大气颗粒物污染视角下的城市街区健康规划策略
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摘要
城市街区是城市肌理、空间形态、功能管理与城市健康环境建设的基本单元,应对以PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)为主要污染物的大气颗粒物污染,具有较高的实操性。基于城市街区影响大气颗粒物浓度与分布的要素、作用路径,以及国外城市应对大气污染的空间规划策略的经验总结,从控源、引流、集汇三方面提出基于大气颗粒物污染改善的街区空间环境优化设计方法与规划指引内容。旨在为我国普遍的城市街区提出空间形态优化策略,塑造生态健康的城市基本单元。
Urban block is the basic unit of urban texture, spatial form, function and management, and the construction of urban healthy environment, which has high practicality to deal with particulate matter pollution. Based on the factors affecting the concentration and distribution of particulates in urban blocks, the function path of source, flow and sink, and the experience of spatial planning strategies for urban air pollution in foreign countries, this paper puts forward the planning and design guidelines and the optimization strategy from the following aspects: controlling pollutant source, guiding flow, collection and absorption. The purpose of the study is to propose a strategy for optimizing urban spatial morphology and to construct ecological and healthy urban blocks.
Urban block is the basic unit of urban texture, spatial form, function and management, and the construction of urban healthy environment, which has high practicality to deal with particulate matter pollution. Based on the factors affecting the concentration and distribution of particulates in urban blocks, the function path of source, flow and sink, and the experience of spatial planning strategies for urban air pollution in foreign countries, this paper puts forward the planning and design guidelines and the optimization strategy from the following aspects: controlling pollutant source, guiding flow, collection and absorption. The purpose of the study is to propose a strategy for optimizing urban spatial morphology and to construct ecological and healthy urban blocks.
引文
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[2]Chen Z,Wu Y,Wang P,et al.Autophagy is essential for ultrafine particle-induced inflammation and mucus hyperproduction in airway epithelium[J].Autophagy,2016,12(2):297-311.
[3]Merbitz H,Fritz S,Schneider C.Mobile measurements and regression modeling of the spatial particulate matter variability in an urban area[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,438:389-403.
[4]王兰,赵晓菁,蒋希冀,等.颗粒物分布视角下的健康城市规划研究:理论框架与实证方法[J].城市规划,2016,40(9):39-48.
[5]戴菲,陈明,朱晟伟,等.街区尺度不同绿化覆盖率对PM10、PM2.5的消减研究:以武汉主城区为例[J].中国园林,2018,34(3):105-110.
[6]Fan S,Li X,Han J,et al.Field assessment of the impacts of landscape structure on differentsized airborne particles in residential areas of Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2017,166:192-203.
[7]Edussuriya P,Chan A,Ye A.Urban morphology and air quality in dense residential environments in Hong Kong.Part I:District-level analysis[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45:4789-4803.
[8]丁沃沃,胡友培,窦平平.城市形态与城市微气候的关联性研究[J].建筑学报,2012,59(7):16-21.
[9]邱巧玲,王凌.基于街道峡谷污染机理的城市街道几何结构规划研究[J].城市发展研究,2007,14(4):78-82.
[10]范晨璟,田莉,李经纬.城市形态对空气质量影响研究的国内外进展[J].城市发展研究,2017,24(12):92-100.
[11]李绥,杨二东,石铁矛,等.商业街区可吸入颗粒物空间分布及其气象要素的相关性[J].沈阳建筑大学学报:自然科学版,2014,30(5):923-930.
[12]张雅兰,王兰.健康导向的规划设计导则探索:基于纽约和洛杉矶的经验[J].南方建筑,2017,180(4):15-22.
[13]德国鲁尔区污染警报是如何解除的[EB/OL].(2014-02-10)[2018-09-28].http://www.pm25.com/news/84.html.
[14]左长安,邢丛丛,董睿,等.伦敦雾霾控制历程中的城市规划与环境立法[J].城市规划,2014,38(9):51-56.
[15]许瑞生,赖慧芳.规划政策指引:规划控制和实施的一种工具--从英国伦敦制订“伦敦策略指引”中得到的启示[J].国际城市规划,1999,14(3):38-40.
[16]赵欣.从阴霾到明媚:“雾都”伦敦治理雾霾进程研究[J].国际城市规划,2016,31(6):68-73.
[17]张庆费,杨文悦,乔平.国际大都市城市绿化特征分析[J].中国园林,2004,20(7):86-88.
[18]韩西丽,俞孔坚.伦敦城市开放空间规划中的绿色通道网络思想[J].新建筑,2004,22(5):7-9.
[19]走进巴黎和鲁尔工业区:世界上最经典的两个城市改造案例[EB/OL].(2017-01-04)[2018-0 9-2 8].h t t p://w w w.3 6 0 d o c.c o m/c o n t e nt/17/0104/02/31490331_619897766.shtml.
[20]李潇.德国鲁尔区“多中心的结构紧凑”空间发展思路及启示[J].城市发展研究,2015,22(6):59-64.
[21]生态导向的城市设计实践与反思[J].中国园林,2018,34(12):13-16.
[22]王兰,廖舒文,赵晓菁.健康城市规划路径与要素辨析[J].国际城市规划,2016,31(4):4-9.
[23]Wang F,Peng Y Y,Jiang C Y.Influence of road patterns on PM2.5 concentrations and the available solutions:The case of Beijing city,China[J].Sustainability,2017,9(2):217.
[24]申凤,李亮,翟辉.“密路网,小街区”模式的路网规划与道路设计:以昆明呈贡新区核心区规划为例[J].城市规划,2016,40(5):43-53.
[25]王兰,蒋希冀,孙文尧,等.城市建成环境对呼吸健康的影响及规划策略:以上海市某城区为例[J].城市规划,2018,42(6):15-22.
[26]Shi Y,Lau K K L,Ng E.Developing streetlevel PM2.5 and PM10 land use regression models in high-density Hong Kong with urban morphological factors[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(15):8178-8187.
[27]Hang J,Li Y G,Sandberg M,et al.The influence of building height variability on pollutant dispersion and pedestrian ventilation in idealized high-rise urban areas[J].Building and Environment,2012,56:346-360.
[28]Mei D,Deng Q H,Wen M,et al.Evaluating dust particle transport performance within urban street canyons with different building heights[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2016,16:1483-1496.
[29]尹杰,詹庆明.武汉市城市通风廊道挖掘研[J].现代城市研究,2017,32(10):58-63.
[30]Yuan C,Ng E,Norford L K.Improving air quality in high-density cities by understanding the relationship between air pollutant dispersion and urban morphologies[J].Building and Environment,2014,71:245-258.
[31]Silva L T,Monteiro J P.The influence of urban form on environmental quality within a mediumsized city[J].Procedia Engineering,2016,161:2046-2052.
[32]Wolch J R,Byrne J,Newell J P.Urban green space,public health,and environmental justice:The challenge of making cities'just green enough'[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2014,125:234-244.
[33]戴菲,陈明,傅凡,等.基于城市空间规划设计视角的颗粒物空气污染控制策略研究综述[J].中国园林,2019,35(2):75-80.
[34]Bagheri Z,Nadoushan M A,Abari M F.Evaluation the effect of green space on air pollution dispersion using satellite images and landscape metrics:a case study of Isfahan city[J].Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2017,26:520-530.
[35]Wu H T,Yang C,Chen J,et al.Effects of green space landscape patterns on particulate matter in Zhejiang Province,China[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2018,9(5):923-933.
[36]王国玉,白伟岚,李新宇,等.北京地区消减PM2.5等颗粒物污染的绿地设计技术探析[J].中国园林,2014,30(7):70-76.
[37]雷雅凯,段彦博,马格,等.城市绿地景观格局对PM2.5、PM10分布的影响及尺度效应[J].中国园林,2018,34(7):98-103.
[38]陈宏,周雪帆,戴菲,等.应对城市热岛效应及空气污染的城市通风道规划研究[J].现代城市研究,2014,29(7):24-30.
[39]Jean A P R,Monks P S,Leigh R J.Modelling the effectiveness of urban trees and grass on PM2.5reduction via dispersion and deposition at a city scale[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,147:1-10.
(1)“源—流—汇”理论是大气污染研究的一项基本原理,“源”即一个过程的源头,“汇”即一个过程消失的地方,“流”是“源”和“汇”相连接的过程。
(2)Frontal area index是指在某一风向上,街区建筑立面面积占街区面积的比例,一定程度上反映街区的通风性能。
[2]Chen Z,Wu Y,Wang P,et al.Autophagy is essential for ultrafine particle-induced inflammation and mucus hyperproduction in airway epithelium[J].Autophagy,2016,12(2):297-311.
[3]Merbitz H,Fritz S,Schneider C.Mobile measurements and regression modeling of the spatial particulate matter variability in an urban area[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,438:389-403.
[4]王兰,赵晓菁,蒋希冀,等.颗粒物分布视角下的健康城市规划研究:理论框架与实证方法[J].城市规划,2016,40(9):39-48.
[5]戴菲,陈明,朱晟伟,等.街区尺度不同绿化覆盖率对PM10、PM2.5的消减研究:以武汉主城区为例[J].中国园林,2018,34(3):105-110.
[6]Fan S,Li X,Han J,et al.Field assessment of the impacts of landscape structure on differentsized airborne particles in residential areas of Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2017,166:192-203.
[7]Edussuriya P,Chan A,Ye A.Urban morphology and air quality in dense residential environments in Hong Kong.Part I:District-level analysis[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45:4789-4803.
[8]丁沃沃,胡友培,窦平平.城市形态与城市微气候的关联性研究[J].建筑学报,2012,59(7):16-21.
[9]邱巧玲,王凌.基于街道峡谷污染机理的城市街道几何结构规划研究[J].城市发展研究,2007,14(4):78-82.
[10]范晨璟,田莉,李经纬.城市形态对空气质量影响研究的国内外进展[J].城市发展研究,2017,24(12):92-100.
[11]李绥,杨二东,石铁矛,等.商业街区可吸入颗粒物空间分布及其气象要素的相关性[J].沈阳建筑大学学报:自然科学版,2014,30(5):923-930.
[12]张雅兰,王兰.健康导向的规划设计导则探索:基于纽约和洛杉矶的经验[J].南方建筑,2017,180(4):15-22.
[13]德国鲁尔区污染警报是如何解除的[EB/OL].(2014-02-10)[2018-09-28].http://www.pm25.com/news/84.html.
[14]左长安,邢丛丛,董睿,等.伦敦雾霾控制历程中的城市规划与环境立法[J].城市规划,2014,38(9):51-56.
[15]许瑞生,赖慧芳.规划政策指引:规划控制和实施的一种工具--从英国伦敦制订“伦敦策略指引”中得到的启示[J].国际城市规划,1999,14(3):38-40.
[16]赵欣.从阴霾到明媚:“雾都”伦敦治理雾霾进程研究[J].国际城市规划,2016,31(6):68-73.
[17]张庆费,杨文悦,乔平.国际大都市城市绿化特征分析[J].中国园林,2004,20(7):86-88.
[18]韩西丽,俞孔坚.伦敦城市开放空间规划中的绿色通道网络思想[J].新建筑,2004,22(5):7-9.
[19]走进巴黎和鲁尔工业区:世界上最经典的两个城市改造案例[EB/OL].(2017-01-04)[2018-0 9-2 8].h t t p://w w w.3 6 0 d o c.c o m/c o n t e nt/17/0104/02/31490331_619897766.shtml.
[20]李潇.德国鲁尔区“多中心的结构紧凑”空间发展思路及启示[J].城市发展研究,2015,22(6):59-64.
[21]生态导向的城市设计实践与反思[J].中国园林,2018,34(12):13-16.
[22]王兰,廖舒文,赵晓菁.健康城市规划路径与要素辨析[J].国际城市规划,2016,31(4):4-9.
[23]Wang F,Peng Y Y,Jiang C Y.Influence of road patterns on PM2.5 concentrations and the available solutions:The case of Beijing city,China[J].Sustainability,2017,9(2):217.
[24]申凤,李亮,翟辉.“密路网,小街区”模式的路网规划与道路设计:以昆明呈贡新区核心区规划为例[J].城市规划,2016,40(5):43-53.
[25]王兰,蒋希冀,孙文尧,等.城市建成环境对呼吸健康的影响及规划策略:以上海市某城区为例[J].城市规划,2018,42(6):15-22.
[26]Shi Y,Lau K K L,Ng E.Developing streetlevel PM2.5 and PM10 land use regression models in high-density Hong Kong with urban morphological factors[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(15):8178-8187.
[27]Hang J,Li Y G,Sandberg M,et al.The influence of building height variability on pollutant dispersion and pedestrian ventilation in idealized high-rise urban areas[J].Building and Environment,2012,56:346-360.
[28]Mei D,Deng Q H,Wen M,et al.Evaluating dust particle transport performance within urban street canyons with different building heights[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2016,16:1483-1496.
[29]尹杰,詹庆明.武汉市城市通风廊道挖掘研[J].现代城市研究,2017,32(10):58-63.
[30]Yuan C,Ng E,Norford L K.Improving air quality in high-density cities by understanding the relationship between air pollutant dispersion and urban morphologies[J].Building and Environment,2014,71:245-258.
[31]Silva L T,Monteiro J P.The influence of urban form on environmental quality within a mediumsized city[J].Procedia Engineering,2016,161:2046-2052.
[32]Wolch J R,Byrne J,Newell J P.Urban green space,public health,and environmental justice:The challenge of making cities'just green enough'[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2014,125:234-244.
[33]戴菲,陈明,傅凡,等.基于城市空间规划设计视角的颗粒物空气污染控制策略研究综述[J].中国园林,2019,35(2):75-80.
[34]Bagheri Z,Nadoushan M A,Abari M F.Evaluation the effect of green space on air pollution dispersion using satellite images and landscape metrics:a case study of Isfahan city[J].Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2017,26:520-530.
[35]Wu H T,Yang C,Chen J,et al.Effects of green space landscape patterns on particulate matter in Zhejiang Province,China[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2018,9(5):923-933.
[36]王国玉,白伟岚,李新宇,等.北京地区消减PM2.5等颗粒物污染的绿地设计技术探析[J].中国园林,2014,30(7):70-76.
[37]雷雅凯,段彦博,马格,等.城市绿地景观格局对PM2.5、PM10分布的影响及尺度效应[J].中国园林,2018,34(7):98-103.
[38]陈宏,周雪帆,戴菲,等.应对城市热岛效应及空气污染的城市通风道规划研究[J].现代城市研究,2014,29(7):24-30.
[39]Jean A P R,Monks P S,Leigh R J.Modelling the effectiveness of urban trees and grass on PM2.5reduction via dispersion and deposition at a city scale[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,147:1-10.
(1)“源—流—汇”理论是大气污染研究的一项基本原理,“源”即一个过程的源头,“汇”即一个过程消失的地方,“流”是“源”和“汇”相连接的过程。
(2)Frontal area index是指在某一风向上,街区建筑立面面积占街区面积的比例,一定程度上反映街区的通风性能。