PBAT型全生物降解地膜对南疆棉花和玉米产量及土壤理化性质的影响
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摘要
为探讨聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)材料的全生物降解地膜的降解过程和对作物产量及土壤环境的影响,以PBAT型全生物降解地膜和普通聚乙烯塑料(PE)地膜为处理,在南疆四地州主要棉区和玉米种植区,开展降解地膜大面积应用试验与示范,系统分析了降解地膜的降解性能以及对作物产量、土壤温湿度和土壤养分的影响。结果表明:降解地膜的降解过程为先出现裂纹,然后出现孔洞,最后破碎成小块,中间伴随着地膜变薄、变脆。巴州棉花降解地膜出现碎裂期的时间较阿克苏提前4 d,喀什玉米出现大裂期的时间较和田地区提前7 d;但同一作物不同地区之间降解时间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。降解地膜降解处于诱导期之前,除巴州棉花降解地膜膜下5 cm的平均土温低于PE地膜外,四地州棉花和玉米降解地膜膜下5 cm和10 cm的土壤温湿度均高于PE地膜,但两种地膜的土壤温湿度差异均不显著(P>0.05)。同一地区,降解地膜覆盖下作物收获期和播种前土壤养分略有不同,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。巴州和阿克苏地区降解地膜覆盖下的棉花产量分别较PE地膜提高8.33%和6.48%,喀什与和田地区玉米分别较PE地膜提高3.67%和14.97%,但两种地膜的作物产量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。降解地膜降解性能良好,对土壤水分和温度及作物产量的影响与PE地膜相当,以PBAT型全生物降解地膜代替PE地膜应用于南疆农业生产具有可行性,对作物和土壤环境无显著影响。
In order to further explore the full biodegradable plastic mulch film of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT)and its effect on crop yield and soil environment, in this study, PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film and polyethylene(PE)film were selected.An experiment was carried out in the cotton and maize planting areas of Southern Xinjiang. Crop yield and soil temperature, moisture, and nutrient levels were measured. Then, the degradation of PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film and its effect on crop yield and soil environment were analyzed. The results showed the following. The degradation of PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film started with small cracks,then small holes grew, and finally the film was broken down into many pieces at the crop harvest stage. The film became more brittle and thinner during the degradation. The fragmentation period of PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film in the Bazhou area occurred 4 days sooner that in the Akesu area, and the cracking period in the Kashi area occurred more than 7 days ahead of that in the Hetian area, but the differences in the same crop in different regions were not significant(P>0.05). Before the induction period of PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film, soil temperature and moisture at depths of 5 cm and 10 cm were higher than with the PE film, except for mean soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm in the Bazhou cotton area. There was no significant difference between PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film and PE film(P>0.05). Under the PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film, soil nutrients in the same area were slightly different in the early sowing and harvest stages, but the differences were not significant(P>0.05). Compared with the PE film, the cotton yields with the PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film in the Bazhou and Akesu areas increased by 8.33% and 6.48%, respectively(P>0.05), and the maize yield in the Kashi and Hetian areas increased by 3.67% and 14.97%, respectively(P>0.05). In summary, the degradation of PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film was good, and the impacts of soil moisture, soil temperature, and crop yield were the same as those with the PE film. PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film could be applied as a substitute for PE film in agricultural production in Southern Xinjiang, as it had no significant impact on the crop and soil environment.
In order to further explore the full biodegradable plastic mulch film of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT)and its effect on crop yield and soil environment, in this study, PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film and polyethylene(PE)film were selected.An experiment was carried out in the cotton and maize planting areas of Southern Xinjiang. Crop yield and soil temperature, moisture, and nutrient levels were measured. Then, the degradation of PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film and its effect on crop yield and soil environment were analyzed. The results showed the following. The degradation of PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film started with small cracks,then small holes grew, and finally the film was broken down into many pieces at the crop harvest stage. The film became more brittle and thinner during the degradation. The fragmentation period of PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film in the Bazhou area occurred 4 days sooner that in the Akesu area, and the cracking period in the Kashi area occurred more than 7 days ahead of that in the Hetian area, but the differences in the same crop in different regions were not significant(P>0.05). Before the induction period of PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film, soil temperature and moisture at depths of 5 cm and 10 cm were higher than with the PE film, except for mean soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm in the Bazhou cotton area. There was no significant difference between PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film and PE film(P>0.05). Under the PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film, soil nutrients in the same area were slightly different in the early sowing and harvest stages, but the differences were not significant(P>0.05). Compared with the PE film, the cotton yields with the PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film in the Bazhou and Akesu areas increased by 8.33% and 6.48%, respectively(P>0.05), and the maize yield in the Kashi and Hetian areas increased by 3.67% and 14.97%, respectively(P>0.05). In summary, the degradation of PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film was good, and the impacts of soil moisture, soil temperature, and crop yield were the same as those with the PE film. PBAT biodegradable plastic mulch film could be applied as a substitute for PE film in agricultural production in Southern Xinjiang, as it had no significant impact on the crop and soil environment.
引文
[1]李海萍,周杨全,靳拓,等.不同类型地膜降解特征及其对马铃薯产量的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2017, 33(24):36-40.LI Hai-ping, ZHOU Yang-quan, JIN Tuo, et al. Degradation characteristics of different mulch and the effect on potato yield[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2017, 33(24):36-40.
[2]申丽霞,王璞,张丽丽.可降解地膜的降解性能及对土壤温度、水分和玉米生长的影响[J].农业工程学报, 2012, 28(4):111-116.SHEN Li-xia, WANG Pu, ZHANG Li-li. Degradation property of degradable film and its effect on soil temperature and moisture and maize growth[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2012, 28(4):111-116.
[3] Briassoulis D. Mechanical behaviour of biodegradable agricultural films under real field conditions[J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2006,91(6):1256-1272.
[4] Kyrikou I, Briassoulis D. Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films:A critical review[J]. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2007, 15(2):125-150.
[5]朱会义. 1980年以来中国棉花生产向新疆集中的主要原因[J].地理研究, 2013, 32(4):744-754.ZHU Hui-yi. The underlying cause for the concentration of China′s cotton production in Xinjiang[J]. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(4):744-754.
[6] Ammala A, Bateman S, Dean K, et al. An overview of degradable and biodegradable polyolefins[J]. Progress in Polymer Science, 2011, 36(8):1015-1049.
[7]何文清,严昌荣,赵彩霞,等.我国地膜应用污染现状及其防治途径研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2009, 28(3):533-538.HE Wen-qing, YAN Chang-rong, ZHAO Cai-xia, et al. The use of plastic mulch film in typical cotton planting region and the associated environmental pollution[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2009,28(3):533-538.
[8]张江华,蒋平安,申玉熙,等.新疆农田地膜污染现状及对策[J].新疆农业科学, 2010, 47(8):1656-1659.ZHANG Jiang-hua, JIANG Ping-an, SHEN Yu-xi, et al. Present conditions and control measures of plastic film residue in agricultural fields in Xinjiang[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Science, 2010, 47(8):1656-1659.
[9]刘敏,黄占斌,杨玉姣.可生物降解地膜的研究进展与发展趋势[J].中国农学通报, 2008, 24(9):439-443.LIU Min, HUANG Zhan-bin, YANG Yu-jiao. A study on status and developmental trend of biodegradable plastic film[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2008, 24(9):439-443.
[10]康虎,敖李龙,秦丽珍,等.生物质可降解地膜的田间降解过程及其对玉米生长的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2013, 29(6):54-58.KANG Hu, AO Li-long, QIN Li-zhen, et al. Effects of biodegradable mulch film by reusing biomass residue on degradation in field and corn growth[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2013, 29(6):54-58.
[11]刘群,穆兴民,袁子成,等.生物降解地膜自然降解过程及其对玉米生长发育和产量的影响[J].水土保持通报, 2011, 31(6):126-129.LIU Qun, MU Xing-min, YUAN Zi-cheng, et al. Degradation of biodegradable mulch film and its effect on growth and yield of maize[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 31(6):126-129.
[12]杨迎春,高玉山,孙云云,等.降解地膜在玉米膜下滴灌栽培中的应用研究[J].玉米科学, 2013, 21(2):112-115.YANG Ying-chun, GAO Yu-shan, SUN Yun-yun, et al. Application research on degradable plastic film in drip irrigation cultivation of maize[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2013, 21(2):112-115.
[13]兰印超,申丽霞,李若帆.不同地膜覆盖对土壤温度及水分的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2013, 29(12):120-126.LAN Yin-chao, SHEN Li-xia, LI Ruo-fan. Effects of different film mulching on soil temperature and moisture[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2013, 29(12):120-126.
[14]何文清,赵彩霞,刘爽,等.全生物降解膜田间降解特征及其对棉花产量影响[J].中国农业大学学报, 2011, 16(3):21-27.HE Wen-qing, ZHAO Cai-xia, LIU Shuang, et al. Study on the degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch film and its effect on the yield of cotton[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2011, 16(3):21-27.
[15]赵彩霞,何文清,刘爽,等.新疆地区全生物降解膜降解特征及其对棉花产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2011, 30(8):1616-1621.ZHAO Cai-xia, HE Wen-qing, LIU Shuang, et al. Degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch film and its effect on the yield of cotton in Xinjiang region, China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2011,30(8):1616-1621.
[16]胡伟,孙九胜,单娜娜,等.降解地膜对地温和作物产量的影响及其降解性分析[J].新疆农业科学, 2015, 52(2):317-320.HU Wei, SUN Jiu-sheng, SHAN Na-na, et al. Effect of COPO degradable membrane on soil temperature and crop yield and analysis of its degradable characteristics[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 52(2):317-320.
[17]王金鑫,王斌,邵华伟,等.南疆玉米覆盖生物降解地膜高产栽培技术规程[J].农技服务, 2017, 34(8):36.WANG Jin-xin, WANG Bin, SHAO Hua-wei, et al. Technical regulations for high yield cultivation of corn mulching biodegradable mulching film in South Xinjiang, China[J]. Agricultural Technology Service,2017, 34(8):36.
[18]朱友娟,伍维模,温善菊,等.可降解地膜对新疆南疆棉花生长和产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究, 2016, 34(4):189-196, 224.ZHU You-juan, WU Wei-mo, WEN Shan-ju, et al. The effect of degradable agricultural mulch films on the growth and yield of cotton in Southern Xinjiang[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2016, 34(4):189-196, 224.
[19]代健康,崔兴洪,谭洪应,等.可控全生物降解地膜对玉米生长的影响[J].安徽农业科学, 2015, 43(21):71-72, 133.DAI Jian-kang, CUI Xing-hong, TAN Hong-ying, et al. Effect of controllable biodegradable mulching film on the growth of maize[J]. Journal of Anhui Agri Sci, 2015, 43(21):71-72, 133.
[20]中国土壤学会.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社, 1999:146-226.Soil Science Society of China. Methods for agrochemical analysis of soil[M]. Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,1999:146-226.
[21]吴从林,黄介生,沈荣开.光-生双降解膜覆盖下的夏玉米试验研究[J].农业环境保护, 2002, 21(2):137-139.WU Cong-lin, HUANG Jie-sheng, SHEN Rong-kai. Experiment study on the effects of photo-biodegradable on the summer corn yield[J]. Agricultural Environment Protection, 2002, 21(2):137-139.
[22]乔海军.生物降解地膜的降解过程及其对玉米生长的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学, 2007:6.QIAO Hai-jun. Degradation of biodegradable mulch films and its effects on the growth of corn[D]. Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University, 2007:6.
[23]曹玉军,魏雯雯,徐国安,等.半干旱区不同地膜覆盖滴灌对土壤水、温变化及玉米生长的影响[J].玉米科学, 2013, 21(1):107-113.CAO Yu-jun, WEI Wen-wen, XU Guo-an, et al. Effects of different films on soil water, temperature and corn growth characteristics under drip-irrigation conditions in semi-arid region[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2013, 21(1):107-113.
[24]战勇,魏建军,杨相昆,等.可降解地膜的性能及在北疆棉田上的应用[J].西北农业学报, 2010, 19(7):202-206.ZHAN Yong, WEI Jian-jun, YANG Xiang-kun, et al. Characteristics of degradable plastic film and application in north Xinjiang cotton field[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica, 2010, 19(7):202-206.
[25]杨玉姣,黄占斌,闫玉敏,等.可降解地膜覆盖对土壤水温和玉米成苗的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2010, 29(增刊1):10-14.YANG Yu-jiao, HUANG Zhan-bin, YAN Yu-min, et al. Effects on temperature and moisture of soil and seeding of maize to biodegradable film coverage[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2010, 29(Suppl 1):10-14.
[2]申丽霞,王璞,张丽丽.可降解地膜的降解性能及对土壤温度、水分和玉米生长的影响[J].农业工程学报, 2012, 28(4):111-116.SHEN Li-xia, WANG Pu, ZHANG Li-li. Degradation property of degradable film and its effect on soil temperature and moisture and maize growth[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2012, 28(4):111-116.
[3] Briassoulis D. Mechanical behaviour of biodegradable agricultural films under real field conditions[J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2006,91(6):1256-1272.
[4] Kyrikou I, Briassoulis D. Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films:A critical review[J]. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2007, 15(2):125-150.
[5]朱会义. 1980年以来中国棉花生产向新疆集中的主要原因[J].地理研究, 2013, 32(4):744-754.ZHU Hui-yi. The underlying cause for the concentration of China′s cotton production in Xinjiang[J]. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(4):744-754.
[6] Ammala A, Bateman S, Dean K, et al. An overview of degradable and biodegradable polyolefins[J]. Progress in Polymer Science, 2011, 36(8):1015-1049.
[7]何文清,严昌荣,赵彩霞,等.我国地膜应用污染现状及其防治途径研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2009, 28(3):533-538.HE Wen-qing, YAN Chang-rong, ZHAO Cai-xia, et al. The use of plastic mulch film in typical cotton planting region and the associated environmental pollution[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2009,28(3):533-538.
[8]张江华,蒋平安,申玉熙,等.新疆农田地膜污染现状及对策[J].新疆农业科学, 2010, 47(8):1656-1659.ZHANG Jiang-hua, JIANG Ping-an, SHEN Yu-xi, et al. Present conditions and control measures of plastic film residue in agricultural fields in Xinjiang[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Science, 2010, 47(8):1656-1659.
[9]刘敏,黄占斌,杨玉姣.可生物降解地膜的研究进展与发展趋势[J].中国农学通报, 2008, 24(9):439-443.LIU Min, HUANG Zhan-bin, YANG Yu-jiao. A study on status and developmental trend of biodegradable plastic film[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2008, 24(9):439-443.
[10]康虎,敖李龙,秦丽珍,等.生物质可降解地膜的田间降解过程及其对玉米生长的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2013, 29(6):54-58.KANG Hu, AO Li-long, QIN Li-zhen, et al. Effects of biodegradable mulch film by reusing biomass residue on degradation in field and corn growth[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2013, 29(6):54-58.
[11]刘群,穆兴民,袁子成,等.生物降解地膜自然降解过程及其对玉米生长发育和产量的影响[J].水土保持通报, 2011, 31(6):126-129.LIU Qun, MU Xing-min, YUAN Zi-cheng, et al. Degradation of biodegradable mulch film and its effect on growth and yield of maize[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 31(6):126-129.
[12]杨迎春,高玉山,孙云云,等.降解地膜在玉米膜下滴灌栽培中的应用研究[J].玉米科学, 2013, 21(2):112-115.YANG Ying-chun, GAO Yu-shan, SUN Yun-yun, et al. Application research on degradable plastic film in drip irrigation cultivation of maize[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2013, 21(2):112-115.
[13]兰印超,申丽霞,李若帆.不同地膜覆盖对土壤温度及水分的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2013, 29(12):120-126.LAN Yin-chao, SHEN Li-xia, LI Ruo-fan. Effects of different film mulching on soil temperature and moisture[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2013, 29(12):120-126.
[14]何文清,赵彩霞,刘爽,等.全生物降解膜田间降解特征及其对棉花产量影响[J].中国农业大学学报, 2011, 16(3):21-27.HE Wen-qing, ZHAO Cai-xia, LIU Shuang, et al. Study on the degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch film and its effect on the yield of cotton[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2011, 16(3):21-27.
[15]赵彩霞,何文清,刘爽,等.新疆地区全生物降解膜降解特征及其对棉花产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2011, 30(8):1616-1621.ZHAO Cai-xia, HE Wen-qing, LIU Shuang, et al. Degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch film and its effect on the yield of cotton in Xinjiang region, China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2011,30(8):1616-1621.
[16]胡伟,孙九胜,单娜娜,等.降解地膜对地温和作物产量的影响及其降解性分析[J].新疆农业科学, 2015, 52(2):317-320.HU Wei, SUN Jiu-sheng, SHAN Na-na, et al. Effect of COPO degradable membrane on soil temperature and crop yield and analysis of its degradable characteristics[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 52(2):317-320.
[17]王金鑫,王斌,邵华伟,等.南疆玉米覆盖生物降解地膜高产栽培技术规程[J].农技服务, 2017, 34(8):36.WANG Jin-xin, WANG Bin, SHAO Hua-wei, et al. Technical regulations for high yield cultivation of corn mulching biodegradable mulching film in South Xinjiang, China[J]. Agricultural Technology Service,2017, 34(8):36.
[18]朱友娟,伍维模,温善菊,等.可降解地膜对新疆南疆棉花生长和产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究, 2016, 34(4):189-196, 224.ZHU You-juan, WU Wei-mo, WEN Shan-ju, et al. The effect of degradable agricultural mulch films on the growth and yield of cotton in Southern Xinjiang[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2016, 34(4):189-196, 224.
[19]代健康,崔兴洪,谭洪应,等.可控全生物降解地膜对玉米生长的影响[J].安徽农业科学, 2015, 43(21):71-72, 133.DAI Jian-kang, CUI Xing-hong, TAN Hong-ying, et al. Effect of controllable biodegradable mulching film on the growth of maize[J]. Journal of Anhui Agri Sci, 2015, 43(21):71-72, 133.
[20]中国土壤学会.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社, 1999:146-226.Soil Science Society of China. Methods for agrochemical analysis of soil[M]. Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,1999:146-226.
[21]吴从林,黄介生,沈荣开.光-生双降解膜覆盖下的夏玉米试验研究[J].农业环境保护, 2002, 21(2):137-139.WU Cong-lin, HUANG Jie-sheng, SHEN Rong-kai. Experiment study on the effects of photo-biodegradable on the summer corn yield[J]. Agricultural Environment Protection, 2002, 21(2):137-139.
[22]乔海军.生物降解地膜的降解过程及其对玉米生长的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学, 2007:6.QIAO Hai-jun. Degradation of biodegradable mulch films and its effects on the growth of corn[D]. Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University, 2007:6.
[23]曹玉军,魏雯雯,徐国安,等.半干旱区不同地膜覆盖滴灌对土壤水、温变化及玉米生长的影响[J].玉米科学, 2013, 21(1):107-113.CAO Yu-jun, WEI Wen-wen, XU Guo-an, et al. Effects of different films on soil water, temperature and corn growth characteristics under drip-irrigation conditions in semi-arid region[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2013, 21(1):107-113.
[24]战勇,魏建军,杨相昆,等.可降解地膜的性能及在北疆棉田上的应用[J].西北农业学报, 2010, 19(7):202-206.ZHAN Yong, WEI Jian-jun, YANG Xiang-kun, et al. Characteristics of degradable plastic film and application in north Xinjiang cotton field[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica, 2010, 19(7):202-206.
[25]杨玉姣,黄占斌,闫玉敏,等.可降解地膜覆盖对土壤水温和玉米成苗的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2010, 29(增刊1):10-14.YANG Yu-jiao, HUANG Zhan-bin, YAN Yu-min, et al. Effects on temperature and moisture of soil and seeding of maize to biodegradable film coverage[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2010, 29(Suppl 1):10-14.