低蛋白日粮添加酪氨酸对育肥猪生长性能和氮代谢的影响
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摘要
试验选取30头平均体重为(60±0.20)kg杜×长×大三元杂交育肥猪,随机分为3个日粮处理:正常蛋白日粮(对照组,14.52%蛋白),低蛋白日粮添加0.49%丙氨酸(负对照组,12.52%蛋白),低蛋白日粮添加1.0%酪氨酸(试验组,12.52%蛋白)。每组10个重复,每个重复1头猪,试验期为6周。试验结果表明,①饲喂低蛋白日粮对育肥猪平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比无显著影响(P>0.05)。②与对照组相比,负对照组和试验组摄入氮均显著降低(P<0.05),尿氮排放量和总氮排放量均显著下降(P<0.05),粪氮排放量无显著差异(P>0.05),但在低蛋白日粮中添加酪氨酸可显著提高蛋白质表观生物学价值和净蛋白利用率(P<0.05)。③与对照组相比,负对照组和试验组血清尿素氮含量均显著下降(P<0.05),其余血液生化指标各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。④与对照组相比,降低日粮蛋白水平对育肥猪胴体重、屠宰率、背膘厚、胴体直长和胴体斜长均无显著影响(P>0.05)。⑤饲喂低蛋白日粮对育肥猪背肌pH45min、pH24h、蒸煮损失和滴水损失与对照组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05),但低蛋白日粮中添加酪氨酸可显著提高肉色红度值(P<0.05)。⑥与对照组相比,饲喂低蛋白日粮对育肥猪血浆激素水平无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲喂低蛋白日粮不影响育肥猪生长性能并减少氮排放,补充酪氨酸可提高育肥猪表观生物学价值和净蛋白利用率并改善肉色。试验填补酪氨酸在低蛋白日粮中研究空白,为相关研究提供新思路。
Total 30 finishing pigs(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an initial body weights of(60 ±0.20) kg were randomly divided into three diet treatments(10 replicates in each group and one pig in each replicate, and the trial period was six weeks), a normal protein diet(control, 14.52% crude protein),a low protein diet supplemented with 0.49% alanine(negative control, 12.52% crude protein), a low protein diet supplemented with 1.0% tyrosine(test, 12.52% crude protein). Results showed that: ① Finishing pigs fed a low protein diets had no significant effect on ADG, ADFI and F/G of finishing pigs(P>0.05). ② Compared with the control group, the nitrogen intake in negative control group and test group decreased significantly(P<0.05), the emissions of urine nitrogen and total nitrogen were significantly decreased(P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in fecal nitrogen emissions(P>0.05). But supplemented with tyrosine in low protein diets significantly increased the apparent biological value of protein and net protein utilization(P<0.05). ③ Compared with the control group, the serum urea nitrogen levels in negative control group and test group were significantly decreased(P<0.05), and the other plasma biochemical indicators were not significant among three groups(P>0.05). ④ Compared with the control group, finishing pigs fed a low protein diets had no significant effect on the weight, slaughter rate, back fat thickness, carcass straight length and carcass straight length of finishing pigs(P>0.05).⑤ Finishing pigs fed a low protein diets had no significant effect on pH 45 min, pH 24 h, cooking loss and drip loss of longissimus muscle(P>0.05), but supplemented with tyrosine in low protein diets significantly increased the flesh color of redness(P<0.05). ⑥ Compared with the control group, finishing pigs fed a low protein diets had no significant effect on plasma hormone levels(P>0.05). In conclusion,fed low protein diet to finishing pigs had no effect on growth performance and reduced nitrogen emissions, but supplemented with tyrosine in low protein diets increased the apparent biological value of protein and net protein utilization and improved meat color. This study filled the gap of tyrosine in feed industry and provided new insights in low protein diet.
Total 30 finishing pigs(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an initial body weights of(60 ±0.20) kg were randomly divided into three diet treatments(10 replicates in each group and one pig in each replicate, and the trial period was six weeks), a normal protein diet(control, 14.52% crude protein),a low protein diet supplemented with 0.49% alanine(negative control, 12.52% crude protein), a low protein diet supplemented with 1.0% tyrosine(test, 12.52% crude protein). Results showed that: ① Finishing pigs fed a low protein diets had no significant effect on ADG, ADFI and F/G of finishing pigs(P>0.05). ② Compared with the control group, the nitrogen intake in negative control group and test group decreased significantly(P<0.05), the emissions of urine nitrogen and total nitrogen were significantly decreased(P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in fecal nitrogen emissions(P>0.05). But supplemented with tyrosine in low protein diets significantly increased the apparent biological value of protein and net protein utilization(P<0.05). ③ Compared with the control group, the serum urea nitrogen levels in negative control group and test group were significantly decreased(P<0.05), and the other plasma biochemical indicators were not significant among three groups(P>0.05). ④ Compared with the control group, finishing pigs fed a low protein diets had no significant effect on the weight, slaughter rate, back fat thickness, carcass straight length and carcass straight length of finishing pigs(P>0.05).⑤ Finishing pigs fed a low protein diets had no significant effect on pH 45 min, pH 24 h, cooking loss and drip loss of longissimus muscle(P>0.05), but supplemented with tyrosine in low protein diets significantly increased the flesh color of redness(P<0.05). ⑥ Compared with the control group, finishing pigs fed a low protein diets had no significant effect on plasma hormone levels(P>0.05). In conclusion,fed low protein diet to finishing pigs had no effect on growth performance and reduced nitrogen emissions, but supplemented with tyrosine in low protein diets increased the apparent biological value of protein and net protein utilization and improved meat color. This study filled the gap of tyrosine in feed industry and provided new insights in low protein diet.
引文
[1]曾燕霞,王晶,季海峰,等.低蛋白质日粮对育肥猪生产性能、氮代谢及血液生化指标的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2017,38(6):30-36.
[2]陈澄.日粮蛋白水平对仔猪肝脏氨基酸代谢转化的影响研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2015.
[3]张迁.传统低蛋白日粮添加精氨酸对生长育肥猪蛋白质利用及生长性能的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2018.
[4]甄吉福,许庆庆,李貌,等.低蛋白质饲粮添加谷氨酸对育肥猪蛋白质利用和生产性能的影响[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(2):507-514.
[5]Ham D J,Caldow M K,Chhen V,et al.Glycine restores the anabolic response to leacine in a mouse model of acute inflammation[J].American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,2016,310(11):970-981.
[6]查伟,孔祥峰,谭敏捷,等.饲粮添加脯氨酸对妊娠环江香猪繁殖性能和血浆生化参数的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(2):579-584.
[7]Colina J J,Miller P S,Lewis A J,et al.Utilization of crystalline or protein-bound lysine for growth and carcass traits of barrows and gilts fed individually or in groups[J].Journal of Animal Science,2013,91(8):3780-3787.
[8]许庆庆.低蛋白日粮平衡谷氨酸对育肥猪蛋白质利用及生长性能的影响研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2017.
[9]Gloaguen M,Le floc'h N,Corrent E,et al.The use of free amino acids allows formulating very low crude protein diets for piglets[J].Journal of Animal Science,2014,92(2):637-644.
[10]Wu G.Amino acids:Metabolism,functions,and Nutrition[J].Amino Acids,2009,37(1):1-17.
[11]张桂杰,易学武,鲁宁,等.利用净能体系配制低蛋白质日粮对生长和育肥猪生长性能与胴体品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(3):557-563.
[12]Portejoie S,Dourmad J Y,Martinet J,et al.Effect of lowering dietary crude protein on nitrogen excretion,manure composition and ammonia emission from fattening pigs[J].Livestock Production Science,2004,91(1):45-55.
[13]Zhang S,Chu L,Qiao S Y,et al.Effects of dietary leucine supplementation in low crude protein diets on performance,nitrogen balance,whole-body protein turnover,carcass characteristics and meat quality of finishing pigs[J].Animal Science Journal,2016,87(7):911-920.
[14]黎学琴,马文林,邓柏林,等.低蛋白日粮对规模猪场温室气体减排效果研究[J].家畜生态学报,2014,35(6):69-75.
[15]覃春富.日粮蛋白质供给对猪肉品质和肠道生理的作用及其机制[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.
[16]董志岩,刘景,方桂友,等.日粮蛋白质、赖氨酸水平对生长猪产性能及蛋白质、氨基酸消化率的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2011,32(2):69-74.
[17]Pfeiffer A,Henkel H,Verstegenm W A,et al.The influence of protein intake on water balance,flow rate and apparent digestibilty of nutrients at the distal ileum in growing pigs[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157(5):1497-1505.
[18]Teye G A,Sheard P R,Whittington F M,et al.Influence of dietary oils and protein level on pork quality.1.Effects on muscle fatty acid composition,carcass,meat and eating quality[J].Meat Science,2006,73(1):157-165.
[19]Gonzalez-Vega J C,Stein H H.Amino acid digestibility in canola,cottonseed,and sunflower products fed to finishing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2012,90(12):4391-4400.
[20]Tuitoek J K,Young L G,Kerr B J,et al.Digestible ideal amino acid pattern for growing finishing pigs fed practical diets[J].Journal Animal Science,1993,71(3):167-167.
[21]Wood J D,Lambe N R,Walling G A,et al.Effects of low protein diets on pigs with a lean genotype.1.Carcass composition measured by dissection and muscle fatty acid composition[J].Meat Science,2013,95(1):123-128.
[22]Ye C,Zeng X,Zhu J,et al.Dietary N-carbamylglutamate supplementation in a reduced protein diet affects carcass traits and the profile of muscle amino acids and fatty acids in finishing pigs[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2017,65(28):5751-5758.
[23]呼红梅,武英,郭建凤,等.低蛋白日粮对瘦肉型猪生长性能及胴体品质的调控[J].家畜生态学报,2007,28(1):27-29.
[24]于志恒,刘守军.对碘缺乏病病原学问题的探讨与思考[J].中华医学杂志,2002(19):66-68.
[25]Suresh J,Suryanarayana M V A N.Influence of phased restriction of energy-protein on growth performance,nutrient utilization in cross-bred pigs[J].Indian Journal of Animal Research,2014,48(3):236.
[26]Chaosap C,Parr T,Wiseman J.Effect of compensatory growth on performance,carcass composition and plasma IGF-1 in grower finisher pigs[J].Animal,2011(5):749-756.
[27]周平.低蛋白氨基酸平衡日粮和半胱胺添加对生长猪和育肥猪氮营养素利用的影响及其作用机制研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2016.
[2]陈澄.日粮蛋白水平对仔猪肝脏氨基酸代谢转化的影响研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2015.
[3]张迁.传统低蛋白日粮添加精氨酸对生长育肥猪蛋白质利用及生长性能的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2018.
[4]甄吉福,许庆庆,李貌,等.低蛋白质饲粮添加谷氨酸对育肥猪蛋白质利用和生产性能的影响[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(2):507-514.
[5]Ham D J,Caldow M K,Chhen V,et al.Glycine restores the anabolic response to leacine in a mouse model of acute inflammation[J].American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,2016,310(11):970-981.
[6]查伟,孔祥峰,谭敏捷,等.饲粮添加脯氨酸对妊娠环江香猪繁殖性能和血浆生化参数的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(2):579-584.
[7]Colina J J,Miller P S,Lewis A J,et al.Utilization of crystalline or protein-bound lysine for growth and carcass traits of barrows and gilts fed individually or in groups[J].Journal of Animal Science,2013,91(8):3780-3787.
[8]许庆庆.低蛋白日粮平衡谷氨酸对育肥猪蛋白质利用及生长性能的影响研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2017.
[9]Gloaguen M,Le floc'h N,Corrent E,et al.The use of free amino acids allows formulating very low crude protein diets for piglets[J].Journal of Animal Science,2014,92(2):637-644.
[10]Wu G.Amino acids:Metabolism,functions,and Nutrition[J].Amino Acids,2009,37(1):1-17.
[11]张桂杰,易学武,鲁宁,等.利用净能体系配制低蛋白质日粮对生长和育肥猪生长性能与胴体品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(3):557-563.
[12]Portejoie S,Dourmad J Y,Martinet J,et al.Effect of lowering dietary crude protein on nitrogen excretion,manure composition and ammonia emission from fattening pigs[J].Livestock Production Science,2004,91(1):45-55.
[13]Zhang S,Chu L,Qiao S Y,et al.Effects of dietary leucine supplementation in low crude protein diets on performance,nitrogen balance,whole-body protein turnover,carcass characteristics and meat quality of finishing pigs[J].Animal Science Journal,2016,87(7):911-920.
[14]黎学琴,马文林,邓柏林,等.低蛋白日粮对规模猪场温室气体减排效果研究[J].家畜生态学报,2014,35(6):69-75.
[15]覃春富.日粮蛋白质供给对猪肉品质和肠道生理的作用及其机制[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.
[16]董志岩,刘景,方桂友,等.日粮蛋白质、赖氨酸水平对生长猪产性能及蛋白质、氨基酸消化率的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2011,32(2):69-74.
[17]Pfeiffer A,Henkel H,Verstegenm W A,et al.The influence of protein intake on water balance,flow rate and apparent digestibilty of nutrients at the distal ileum in growing pigs[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157(5):1497-1505.
[18]Teye G A,Sheard P R,Whittington F M,et al.Influence of dietary oils and protein level on pork quality.1.Effects on muscle fatty acid composition,carcass,meat and eating quality[J].Meat Science,2006,73(1):157-165.
[19]Gonzalez-Vega J C,Stein H H.Amino acid digestibility in canola,cottonseed,and sunflower products fed to finishing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2012,90(12):4391-4400.
[20]Tuitoek J K,Young L G,Kerr B J,et al.Digestible ideal amino acid pattern for growing finishing pigs fed practical diets[J].Journal Animal Science,1993,71(3):167-167.
[21]Wood J D,Lambe N R,Walling G A,et al.Effects of low protein diets on pigs with a lean genotype.1.Carcass composition measured by dissection and muscle fatty acid composition[J].Meat Science,2013,95(1):123-128.
[22]Ye C,Zeng X,Zhu J,et al.Dietary N-carbamylglutamate supplementation in a reduced protein diet affects carcass traits and the profile of muscle amino acids and fatty acids in finishing pigs[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2017,65(28):5751-5758.
[23]呼红梅,武英,郭建凤,等.低蛋白日粮对瘦肉型猪生长性能及胴体品质的调控[J].家畜生态学报,2007,28(1):27-29.
[24]于志恒,刘守军.对碘缺乏病病原学问题的探讨与思考[J].中华医学杂志,2002(19):66-68.
[25]Suresh J,Suryanarayana M V A N.Influence of phased restriction of energy-protein on growth performance,nutrient utilization in cross-bred pigs[J].Indian Journal of Animal Research,2014,48(3):236.
[26]Chaosap C,Parr T,Wiseman J.Effect of compensatory growth on performance,carcass composition and plasma IGF-1 in grower finisher pigs[J].Animal,2011(5):749-756.
[27]周平.低蛋白氨基酸平衡日粮和半胱胺添加对生长猪和育肥猪氮营养素利用的影响及其作用机制研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2016.
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