高寒草甸生物结皮发育特征及其对土壤水文过程的影响
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摘要
为了明确不同退化程度高寒草甸生物结皮发育特征及其对土壤水文过程的影响,以三江源泽库高寒草甸生物结皮为研究对象,分析了不同退化程度(原生植被、轻度退化、中度退化及重度退化)高寒草甸生物结皮的优势种、盖度、厚度、容重及其对土壤水分入渗、蒸发的影响。结果表明:(1)不同退化程度泽库高寒草甸生物结皮以苔藓结皮为主,其优势种为土生对齿藓。原生植被至轻度退化阶段,生物结皮盖度、厚度无显著变化。至中度退化阶段,生物结皮容重无显著变化,其盖度、厚度分别较轻度退化样地分别下降74.85%,35.49%(p<0.05)。至重度阶段,生物结皮完全消失。(2)生物结皮对高寒草甸土壤水分入渗、蒸发过程无显著影响。覆盖和移除生物结皮处理初始入渗速率分别为0.20,0.22 mm/s,二者稳定入渗速率均为0.03 mm/s;覆盖和移除生物结皮处理平均土壤日蒸发量分别为1.79,1.78 mm/d。研究结果可为该区域其他生物结皮的相关研究提供数据基础。
In order to understand the characteristics of biological soil crusts(BSCs) and their effects on hydrological processes in different degraded alpine meadows, BSCs in Zeku alpine meadow in the headwater region of three rivers were taken as research samples, the dominant species, coverage, thickness and bulk density of BSCs of alpine meadows at different degradation degrees [native vegetation(NV), light degradation(LD), middle degradation(MD) and severe degradation(SD)] and their effects on soil water infiltration and evaporation were analyzed. The results showed that:(1) the dominant style of BSCs of alpine meadow at different degradation degrees was moss crust whose dominant species was Didymodon vinealis(Brid.) Zand; from NV to LD period, the coverage and thickness of BSCs had no significant difference, to MD period, the bulk densities of BSCs had no significant difference, the coverage and thickness of BSCs significantly reduced by 74.85%, 35.49%, respectively, compared that of LD(p<0.05). To SD period, BSCs completely disappeared;(2) BSCs had no significant effects on the soil water infiltration and evaporation process in alpine meadow; the initial infiltration rates of BSC cover and removal were 0.20, 0.22 mm/s, respectively, both of these steady infiltration rates were 0.03 mm/s, and average daily evaporation amounts of BSC cover and removal was 1.79, 1.78 mm/d, respectively. These results can provide the basic data for related research about BSCs in alpine meadow.
In order to understand the characteristics of biological soil crusts(BSCs) and their effects on hydrological processes in different degraded alpine meadows, BSCs in Zeku alpine meadow in the headwater region of three rivers were taken as research samples, the dominant species, coverage, thickness and bulk density of BSCs of alpine meadows at different degradation degrees [native vegetation(NV), light degradation(LD), middle degradation(MD) and severe degradation(SD)] and their effects on soil water infiltration and evaporation were analyzed. The results showed that:(1) the dominant style of BSCs of alpine meadow at different degradation degrees was moss crust whose dominant species was Didymodon vinealis(Brid.) Zand; from NV to LD period, the coverage and thickness of BSCs had no significant difference, to MD period, the bulk densities of BSCs had no significant difference, the coverage and thickness of BSCs significantly reduced by 74.85%, 35.49%, respectively, compared that of LD(p<0.05). To SD period, BSCs completely disappeared;(2) BSCs had no significant effects on the soil water infiltration and evaporation process in alpine meadow; the initial infiltration rates of BSC cover and removal were 0.20, 0.22 mm/s, respectively, both of these steady infiltration rates were 0.03 mm/s, and average daily evaporation amounts of BSC cover and removal was 1.79, 1.78 mm/d, respectively. These results can provide the basic data for related research about BSCs in alpine meadow.
引文
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[13] 陈宁,张扬建,朱军涛,等.高寒草甸退化过程中群落生产力和物种多样性的非线性响应机制研究[J].植物生态学报,2018,42(1):50-65.
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[21] 李以康,欧阳经政,林丽,等.高寒草甸植被退化过程中生物土壤结皮演变特征[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(8):2238-2244.
[22] Chamizo S,Canton Y,Rodriguez-Caballero E,et al.Biocrusts positively affect the soil water balance in semiarid ecosystems[J].Ecohydrology,2016,9(7):1208-1221.
[23] 石薇,王新平,张亚峰.腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被区浅层土壤水分对降水和生物结皮的响应[J].中国沙漠,2018,38(3):600-609.
[24] 周丽芳,阿拉木萨.生物结皮发育对地表蒸发过程影响机理研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(4):193-200.
[25] 刘立超,李守中,宋耀选,等.沙坡头人工植被区微生物结皮对地表蒸发影响的试验研究[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(2):191-195.
[26] 李婧,杜岩功,张法伟,等.草毡表层演化对高寒草甸水源涵养功能的影响[J].草地学报,2012,20(5):863-841.
[27] 王浩,张光辉,刘法,等.黄土丘陵区生物结皮对土壤入渗的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(5):117-123.
[28] 吴丽,陈晓国,张高科,等.人工生物结皮的发育演替及表土持水特性研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):1138-1143.
[29] 苏培玺,周紫鹃,侍瑞,等.高寒草毡层基本属性与固碳能力沿水分和海拔梯度的变化[J].生态学报,2018,38(3):1040-1052.
[30] 茹豪,张建军,李玉婷,等.黄土高原土壤粒径分形特征及其对土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(4):176-182.
[31] Zhang Z S,Liu L C,Li X R,et al.Evaporation properties of a revegetated area of the Tengger Desert,North China[J].Journal of Arid Envoriments,2008,72:964-973.
[32] 李新荣,张元明,赵允格.生物土壤结皮研究:进展、前沿与展望[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(1):11-24.
[33] 岳广阳,赵林,王志伟,等.多年冻土区高寒草甸根系分布与活动层温度变化特征的关系[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(5):1381-1387.
[34] 杨思维,张德罡,牛钰杰,等.短期放牧对高寒草甸表层土壤入渗和水分保持能力的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(4):96-101.
[35] 柴雯.高寒草甸覆盖变化洗啊土壤水分动态变化研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2007.
[2] 杨凯.黄土丘陵区生物结皮对土壤结构体稳定性的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2013,
[3] 周小泉,刘政鸿,杨永胜,等.毛乌素沙地3种植被下苔藓结皮的土壤理化效应[J].水土保持研究,2014,21(6):340-344.
[4] Gao L Q,Matthew A B,Xu M X.Biological soil crusts decrease erodibility by modifying inherent soil properties on the Loess Plateau,China[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2017,105:49-58.
[5] 高丽倩,赵允格,许明祥,等.生物土壤结皮演替对土壤生态化学计量特征的影响[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):678-688.
[6] 李守中,郑怀舟,李守丽,等.沙坡头植被固沙区生物结皮的发育特征[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(10):1675-1679.
[7] 赵允格,许明祥,王全九,等.黄土丘陵区退耕地生物结皮理化性状初报[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(8):1429-1434.
[8] 王一贺,赵允格,李林,等.黄土高原不同降雨量带退耕地植被—生物结皮的分布格局[J].生态学报,2016,36(2):377-386.
[9] 吴永胜,尹瑞平,田秀民,等.毛乌素沙地南缘人工植被区生物结皮发育特征[J].中国沙漠,2018,38(2):339-344.
[10] 孙鸿烈,郑度,姚檀栋,等.青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设[J].地理学报,2012,67(1):3-12.
[11] 周华坤,赵新全,周立,等.青藏高原高寒草甸的植被退化与土壤退化特征研究[J].草业学报,2005,14(3):31-40.
[12] 范月君,侯向阳.三江源区高寒草甸退化与水塔功能的关系[J].西南民族大学学报:自然科学版,2016,42(1):8-13.
[13] 陈宁,张扬建,朱军涛,等.高寒草甸退化过程中群落生产力和物种多样性的非线性响应机制研究[J].植物生态学报,2018,42(1):50-65.
[14] 杨永胜,张莉,未亚西,等.退化程度对三江源泽库高寒草甸土壤理化性质及持水能力的影响[J].中国草地学报,2017,39(5):54-61.
[15] 展鹏飞,肖德荣,闫鹏飞,等.藏猪扰动作用下的高寒草甸土壤退化特征及微生物群落结构变化[J].环境科学,2018,39(4):1840-1850.
[16] 王启基.高寒草甸中、轻度退化草地植被恢复技术规程DB63/T608-2006[Z].青海:青海省质量技术监督局,2006.
[17] 范文波,李小娟.涂膜法测定黄土结皮容重[J].山西水土保持科技,2001(3):9-10.
[18] Li X R,He M Z,Stefan Z.Micro-geomorphology determines community structure of biological soil crusts at small scale[J].Earth Surface Process and Landform,2010,35(8):932-940.
[19] 朱良君,张光辉,任宗萍.4种土壤入渗测定方法的比较[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(6):163-167.
[20] Yang Y S,Bu C F,Mu X M,et al.Effects of differing coverage of moss-dominated soil crusts on hydrological processes and implications for disturbance in the Mu Us Sandland,China[J].Hydrological Process,2015,29(14):3112-3123.
[21] 李以康,欧阳经政,林丽,等.高寒草甸植被退化过程中生物土壤结皮演变特征[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(8):2238-2244.
[22] Chamizo S,Canton Y,Rodriguez-Caballero E,et al.Biocrusts positively affect the soil water balance in semiarid ecosystems[J].Ecohydrology,2016,9(7):1208-1221.
[23] 石薇,王新平,张亚峰.腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被区浅层土壤水分对降水和生物结皮的响应[J].中国沙漠,2018,38(3):600-609.
[24] 周丽芳,阿拉木萨.生物结皮发育对地表蒸发过程影响机理研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(4):193-200.
[25] 刘立超,李守中,宋耀选,等.沙坡头人工植被区微生物结皮对地表蒸发影响的试验研究[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(2):191-195.
[26] 李婧,杜岩功,张法伟,等.草毡表层演化对高寒草甸水源涵养功能的影响[J].草地学报,2012,20(5):863-841.
[27] 王浩,张光辉,刘法,等.黄土丘陵区生物结皮对土壤入渗的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(5):117-123.
[28] 吴丽,陈晓国,张高科,等.人工生物结皮的发育演替及表土持水特性研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):1138-1143.
[29] 苏培玺,周紫鹃,侍瑞,等.高寒草毡层基本属性与固碳能力沿水分和海拔梯度的变化[J].生态学报,2018,38(3):1040-1052.
[30] 茹豪,张建军,李玉婷,等.黄土高原土壤粒径分形特征及其对土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(4):176-182.
[31] Zhang Z S,Liu L C,Li X R,et al.Evaporation properties of a revegetated area of the Tengger Desert,North China[J].Journal of Arid Envoriments,2008,72:964-973.
[32] 李新荣,张元明,赵允格.生物土壤结皮研究:进展、前沿与展望[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(1):11-24.
[33] 岳广阳,赵林,王志伟,等.多年冻土区高寒草甸根系分布与活动层温度变化特征的关系[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(5):1381-1387.
[34] 杨思维,张德罡,牛钰杰,等.短期放牧对高寒草甸表层土壤入渗和水分保持能力的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(4):96-101.
[35] 柴雯.高寒草甸覆盖变化洗啊土壤水分动态变化研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2007.
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