基于我国人群胃肠消化特征的土壤中As的人体可给性研究
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摘要
基于我国人群胃肠消化特征,采用医学配方模拟胃肠消化方法测试了来自大连、湖南和广西的13个受重金属污染土壤中As的人体可给性,分析了土壤理化参数与可给性的相关关系及提取液中酶、胃肠液pH值、提取时间对As的人体可给性的影响.结果表明,医学配方可给性测试中,供试土样在胃、肠阶段As的人体可给性分别为5.03%～44.54%和10.77%～51.46%,平均值为18.08%、29.32%.胃阶段As的可给性浓度与土壤中总As含量w(TAs)、总P含量w(TP)极显著正相关,与总Al含量w(TAl)、土壤pH值、总有机质含量w(TOM)显著相关;肠阶段As的可给性浓度与土壤中w(TAs)、胃阶段As的可给性浓度、w(TP)极显著相关,与土壤pH值、w(TAl)和w(TOM)显著相关.胃阶段提取液中的胃蛋白酶显著降低了As的可给性,而肠阶段添加胰蛋白酶As的可给性没有明显变化.胃、肠阶段分别在pH值为0.9和5.0时可给性最大,0.9和5.0可分别作为土壤As在可给性测试过程中模拟胃肠液的pH值.胃、肠阶段在提取时间分别为1.0h、4.0h时可给性达到最大,且之后基本不变,1.0h、4.0h可作为模拟测试As在胃肠中可给性的提取时间.研究结果表明开展基于我国人群胃肠消化特征的土壤重金属人体可给性测试方法具有重要意义.
In order to considering the digestive characteristics of Chinese people, gastric and intestinal juice formulated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia were used as digestive solutions in measuring as bioaccessibility of 13 soil samples collected from Dalian, Hunan and Guangxi in this study. The correlation between soil physicochemical parameters and As bioaccessibility was investigated, and the effects of enzymes and the pH of gastrointestinal fluid as well as the digestive duration on As bioaccessibility were explored. The results showed that the bioaccessibility of As in stomach and intestine were 5.03%～44.54% and 10.77%～51.46% respectively, with the arithmetic means at 18.08% and 29.32%. Two most significant factors influencing the As bioaccessibility in stomach were w(TAs) and w(TP), followed by w(TAl), p H of soil samples and w(TOM). The most significant factors in intestine were w(TAs), bioaccessible As in stomach and w(TP), followed by pH of soil samples, w(TAl) and w(TOM). The bioaccessible As in stomach was decreased due to the addition of pepsin while no significant change was observed by adding typsin to the digestive solution in intestine. The bioaccessibility of As reached the peaks at the pH 0.9 and 5.0 in stomach and intestine respectively and approach the maximum levels relatively stable by about 1.0h and 4.0h of extraction in stomach and intestine respectively. Therefore, digestion simulations for 1.0h in stomach fluid at pH 0.9 and for 4.0h in intestine fluid at pH 5.0 were recommended for As bioaccessibility measurement. The study also indicates that it is of great significance to further developing the bioaccessibility method based on the characteristics of Chinese gastrointestinal digestion.
In order to considering the digestive characteristics of Chinese people, gastric and intestinal juice formulated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia were used as digestive solutions in measuring as bioaccessibility of 13 soil samples collected from Dalian, Hunan and Guangxi in this study. The correlation between soil physicochemical parameters and As bioaccessibility was investigated, and the effects of enzymes and the pH of gastrointestinal fluid as well as the digestive duration on As bioaccessibility were explored. The results showed that the bioaccessibility of As in stomach and intestine were 5.03%～44.54% and 10.77%～51.46% respectively, with the arithmetic means at 18.08% and 29.32%. Two most significant factors influencing the As bioaccessibility in stomach were w(TAs) and w(TP), followed by w(TAl), p H of soil samples and w(TOM). The most significant factors in intestine were w(TAs), bioaccessible As in stomach and w(TP), followed by pH of soil samples, w(TAl) and w(TOM). The bioaccessible As in stomach was decreased due to the addition of pepsin while no significant change was observed by adding typsin to the digestive solution in intestine. The bioaccessibility of As reached the peaks at the pH 0.9 and 5.0 in stomach and intestine respectively and approach the maximum levels relatively stable by about 1.0h and 4.0h of extraction in stomach and intestine respectively. Therefore, digestion simulations for 1.0h in stomach fluid at pH 0.9 and for 4.0h in intestine fluid at pH 5.0 were recommended for As bioaccessibility measurement. The study also indicates that it is of great significance to further developing the bioaccessibility method based on the characteristics of Chinese gastrointestinal digestion.
引文
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[12]舒霞,吴玉程,程继贵,等.Mastersizer 2000激光粒度分析仪及其应用[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,30(2):164-167.Shu X,Wu Y C,Cheng J G,et al.Mastersizer 2000 laser particle size analyzer and its applications[J].Journal of HeFei University of Technology,2007,30(2):164-167.
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[15]Whitacre S,Basta N,Dayton E.Bioaccessible and non-bioaccessible fractions of soil arsenic[J].Journal of Environmental Science&Health Part A Toxic/hazardous Substances&Environmental Engineering,2013,48(6):620-628.
[16]Pouschat P,Zagury G J.In Vitro Gastrointestinal Bioavailability of Arsenic in Soils Collected near CCA-Treated Utility Poles[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(13):4317-4323.
[17]钟茂生,彭超,姜林,等.老化土壤中As的人体可给性控制因素及健康风险[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(2):267-274.Zhong M S,Peng C,Jiang L,et al.Factors controlling arsenic bioaccessibility in aged soils and corresponding health risks[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(2):267-274.
[18]Stefaniak B A,Virji A M,Harvey J C,et al.Influence of artificial gastric juice composition on bioaccessibility of cobalt-and tungstencontaining powers[J].International Journal Hygiene Environmental Health,2010,213(2):107-115.
[19]Maldonado-Valderrama J,Wilde P,Macierzanka A,et al.The role of bile salts in digestion[J].Advances in Colloid and Interface Science,2011,165(1):36-46.
[20]Oomen A G,Rompelberg C J,Van d K E,et al.Effect of bile type on the bioaccessibility of soil contaminants in an in vitro digestion model[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,2004,46(2):183-188.
[21]Alava P,Du L G,Odhiambo M,et al.Arsenic bioaccessibility upon gastrointestinal digestion is highly determined by its speciation and lipid-bile salt interactions[J].Environmental Letters,2013,48(6):656-665.
[22]李继宁,侯红,魏源,等.株洲市农田土壤重金属生物可给性及其人体健康风险评估[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(10):1139-1146.Li J N,Hou H,Wei Y,et al.Bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soil from Zhuzhou,China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(10):1139-1146.
[23]Xia Q,Peng C,Lamb D,et al.Bioaccessibility of arsenic and cadmium assessed for in vitro bioaccessibility in spiked soils and their interaction during the Unified BARGE Method(UBM)extraction[J].Chemosphere,2016,147:444-450.
[24]Bradham D K,Scheckel G K,Nelson M C,et al.Relative bioavailability and bioaccessibility and speciation of arsenic in contaminated soils[J].Environmental Health Perspective,2011,119(11):1629-1634.
[25]詹婉荣,于海.相关系数的传递性[J].大学数学,2003,29(1):91-94.Zhan W R,Yu H.The Transitivity of Correlation Coefficient[J].College Mathematics,2003,29(1):91-94.
[26]Sarkar D,Makris K C,Parra-Noonan M T,et al.Effect of soil properties on arsenic fractionation and bioaccessibility in cattle and sheep dipping vat sites[J].Environmental International,2007,33(2):164-169.
[27]Juhasz A L,Smith E,Weber J,et al.In vitro assessment of arsenic bioaccessibility in contaminated(anthropogenic and geogenic)soils[J].Chemosphere,2007,69(1):69-78.
[28]Wragg J,Cave M,Nathanail P.A Study of the relationship between arsenic bioaccessibility and its solid-phase distribution in soils from Wellingborough,UK[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A Toxic/hazardous Substances&Environmental Engineering,2007,42(9):1303-1315.
[29]李仪,章明奎.三种模拟消化液对土壤重金属的提取性比较[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(10):1807-1813.Li Y,Zhang M K.Comparison of soil heavy metals extraction using three in-vitro digestion tests[J].China Environmental Science,2012,32(10):1807-1813.
[30]张东平,余应新,张帆,等.环境污染物对人体生物有效性测定的胃肠模拟研究现状[J].科学通报,2008,53(21):2537-2545.Zhang D P,Yu Y X,Zhang F,et al.Current status of gastrointestinal simulation research on the determination of bioaccessibility of environmental pollutants in human body[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(21):2537-2545.
[31]钟松雄,尹光彩,黄润林,等.利用in vitro方法研究不同铁矿对土壤砷生物可给性的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1201-1208.Zhong S X,Yin G C,Huang R L,et al.Effect of different iron minerals on bioaccessibility of soil arsenic using in vitro methods[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):1201-1208.
[32]Li H B,Li J,Zhu Y G,et al.Comparison of arsenic bioaccessibility in housedust and contaminated soils based on four in vitro assays[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,532:803-811.
[33]朱大年.生理学(第七版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2008:172-186.Zhu D N.Physiology[M].Beijing:People's Medical Publishing Press,2008:172-186.
[34]Hu J L,Nie S P,Min F F,et al.Artificial simulated saliva,gastric and intestinal digestion of polysaccharide from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2013,92(2):1143-1150.
[35]Ruby M V,Davls A,Schoof R,et al.Development of an in vitro screening test to evaluate the in vivo bioaccessibility of ingested mine-waste lead[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1993,27(13):2870-2877.
[2]崔岩山,陈晓晨,朱永官.利用3种in vitro方法比较研究污染土壤中铅、砷生物可给性[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):414-419.Cui Y S,Chen X C,Zhu Y G.Comparison of three in vitro methods to study the bioaccessibility of soil lead and arsenic[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2008,27(2):414-419.
[3]郑顺安,王飞,李晓华,等.应用in vitro法评估土壤性质对土壤中Pb的生物可给性的影响[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(8):851-857.Zheng S A,Wang F,Li X H,et al.Application of in vitro digestion approach for estimating lead bioaccessibility in contaminated soils:influence of soil properties[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(8):851-857.
[4]Ng J C,Juhasz A L,Smith E,et al.Contaminant bioavailability and bioaccessibility,Part1:A scientific and technical review[R].UK:Cooperative Research Center of Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment,2010.
[5]崔岩山,陈晓晨,付瑾.污染土壤中铅、砷的生物可给性研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(2):480-486.Cui Y S,Chen X C,Fu J.Progress in study of bioaccessibility of lead and arsenic in contaminated soils[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(2):480-486.
[6]姜林,彭超,钟茂生,等.基于污染场地土壤中重金属人体可给性的健康风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(4):406-414.Jiang L,Peng C,Zhong M S,et al.Health risk assessment based on bioaccessibility of heavy metals in contaminated sites[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(4):406-414.
[7]国家药典委员会.中华药典2010[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2010:83-84,175-176.National pharmacopoeia committee.Chinese pharmacopoeia 2010[M].Beijing:China medical science and technology press,2010:83-84,175-176.
[8]郭建平,孙其荣,周全,等.葛根黄酮胶囊的制备及体外释放动力学[J].中草药,2000,31(1):25-26.Guo J P,Sun Q R,Zhou Q,et al.Preparation and in vitro release kinetics of pueraria flavonoids capsules[J].Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs,2000,31(1):25-26.
[9]李朝霞,李云谷.脑洛康缓释胶囊的制备工艺和体外释放度的研究[J].北京中医药大学学报,2002,11(25):40-42.Li Z X,Li Y G.Preparation of Naoluokang sustained release capsules and their release rate in vitro[J].Journal of Beijing university of TCM,2002,11(25):40-42.
[10]Drexler J W,Brattin W J.An in vitro procedure for estimate of lead bioavailability:with validation[J].Human&Ecological Risk Assessment,2007,13(2):383-401.
[11]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:106-110.Lu R K.Methods for chemical analysis of soil agriculture[M].China agricultural science and technology press,1999:106-110.
[12]舒霞,吴玉程,程继贵,等.Mastersizer 2000激光粒度分析仪及其应用[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,30(2):164-167.Shu X,Wu Y C,Cheng J G,et al.Mastersizer 2000 laser particle size analyzer and its applications[J].Journal of HeFei University of Technology,2007,30(2):164-167.
[13]Wragg J,Cave M,Taylor H,et al.Inter-laboratory Trial of a Unified Bioaccessibility Procedure[R].UK:British Geological Survey,2009.
[14]Girouard E,Zagury G J.Arsenic bioaccessibility in CCA-contaminated soils:Influence of soil properties,arsenic fractionation,and particle-size fraction[J].Science of the Total Environment,2009,407(8):2576-2585.
[15]Whitacre S,Basta N,Dayton E.Bioaccessible and non-bioaccessible fractions of soil arsenic[J].Journal of Environmental Science&Health Part A Toxic/hazardous Substances&Environmental Engineering,2013,48(6):620-628.
[16]Pouschat P,Zagury G J.In Vitro Gastrointestinal Bioavailability of Arsenic in Soils Collected near CCA-Treated Utility Poles[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(13):4317-4323.
[17]钟茂生,彭超,姜林,等.老化土壤中As的人体可给性控制因素及健康风险[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(2):267-274.Zhong M S,Peng C,Jiang L,et al.Factors controlling arsenic bioaccessibility in aged soils and corresponding health risks[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(2):267-274.
[18]Stefaniak B A,Virji A M,Harvey J C,et al.Influence of artificial gastric juice composition on bioaccessibility of cobalt-and tungstencontaining powers[J].International Journal Hygiene Environmental Health,2010,213(2):107-115.
[19]Maldonado-Valderrama J,Wilde P,Macierzanka A,et al.The role of bile salts in digestion[J].Advances in Colloid and Interface Science,2011,165(1):36-46.
[20]Oomen A G,Rompelberg C J,Van d K E,et al.Effect of bile type on the bioaccessibility of soil contaminants in an in vitro digestion model[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,2004,46(2):183-188.
[21]Alava P,Du L G,Odhiambo M,et al.Arsenic bioaccessibility upon gastrointestinal digestion is highly determined by its speciation and lipid-bile salt interactions[J].Environmental Letters,2013,48(6):656-665.
[22]李继宁,侯红,魏源,等.株洲市农田土壤重金属生物可给性及其人体健康风险评估[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(10):1139-1146.Li J N,Hou H,Wei Y,et al.Bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soil from Zhuzhou,China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(10):1139-1146.
[23]Xia Q,Peng C,Lamb D,et al.Bioaccessibility of arsenic and cadmium assessed for in vitro bioaccessibility in spiked soils and their interaction during the Unified BARGE Method(UBM)extraction[J].Chemosphere,2016,147:444-450.
[24]Bradham D K,Scheckel G K,Nelson M C,et al.Relative bioavailability and bioaccessibility and speciation of arsenic in contaminated soils[J].Environmental Health Perspective,2011,119(11):1629-1634.
[25]詹婉荣,于海.相关系数的传递性[J].大学数学,2003,29(1):91-94.Zhan W R,Yu H.The Transitivity of Correlation Coefficient[J].College Mathematics,2003,29(1):91-94.
[26]Sarkar D,Makris K C,Parra-Noonan M T,et al.Effect of soil properties on arsenic fractionation and bioaccessibility in cattle and sheep dipping vat sites[J].Environmental International,2007,33(2):164-169.
[27]Juhasz A L,Smith E,Weber J,et al.In vitro assessment of arsenic bioaccessibility in contaminated(anthropogenic and geogenic)soils[J].Chemosphere,2007,69(1):69-78.
[28]Wragg J,Cave M,Nathanail P.A Study of the relationship between arsenic bioaccessibility and its solid-phase distribution in soils from Wellingborough,UK[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A Toxic/hazardous Substances&Environmental Engineering,2007,42(9):1303-1315.
[29]李仪,章明奎.三种模拟消化液对土壤重金属的提取性比较[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(10):1807-1813.Li Y,Zhang M K.Comparison of soil heavy metals extraction using three in-vitro digestion tests[J].China Environmental Science,2012,32(10):1807-1813.
[30]张东平,余应新,张帆,等.环境污染物对人体生物有效性测定的胃肠模拟研究现状[J].科学通报,2008,53(21):2537-2545.Zhang D P,Yu Y X,Zhang F,et al.Current status of gastrointestinal simulation research on the determination of bioaccessibility of environmental pollutants in human body[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(21):2537-2545.
[31]钟松雄,尹光彩,黄润林,等.利用in vitro方法研究不同铁矿对土壤砷生物可给性的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1201-1208.Zhong S X,Yin G C,Huang R L,et al.Effect of different iron minerals on bioaccessibility of soil arsenic using in vitro methods[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):1201-1208.
[32]Li H B,Li J,Zhu Y G,et al.Comparison of arsenic bioaccessibility in housedust and contaminated soils based on four in vitro assays[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,532:803-811.
[33]朱大年.生理学(第七版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2008:172-186.Zhu D N.Physiology[M].Beijing:People's Medical Publishing Press,2008:172-186.
[34]Hu J L,Nie S P,Min F F,et al.Artificial simulated saliva,gastric and intestinal digestion of polysaccharide from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2013,92(2):1143-1150.
[35]Ruby M V,Davls A,Schoof R,et al.Development of an in vitro screening test to evaluate the in vivo bioaccessibility of ingested mine-waste lead[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1993,27(13):2870-2877.