水生态空间红线概念、划定方法及实证研究
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摘要
我国面临着多方面、复杂的水生态问题:洪涝、干旱、水质污染、水生生境丧失以及人水关系日益疏远等等。解决这些问题,不能依赖单一目标的灰色工程方法,而必须从维护和保育水生态系统的完整性出发,来系统地解决问题。为此,如何定义一个相对完整的水生态系统的边界、划定维护其安全和健康的底线,即水生态空间红线,是用生态方法综合解决水问题的基础性的工作。研究提出了以保护水生态系统的综合生态服务为核心的水生态空间红线概念;提出了以水生态安全格局构建为基础的水生态空间红线划定方法和"水生态问题分析-水生态过程模拟和评价-水生态安全等级划分-水生态安全格局判定-水生态空间红线的划定"技术流程,分别划定水资源供给保护、水文调节保护、水生命支持和水文化保护四种类型的水生态保护空间红线,在此基础上,整合为综合的水生态空间红线,它呈现为对水生态过程具有关键意义的点、线、面和空间联系所构成的空间格局,并以雁栖湖流域为例进行了实证研究。
China is now facing multiple and interwoven water problems such as flooding, drought, water pollution, aquatic habitat loss and increasingly alienated human-water relationship. The solution to these problems should go beyond the single-minded engineering approach and be sought from bringing integrative hydro-ecosystem services through systematic restoration of its health and protection of its integrity. In such context, defining a relatively complete hydro-ecosystem boundary, as a bottom line for safeguarding its security and health, would lay an essential foundation for solving water issues ecologically, and also has strategic implication for current nation-wide buildup of Sponge City and Sponge National Landscape in the future. This article for the first time raises the concept of "Hydro-ecological Space Red Line",The article also proposed the red line defining methodology that is derived from hydro-ecological security pattern, specifies its technical procedure of "Hydro-ecological problem analysis-hydro-ecological process modelling and assessment-hydro-ecological security level classification-hydro-ecological security pattern identification-hydro-ecological red line drawing", and develops four red line types(for securing water supply, sustaining hydrological regulation function, supporting aquatic wildlife and conserving water cultural services, respectively). An integrative hydro-ecological red line was then formed, represented as a spatial pattern composed of landscape elements including patches, lines and areas as well as their spatial relationships that are critical in supporting hydro-ecological process. Taking Yanqi Lake as an example, an empirical study was carried out.
China is now facing multiple and interwoven water problems such as flooding, drought, water pollution, aquatic habitat loss and increasingly alienated human-water relationship. The solution to these problems should go beyond the single-minded engineering approach and be sought from bringing integrative hydro-ecosystem services through systematic restoration of its health and protection of its integrity. In such context, defining a relatively complete hydro-ecosystem boundary, as a bottom line for safeguarding its security and health, would lay an essential foundation for solving water issues ecologically, and also has strategic implication for current nation-wide buildup of Sponge City and Sponge National Landscape in the future. This article for the first time raises the concept of "Hydro-ecological Space Red Line",The article also proposed the red line defining methodology that is derived from hydro-ecological security pattern, specifies its technical procedure of "Hydro-ecological problem analysis-hydro-ecological process modelling and assessment-hydro-ecological security level classification-hydro-ecological security pattern identification-hydro-ecological red line drawing", and develops four red line types(for securing water supply, sustaining hydrological regulation function, supporting aquatic wildlife and conserving water cultural services, respectively). An integrative hydro-ecological red line was then formed, represented as a spatial pattern composed of landscape elements including patches, lines and areas as well as their spatial relationships that are critical in supporting hydro-ecological process. Taking Yanqi Lake as an example, an empirical study was carried out.
引文
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[2] 俞孔坚.美丽中国的水生态基础设施:理论与实践.鄱阳湖学刊,2015,(1):5- 18.
[3] 欧阳志云.中国生态环境现状及趋势剖析.景观设计学,2016,4(05):30- 37.
[4] 李双成.生态系统服务研究思辨.景观设计学,2019,7(01):82- 87.
[5] 中华人民共和国环境保护部.《国家生态保护红线——生态功能基线划定技术指南(试行)》.北京:中华人民共和国环境保护部,2014.
[6] 中华人民共和国环境保护部,国家发展改革委.生态保护红线划定指南.北京:中华人民共和国环境保护部,国家发展改革委,2017.
[7] 王晓红,张梦然,史晓新,邱冰,高丽娜,马晓莹.水生态保护红线划定技术方法.中国水利,2017,(16):11- 15.
[8] 尚文绣,王忠静,赵钟楠,邱冰,郑志磊.水生态红线框架体系和划定方法研究.水利学报,2016,47(7):934- 941.
[9] 杨晴,张梦然,赵伟,张建永,王晓红,翟媛.水生态空间功能与管控分类.中国水利,2017,(12):3- 7,21- 21.
[10] 张建永,杨晴,王晓红,孙翀,翟媛.水生态保护红线类型与划定技术路径.中国水利,2017,(16):6- 10.
[11] 俞孔坚,李迪华,袁弘,傅微,乔青,王思思.“海绵城市”理论与实践.城市规划,2015,39(6):26- 36.
[12] 俞孔坚.论生态治水:“海绵城市”与“海绵国土”.人民论坛·学术前沿,2016,(21):6- 18.
[13] Yu K J.Security patterns and surface model in landscape ecological planning.Landscape and Urban Planning,1996,36(1):1- 17.
[14] Yu K J.Security Patterns in Landscape Planning with A Case Study in South China.Harvard,MA,USA:Graduate School of Design,Harvard University,1995.
[15] 国务院.《关于实行最严格水资源管理制度的意见》.北京:国务院办公厅,2012.
[16] 中华人民共和国建设部.《城市蓝线管理办法》.北京:中华人民共和国建设部,2005.
[17] Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.Ecosystems and Human Well-Being:A Framework for Assessment.Washington,DC:Island Press,2003.
[18] Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.Ecosystems and Human Well-Being:Our Human Planet:Summary for Decision-makers.Washington,DC:Island Press,2005.
[19] 俞孔坚.生态安全格局与国土空间开发格局优化.景观设计学,2016,4(05):6- 9.
[20] 苏常红,傅伯杰.景观格局与生态过程的关系及其对生态系统服务的影响.自然杂志,2012,34(5):277- 283.
[21] Pieranunzi,D.,Steiner,F.R.,& Rieff,S.Advancing Green Infrastructure and Ecosystem Services through the SITES Rating System.Landscape Architecture Frontiers,2017,5(1),22- 39.
[22] 国家环境保护总局.HJ 338—2007 饮用水水源保护区划分技术规范.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007.
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[24] 水利部,国家发改委,财政部.全国水土保持规划(2015- 2030).北京:水利部,国家发改委,财政部,2015.
[25] 国务院.全国水土保持区划(试行).北京:国务院,2012.
[26] 俞孔坚.生物保护的景观生态安全格局.生态学报,1999,19(1):8- 15.
[27] 朱强,俞孔坚,李迪华.景观规划中的生态廊道宽度.生态学报,2005,25(9):2407- 2412.
[28] 俞孔坚,李伟,李迪华,李春波,黄刚,刘海龙.快速城市化地区遗产廊道适宜性分析方法探讨——以台州市为例.地理研究,2005,24(1):69- 76.
[29] 俞孔坚,李迪华,刘海龙,北京大学景观设计学研究院.“反规划”途径.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[30] 李博,黄梓茜.“反规划”途径:理论、应用与展望.景观设计学,2016,4(05):18- 29
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[32] 环境保护部,中国科学院.全国生态功能区划.北京:环境保护部,中国科学院,2008.
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[34] 俞孔坚,王思思,李迪华,乔青.北京城市扩张的生态底线——基本生态系统服务及其安全格局.城市规划,2010,34(2):19- 24.