冬虫夏草生物学及生态学研究中的关键科学问题研究进展
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摘要
冬虫夏草是一种具有极高药用和食用价值的珍稀菌类,其生物学特性和可持续发展关键技术一直是冬虫夏草研究关注的重点。总结了冬虫夏草生物学及生态学中的几个重要科学问题,包括冬虫夏草菌侵染蝙蝠蛾幼虫的途径及机制、冬虫夏草菌子实体形成及生长过程中的关键调控因子、冬虫夏草菌遗传多样性及基因组学研究、天然冬虫夏草及其微环境中的微生物群落组成、全球变暖背景下未来青藏高原地区的气候变化对冬虫夏草资源的影响等的研究进展,并分析了现有研究中尚未明确和不足之处。未来在冬虫夏草生物学及生态学的研究中,需要利用和研发更加先进的观测设备及试验方法,以实现天然冬虫夏草发生发育的原位观测和机理研究;充分利用冬虫夏草人工培植技术,结合分子生物学研究,从基因水平上揭示冬虫夏草菌生态适应性及侵染蝙蝠蛾幼虫的机理;建立冬虫夏草科学研究基地,开展长期定位观测试验并结合生态学模型构建明确未来气候变化对冬虫夏草资源的影响,以期进一步深入冬虫夏草生物学和生态学研究、推进我国冬虫夏草资源的合理利用及可持续发展的政策制定。
The Chinese caterpillar fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, is well known for its great value in medical use and healthcare. As a consequence, research on the biological characteristics of O. sinensis and sustainable utilization of this valuable resource have received substantial efforts. There are several aspects in the biological and ecological research on O. sinensis that are particularly important, including the(1) pathways and mechanisms of how Hepialidae larvae are infected by O. sinensis;(2) predominant factors that regulate O. sinensis stroma formation and development;(3) O. sinensis genetic diversity and genomics;(4) microbial communities that inhabit the natural Chinese caterpillar fungus and their interaction with O. sinensis; and(5) impact of climate change on O. sinensis habitats in the Tibetan Plateau under global warming. The present review summarized the progress that has been achieved regarding these crucial aspects in the current research. Certain limitations in the current research that are not well understood or inadequately investigated were highlighted to motivate the biological and ecological research of O. sinensis in the future. Based on the thorough review, it was proposed that to maintain the sustainable utilization of natural Chinese cordyceps, the following aspects should be considered a priority in the future:(1) the development of advanced equipment and experimental techniques for in situ observation of colonization and sexual reproduction processes of O. sinensis;(2) determining the mechanisms underlying environmental fitness and pathogenicity of O. sinensis at the genomic level using molecular technology and artificial cultivation; and(3) predicting the impact of climate change on the distribution and yield of Chinese cordyceps by long-term field observation in combination with ecological models.
The Chinese caterpillar fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, is well known for its great value in medical use and healthcare. As a consequence, research on the biological characteristics of O. sinensis and sustainable utilization of this valuable resource have received substantial efforts. There are several aspects in the biological and ecological research on O. sinensis that are particularly important, including the(1) pathways and mechanisms of how Hepialidae larvae are infected by O. sinensis;(2) predominant factors that regulate O. sinensis stroma formation and development;(3) O. sinensis genetic diversity and genomics;(4) microbial communities that inhabit the natural Chinese caterpillar fungus and their interaction with O. sinensis; and(5) impact of climate change on O. sinensis habitats in the Tibetan Plateau under global warming. The present review summarized the progress that has been achieved regarding these crucial aspects in the current research. Certain limitations in the current research that are not well understood or inadequately investigated were highlighted to motivate the biological and ecological research of O. sinensis in the future. Based on the thorough review, it was proposed that to maintain the sustainable utilization of natural Chinese cordyceps, the following aspects should be considered a priority in the future:(1) the development of advanced equipment and experimental techniques for in situ observation of colonization and sexual reproduction processes of O. sinensis;(2) determining the mechanisms underlying environmental fitness and pathogenicity of O. sinensis at the genomic level using molecular technology and artificial cultivation; and(3) predicting the impact of climate change on the distribution and yield of Chinese cordyceps by long-term field observation in combination with ecological models.
引文
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[6] Dong C H, Yao Y J. On the reliability of fungal materials used in studies on Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2011, 38(8): 1027-1035.
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[10] Quan Q M, Wang Q X, Zhou X L, Li S, Yang X L, Zhu Y G, Cheng Z. Comparative phylogenetic relationships and genetic structure of the caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis and its host insects inferred from multiple gene sequences. Journal of Microbiology, 2014, 52(2): 99- 105.
[11] Zhang Y J, Zhang S, Li Y L, Ma S L, Wang C S, Xiang M C, Liu X, An Z Q, Xu J P, Liu X Z. Phylogeography and evolution of a fungal-insect association on the Tibetan Plateau. Molecular Ecology, 2014, 23(21): 5337- 5355.
[12] 杨大荣, 彭艳琼, 陈吉岳, 曹永强, 杨培. 中国冬虫夏草分布格局与环境变化对其分布的影响. 中国草地学报, 2010, 32(S1): 22- 27.
[13] Li Y, Wang X L, Jiao L, Jiang Y, Li H, Jiang S P, Lhosumtseiring N, Fu S Z, Dong C H, Zhan Y, Yao Y J. A survey of the geographic distribution of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. The Journal of Microbiology, 2011, 49(6): 913- 919.
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