红层软岩压缩破坏的分形特征与级联失效过程
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摘要
基于不同围压条件下的红砂岩三轴压缩试验结果,采用数字图像相关技术对岩样外表面破坏形态进行全程观测,获得不同阶段岩样外表面破坏图像,分别对岩样破坏后阶段的图像进行分析。通过分形盒维数表征岩样外表面裂纹的变化情况,发现岩样破坏越严重,裂纹分形维数越高,且在最后破坏阶段裂纹分形维数出现突变,揭示岩样的破坏特征。引入级联失效数学模型,结合红层软岩内部的矿物成分与细观结构分布特点,概化出其结构的随机连接模型与破坏方式,分析红层软岩加载作用下的内部节点颗粒"容量-荷载"重分配原则以及节点颗粒失效后其初始荷载传递路径。结果表明,红层软岩在受载时为一个级联失效的分阶段破坏过程,级联因子通过级联路径不断传播、增多,级联失效越发明显,同时结合岩石破坏的变形损伤过程与其轴向应力-应变曲线分段特征,揭示该类岩石破坏的级联失效分级标准,为拓展该领域的研究具备一定的参考价值。
Based on the triaxial compression test under different confining pressures of red sandstone, the failure characteristics at the outside surface of rock samples is monitored by using digital image correlation technique, and the failure images of outside surface of rock samples at different stages are obtained. The images showing the failure of the rock samples are analyzed and the fractal dimension calculated by box-counting method was used to characterize the variation of cracks on the outer surface of rock samples. It is found that the fractal dimension of cracks is proportional to the degree of damage in the rock samples. In addition, at the final stage of the failure in the rock sample, the fractal dimension of cracks appears an abrupt change, demonstrating the failure characteristics of rock samples. Combined with the mineral composition and mesostructure distribution characteristics of the red-bed soft rock, the cascade failure model is introduced to generalize the random connection model and failure mode of the structure.Furthermore, the redistribution principle of "capacity-load" of internal nodular particles under loading, and the initial load transfer path of nodular particles after failure are also analyzed. Results show that the red-bed soft rock under loading presents a multiple stage failure process, i.e. cascade failure. The cascade factor is continuously propagated and increased through the cascade paths.Thus the cascade failure becomes more obvious than before. Combining the deformation and damage process of rock failure and the interval characteristics of its axial stress-strain curve, the cascade failure classification criterion of rock failure is revealed, which has a certain reference value for expanding the research in this field.
Based on the triaxial compression test under different confining pressures of red sandstone, the failure characteristics at the outside surface of rock samples is monitored by using digital image correlation technique, and the failure images of outside surface of rock samples at different stages are obtained. The images showing the failure of the rock samples are analyzed and the fractal dimension calculated by box-counting method was used to characterize the variation of cracks on the outer surface of rock samples. It is found that the fractal dimension of cracks is proportional to the degree of damage in the rock samples. In addition, at the final stage of the failure in the rock sample, the fractal dimension of cracks appears an abrupt change, demonstrating the failure characteristics of rock samples. Combined with the mineral composition and mesostructure distribution characteristics of the red-bed soft rock, the cascade failure model is introduced to generalize the random connection model and failure mode of the structure.Furthermore, the redistribution principle of "capacity-load" of internal nodular particles under loading, and the initial load transfer path of nodular particles after failure are also analyzed. Results show that the red-bed soft rock under loading presents a multiple stage failure process, i.e. cascade failure. The cascade factor is continuously propagated and increased through the cascade paths.Thus the cascade failure becomes more obvious than before. Combining the deformation and damage process of rock failure and the interval characteristics of its axial stress-strain curve, the cascade failure classification criterion of rock failure is revealed, which has a certain reference value for expanding the research in this field.
引文
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[3] LIU Z, ZHOU C Y, LI B T, et al. A dissolution-diffusion sliding model for soft rock grains with hydromechanical effect[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2018, 10(3):457-467.
[4]刘镇,周翠英,陆仪启,等.软岩水-力耦合的流变损伤多尺度力学试验系统的研制[J].岩土力学, 2018,39(8):3077-3086.LIU Zhen, ZHOU Cui-ying, LU Yi-qi, et al. Development of the multi-scale mechanical experimental system for rheological damage effect of soft rock bearing the hydro-mechanical coupling action[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2018, 39(8):3077-3086.
[5]李术才,李廷春,王刚,等.单轴压缩作用下内置裂隙扩展的CT扫描试验[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2007,26(3):484-492.LI Shu-cai, LI Ting-chun, WANG Gang, et al. CT real-time scanning tests on rock specimens with artificial initial crack under uniaxial conditions[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2007,26(3):484-492.
[6]王常彬,曹安业,井广成,等.单轴受载下岩体破裂演化特征的声发射CT成像[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016, 35(10):2044-2053.WANG Chang-bin, CAO An-ye, JING Guang-cheng, et al.Evolution characteristics of rock fracture under uniaxial loading by combining acoustic emission and CT imaging[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2016, 35(10):2044-2053.
[7]薛华庆,胥蕊娜,姜培学,等.岩石微观结构CT扫描表征技术研究[J].力学学报, 2015, 47(6):1073-1078.XUE Hua-qing, XU Rui-na, JIANG Pei-xue, et al.Characterization of rock microstructure using 3D X-ray computedtomography[J].ChineseJournalof Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2015, 47(6):1073-1078.
[8]毛灵涛,袁则循,连秀云,等.基于CT数字体相关法测量红砂岩单轴压缩内部三维应变场[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2015, 34(1):21-30.MAO Ling-tao, YUAN Ze-xun, LIAN Xiu-yun, et al.Measurement of 3D strain field in red stone sample under uniaxial compression with computer tomography and digital volume correlation method[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2015, 34(1):21-30.
[9]王宇,李建林,邓华锋,等.软岩三轴卸荷流变力学特性及本构模型研究[J].岩土力学, 2012, 33(11):3338-3344.WANG Yu, LI Jian-lin, DENG Hua-feng, et al.Investigationonunloadingtriaxialrheological mechanical properties of soft rock and its constitutive model[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2012, 33(11):3338-3344.
[10]朱珍德,黄强,王剑波,等.岩石变形劣化全过程细观试验与细观损伤力学模型研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2013, 32(6):1167-1175.ZHU Zhen-de, HUANG Qiang, WANG Jian-bo, et al.Mesoscopic experiment on degradation evolution of rock deformation and its meso-damage mechanical model[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013, 32(6):1167-1175.
[11]邓红卫,刘传举,柯波,等.循环动力扰动下花岗岩细观损伤特性试验研究[J].工程科学学报, 2017, 39(11):1634-1639.DENG Hong-wei, LIU Chuan-ju, KE Bo, et al.Experimentalstudyonmicroscopicdamage characteristics of granite under cyclic dynamic disturbances[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2017,39(11):1634-1639.
[12]袁小平,刘红岩,王志乔.压缩载荷作用下岩石的细观损伤和塑性研究[J].计算力学学报, 2013, 30(1):149-155.YUAN Xiao-ping, LIU Hong-yan, WANG Zhi-qiao.Meso damage and plasticity of rock under compressive loading[J]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2013, 30(1):149-155.
[13]李守巨,李德,武力,等.非均质岩石单轴压缩试验破坏过程细观模拟及分形特性[J].煤炭学报, 2014, 39(5):849-854.LI Shou-ju, LI De, WU Li, et al. Meso-simulation and fractal characteristics for uniaxial compression test of inhomogeneous rock[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2014, 39(5):849-854.
[14]陈世江,朱万成,张敏思,等.基于数字图像处理技术的岩石节理分形描述[J].岩土工程学报, 2012, 34(11):2087-2092.CHEN Shi-jiang, ZHU Wan-cheng, ZHANG Min-si,et al. Fractal description of rock joints based on digital image processing technique[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2012, 34(11):2087-2092.
[15] TSESARSKY M, GAL E, MACHLAV E. 3-D global-local finite element analysis of shallow underground caverns in soft sedimentary rock[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2013, 57:89-99.
[16] TORRE I G, LOSADA J C, HECK RJ, et al. Multifractal analysis of 3D images of tillage soil[J]. Geoderma, 2018,311:167-174.
[17]宋磊.红层软岩遇水软化的微观机理研究[D].成都:西南交通大学, 2014.SONG Lei. Research of micro-and meso-softening mechanism of red beds soft rock with water[D]. Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University, 2014.
[18]张肖宁,孙杨勇.岩石表面纹理的分形维数计算[J].计算机工程, 2010, 36(23):277-279.ZHANG Xiao-ning, SUN Yang-yong. Fractal dimension calculaation for rock surface texture[J]. Computer Engineering, 2010, 36(23):277-279.
[19] BABANOURI N, NASAB S K, SARAFRAZI S. A hybrid particle swarm optimization and multi-layer perceptron algorithm for bivariate fractal analysis of rock fractures roughness[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2013, 60:66-74.
[20]刘镇,周翠英,朱凤贤,等.软岩饱水软化过程微观结构演化的临界判据[J].岩土力学, 2011, 32(3):661-666.LIU Zhen, ZHOU Cui-ying, ZHU Feng-xian, et al.Critical criterion for microstructure evolution of soft rocks in softening process[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011, 32(3):661-666.
[21]周翠英,李伟科,向中明,等.水-应力作用下软岩细观结构摩擦接触分析[J].岩土力学, 2015, 36(9):2458-2466.ZHOU Cui-ying, LI Wei-ke, XIANG Zhong-ming, et al.Analysis of mesoscopic frictional contacts in soft rocks under water-stress interaction[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2015, 36(9):2458-2466.
[22] SEO J, MISHRA S, LI Xiang, et al. Catastrophic cascading failures in power networks[J]. Theoretical Computer Science, 2015, 607:306-319.
[23]李朝阳,杨任农,韩海艳,等.加权BA网络负荷重分配建模及级联抗毁性[J].空军工程大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 18(3):60-65.LI Zhao-yang, YANG Ren-nong, HAN Hai-yan, et al. A load reallocation model for weighted scale-free network and cascading invulnerability research[J]. Journal of Air Force Engineering University(Natural Science Edition),2017, 18(3):60-65.
[2] HAMMES D M, PETERNELL M. Fame:Software for analysing rock microstructures[J]. Computers and Geosciences, 2016, 90(A):24-33.
[3] LIU Z, ZHOU C Y, LI B T, et al. A dissolution-diffusion sliding model for soft rock grains with hydromechanical effect[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2018, 10(3):457-467.
[4]刘镇,周翠英,陆仪启,等.软岩水-力耦合的流变损伤多尺度力学试验系统的研制[J].岩土力学, 2018,39(8):3077-3086.LIU Zhen, ZHOU Cui-ying, LU Yi-qi, et al. Development of the multi-scale mechanical experimental system for rheological damage effect of soft rock bearing the hydro-mechanical coupling action[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2018, 39(8):3077-3086.
[5]李术才,李廷春,王刚,等.单轴压缩作用下内置裂隙扩展的CT扫描试验[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2007,26(3):484-492.LI Shu-cai, LI Ting-chun, WANG Gang, et al. CT real-time scanning tests on rock specimens with artificial initial crack under uniaxial conditions[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2007,26(3):484-492.
[6]王常彬,曹安业,井广成,等.单轴受载下岩体破裂演化特征的声发射CT成像[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016, 35(10):2044-2053.WANG Chang-bin, CAO An-ye, JING Guang-cheng, et al.Evolution characteristics of rock fracture under uniaxial loading by combining acoustic emission and CT imaging[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2016, 35(10):2044-2053.
[7]薛华庆,胥蕊娜,姜培学,等.岩石微观结构CT扫描表征技术研究[J].力学学报, 2015, 47(6):1073-1078.XUE Hua-qing, XU Rui-na, JIANG Pei-xue, et al.Characterization of rock microstructure using 3D X-ray computedtomography[J].ChineseJournalof Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2015, 47(6):1073-1078.
[8]毛灵涛,袁则循,连秀云,等.基于CT数字体相关法测量红砂岩单轴压缩内部三维应变场[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2015, 34(1):21-30.MAO Ling-tao, YUAN Ze-xun, LIAN Xiu-yun, et al.Measurement of 3D strain field in red stone sample under uniaxial compression with computer tomography and digital volume correlation method[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2015, 34(1):21-30.
[9]王宇,李建林,邓华锋,等.软岩三轴卸荷流变力学特性及本构模型研究[J].岩土力学, 2012, 33(11):3338-3344.WANG Yu, LI Jian-lin, DENG Hua-feng, et al.Investigationonunloadingtriaxialrheological mechanical properties of soft rock and its constitutive model[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2012, 33(11):3338-3344.
[10]朱珍德,黄强,王剑波,等.岩石变形劣化全过程细观试验与细观损伤力学模型研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2013, 32(6):1167-1175.ZHU Zhen-de, HUANG Qiang, WANG Jian-bo, et al.Mesoscopic experiment on degradation evolution of rock deformation and its meso-damage mechanical model[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013, 32(6):1167-1175.
[11]邓红卫,刘传举,柯波,等.循环动力扰动下花岗岩细观损伤特性试验研究[J].工程科学学报, 2017, 39(11):1634-1639.DENG Hong-wei, LIU Chuan-ju, KE Bo, et al.Experimentalstudyonmicroscopicdamage characteristics of granite under cyclic dynamic disturbances[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2017,39(11):1634-1639.
[12]袁小平,刘红岩,王志乔.压缩载荷作用下岩石的细观损伤和塑性研究[J].计算力学学报, 2013, 30(1):149-155.YUAN Xiao-ping, LIU Hong-yan, WANG Zhi-qiao.Meso damage and plasticity of rock under compressive loading[J]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2013, 30(1):149-155.
[13]李守巨,李德,武力,等.非均质岩石单轴压缩试验破坏过程细观模拟及分形特性[J].煤炭学报, 2014, 39(5):849-854.LI Shou-ju, LI De, WU Li, et al. Meso-simulation and fractal characteristics for uniaxial compression test of inhomogeneous rock[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2014, 39(5):849-854.
[14]陈世江,朱万成,张敏思,等.基于数字图像处理技术的岩石节理分形描述[J].岩土工程学报, 2012, 34(11):2087-2092.CHEN Shi-jiang, ZHU Wan-cheng, ZHANG Min-si,et al. Fractal description of rock joints based on digital image processing technique[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2012, 34(11):2087-2092.
[15] TSESARSKY M, GAL E, MACHLAV E. 3-D global-local finite element analysis of shallow underground caverns in soft sedimentary rock[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2013, 57:89-99.
[16] TORRE I G, LOSADA J C, HECK RJ, et al. Multifractal analysis of 3D images of tillage soil[J]. Geoderma, 2018,311:167-174.
[17]宋磊.红层软岩遇水软化的微观机理研究[D].成都:西南交通大学, 2014.SONG Lei. Research of micro-and meso-softening mechanism of red beds soft rock with water[D]. Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University, 2014.
[18]张肖宁,孙杨勇.岩石表面纹理的分形维数计算[J].计算机工程, 2010, 36(23):277-279.ZHANG Xiao-ning, SUN Yang-yong. Fractal dimension calculaation for rock surface texture[J]. Computer Engineering, 2010, 36(23):277-279.
[19] BABANOURI N, NASAB S K, SARAFRAZI S. A hybrid particle swarm optimization and multi-layer perceptron algorithm for bivariate fractal analysis of rock fractures roughness[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2013, 60:66-74.
[20]刘镇,周翠英,朱凤贤,等.软岩饱水软化过程微观结构演化的临界判据[J].岩土力学, 2011, 32(3):661-666.LIU Zhen, ZHOU Cui-ying, ZHU Feng-xian, et al.Critical criterion for microstructure evolution of soft rocks in softening process[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011, 32(3):661-666.
[21]周翠英,李伟科,向中明,等.水-应力作用下软岩细观结构摩擦接触分析[J].岩土力学, 2015, 36(9):2458-2466.ZHOU Cui-ying, LI Wei-ke, XIANG Zhong-ming, et al.Analysis of mesoscopic frictional contacts in soft rocks under water-stress interaction[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2015, 36(9):2458-2466.
[22] SEO J, MISHRA S, LI Xiang, et al. Catastrophic cascading failures in power networks[J]. Theoretical Computer Science, 2015, 607:306-319.
[23]李朝阳,杨任农,韩海艳,等.加权BA网络负荷重分配建模及级联抗毁性[J].空军工程大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 18(3):60-65.LI Zhao-yang, YANG Ren-nong, HAN Hai-yan, et al. A load reallocation model for weighted scale-free network and cascading invulnerability research[J]. Journal of Air Force Engineering University(Natural Science Edition),2017, 18(3):60-65.
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