluded that high-yield cultivar selection could improve N use efficiency and PFPN of cotton.
引文
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[3]李少昆.关于光合速率与作物产量关系的讨论(综述)[J].石河子大学学报,1999,17(增刊):117-126LI S K.A discussion on the relationship between leaf photosynthetic rate and crop yield[J].Journal of Shihezi University:Natural Science,1999,17(Suppl.):117-126
[4]HIREL B,LE G J,NEY B,et al.The challenge of improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants:Towards a more central role for genetic variability and quantitative genetics within integrated approaches[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2007,58(9):2369-2387
[5]INTHAPANYA P,SIPASEUTH S P,SITHATHEP V,et al.Genotype differences in nutrient uptake and utilization for grain yield production of rained lowland rice under fertilized and non-fertilized conditions[J].Field Crops Research,2000,65:57-68
[6]米国华,刘建安,张福锁.玉米杂交种的氮农学效率及其构成因素剖析[J],中国农业大学学报,1998,3(增刊):97-104MI G H,LIU J A,ZHANG F S.Analysis on nitrogen agronomic efficiency and its components of maize hybrids[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,1998,3(suppl.):97-104
[7]朱新开,郭文善,朱冬梅,等.不同基因型小麦氮素吸收积累差异研究[J].扬州大学学报:农业与生命科学版,2005,26(3):52-57ZHU X K,GUO W S,ZHU D M,et al.Studies on differences of accumulated N amount in different genotypes of winter wheat[J].Journal of Yangzhou University:Agricultural and Life Science Edition,2005,26(3):52-57
[8]孙传范,戴廷波,荆奇,等.小麦品种氮利用效率的评价指标及其氮营养特性研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(6):983-987SUN C F,DAI T B,JING Q,et al.Nitrogen use efficiency and its relationship with nitrogen nutrition characteristics of wheat varieties[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(6):983-987
[9]张锡洲,阳显斌,李廷轩,等.小麦氮素利用效率的基因型差异[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(2):369-375ZHANG X Z,YANG X B,LI T X,et al.Genotype difference in nitrogen utilization efficiency of wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(2):369-375
[10]周顺利,张福锁,王兴仁,等.高产条件下不同品种冬小麦氮素吸收与利用特性的比较研究[J].土壤肥料,2000,37(6):20-23ZHOU S L,ZHANG F S,WANG X R,et al.A comparative study on nitrogen uptake and utilization of winter wheat varieties under high-yield condition[J].Soil and Fertilizer,2000,37(6):20-23
[11]张福锁,崔振玲,王激清,等.中国土壤和植物养分管理现状与改进策略[J].植物学通报,2007,24(6):687-694ZHANG F S,CUI Z L,WANG J Q,et al.Current status of soil and plant nutrient management in China and improvement strategies[J].Chinese Bulletin of Botany,2007,24(6):687-694
[12]DONG H Z,KONG X Q,LI W J,et al.Effoects of plant density and nitrogen and potassium fertilization on cotton yield and uptake of major nutrients in two field with varying fertility[J].Field Crops Research,2010,119(1):106-113
[13]VENVGOPAIAN M V,HEBBAR K B,TIWARY P,et al.Productivity and nitrogen efficiency parameters in cotton cultivars with varying N levels and soil types under rainfed conditions[J].Acta Agronomical Hangariea,2007,55(3):383-391
[14]罗新宁,陈冰,张巨松,等.氮肥对不同质地土壤棉花生物量与氮素积累的影响[J].西北农业学报,2009,18(4):160-166LUO X N,CHEN B,ZHANG J S,et al.Effects of nitrogen applied levels on the dynamics of biomass,nitrogen accumulation of cotton plant on different soil textures[J].Acta Agriculturae Borenli-Occidentalis Sinica,2009,18(4):160-166
[15]薛晓萍,王建国,郭文琦,等,氮素水平对初花后棉株生物量、氮素累积特征及氮素利用率动态变化的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(11):3631-3640XUE X P,WANG J G,GUO W Q,et al.Effect of nitrogen applied levels on the dynamics of biomass,nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen fertilization recovery rate of cotton after initial flowering[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(11):3631-3640
[16]董合忠,李维江.辛承松.等.不同类型抗虫棉品种的产量表现和氮素营养效率研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(4):947-952DONG H Z,LI W J,XIN C S,et al.Genotypic variations of yields and nitrogen nutrition efficiencies in Bt transgenic cotton[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2016,16(4):947-952
[17]徐惠纯,呼孟银,李文炳.棉花不同品种氮素营养效率的比较[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(4):370-373XU H C,HU M Y,LI W B.A comparative study on nitrogen nutrient efficiency of different cotton varieties[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,1996,2(4):370-373
[18]赵一超.不同基因型棉花品种氮效率研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2013ZAO Y C.Study on nitrogen efficiency of different cotton genotypes[D].Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2013
[19]张祥,刘晓飞,王桂霞,等.长江流域棉花主推品种氮素吸收与利用效率比较与分类[J].棉花学报,2012,24(3):253-258ZHANG X,LIU X F,WANG G X,et al.Study on nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in different cotton cultivars in the Yangtze River Region[J].Cotton Science,2012,24(3):253-258
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