邛海鱼类资源与空间分布的水声学调查
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摘要
2013年12月和2015年9月,运用科学回声探测仪对邛海的鱼类资源量、空间分布进行了水声学法走航调查评估与分析。野外调查同时采用三层刺网、地笼等网具采样,结合湖岸鱼市及访问渔民等方式,对邛海现有鱼类组成进行分类整理。结果显示,邛海土著鱼类资源稀缺,太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、歺又鱼(Hemiculter leucisculus)、红鳍原鲌(Cultrichthys erythropterus)等外来种为邛海鱼类组成优势种。2013年和2015年,邛海湖区鱼类平均密度分别为(0.1483±0.0715)尾/m~3和(0.1051±0.0279)尾/m~3,鱼类资源量分别为4.67×10~7尾和2.90×10~7尾;体长在13.3cm以上的鱼类资源量分别为9.9×10~6尾和7.6×10~6尾。鱼类水平方向主要集中分布于月亮湾-青龙寺以及青龙寺-邛海湾断面,垂直方向主要分布在中上层,且极显著高于底层(P<0.01);调查表明,邛海鱼类的空间分布情况基本类似,4个调查断面及不同水层的鱼类种群分布类型均趋于成群分布(v>1)。初步认为邛海鱼类水平分布差异主要是游客休闲娱乐、沿岸居民农业生产等人为干扰以及不同区域水深变化引起的,垂直水层分布差异与优势种鱼类的生态习性紧密相关。
Fishery resource assessment based on hydroacoustics is an important technique for researching fish behavior and population dynamics,and for fishery resource assessment and management.It is low cost,efficient,accurate and provides continuous data with no harm to fish.We investigated fish biomass and spatial distribution in Qionghai Lake,Xichang City,using hydroacoustic monitoring to support fishery management,tourism development and protect the ecology of Qionghai Lake.Acoustic surveys of the fishery resource were conducted on December 4,2013 and September 20,2015 using a Biosonics DT-X scientific echo-sounder system equipped with a 200 kHz split-beam transducer.The hydroacoustic route length was～20km,at an average speed of～5km/h,following zigzag paths over four lake sections.The fish number and density in the upper(1-7m),middle(7-13m),and lower(13-19m)water layers were calculated based on the integrated echo intensity.During the acoustic monitoring period,a fishery resource survey was also conducted by trawling with a gill net and interviewing fishermen.All fish catches were counted and identified,and the length and weight of each specimen was measured.A total of 386 individuals representing 13 species was collected,dominated by non-native and commercial fish species including Neosalanx taihuensis,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix,Hypophthalmichthys nobilis,Cyprinus carpio,Carassius auratus,Hemiculter leucisculus,and Cultrichthys erythropterus.The native fish resources have declined markedly in Qionghai Lake.In 2013 and 2015,the average densities were(0.1483±0.0715)ind/m~3 and(0.1051±0.0279)ind/m~3 and total fish numbered 4.67×10~7 and 2.90×10~7.In 2013,fish of body length 2.4-7.5cm dominated(59.9%),while in 2015,fish of body length 4.2-13.3cm dominated(56.3%).The number of fish of body length>13.3cm totaled 9.9×10~6 in 2013 and 7.6×10~6 in 2015.Echogram analysis indicated that fish density and spatial distribution were similar in 2013 and 2015.The fish community occurred in groups within the four sections investigated and different water layers(v>1).Horizontally,the population was concentrated at Moon Bay,Qinglong Temple and Qionghai Bay.Vertically,the fish population was primarily distributed in the upper and middle layers,significantly higher than in the bottom layer(P<0.01).Differences in the horizontal distribution were due to human disturbance,while differences in the vertical distribution were closely related to the habit preferences of dominant fish species.
Fishery resource assessment based on hydroacoustics is an important technique for researching fish behavior and population dynamics,and for fishery resource assessment and management.It is low cost,efficient,accurate and provides continuous data with no harm to fish.We investigated fish biomass and spatial distribution in Qionghai Lake,Xichang City,using hydroacoustic monitoring to support fishery management,tourism development and protect the ecology of Qionghai Lake.Acoustic surveys of the fishery resource were conducted on December 4,2013 and September 20,2015 using a Biosonics DT-X scientific echo-sounder system equipped with a 200 kHz split-beam transducer.The hydroacoustic route length was～20km,at an average speed of～5km/h,following zigzag paths over four lake sections.The fish number and density in the upper(1-7m),middle(7-13m),and lower(13-19m)water layers were calculated based on the integrated echo intensity.During the acoustic monitoring period,a fishery resource survey was also conducted by trawling with a gill net and interviewing fishermen.All fish catches were counted and identified,and the length and weight of each specimen was measured.A total of 386 individuals representing 13 species was collected,dominated by non-native and commercial fish species including Neosalanx taihuensis,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix,Hypophthalmichthys nobilis,Cyprinus carpio,Carassius auratus,Hemiculter leucisculus,and Cultrichthys erythropterus.The native fish resources have declined markedly in Qionghai Lake.In 2013 and 2015,the average densities were(0.1483±0.0715)ind/m~3 and(0.1051±0.0279)ind/m~3 and total fish numbered 4.67×10~7 and 2.90×10~7.In 2013,fish of body length 2.4-7.5cm dominated(59.9%),while in 2015,fish of body length 4.2-13.3cm dominated(56.3%).The number of fish of body length>13.3cm totaled 9.9×10~6 in 2013 and 7.6×10~6 in 2015.Echogram analysis indicated that fish density and spatial distribution were similar in 2013 and 2015.The fish community occurred in groups within the four sections investigated and different water layers(v>1).Horizontally,the population was concentrated at Moon Bay,Qinglong Temple and Qionghai Bay.Vertically,the fish population was primarily distributed in the upper and middle layers,significantly higher than in the bottom layer(P<0.01).Differences in the horizontal distribution were due to human disturbance,while differences in the vertical distribution were closely related to the habit preferences of dominant fish species.
引文
陈开伟,2013.四川省西昌市邛海湖湿地外来入侵物种的生态危害及防治对策[J].江西教育学院学报,34(3):39-42.
邓其祥,1985.雅砻江鱼类调查报告[J].南充师院学报,(1):33-36.
邓思明,藏增嘉,1997.太湖敞水区鱼类群落结构特征和分析[J].水产学报,21(2):34-42.
丁瑞华,1990.红鲌属鱼类一新亚种[J].动物分类学报,15(2):246-250.
丁瑞华,1994.四川鱼类志[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社.
费鸿年,张诗全,1990.水产资源学[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.
李海涛,郑璐,马金华,等,2009.四川省西昌市邛海湖湿地现状及其鸟类保护[J].西昌学院学报,23(1):6-8.
李林春,陈宏智,徐文彦,等,2007.鱼类养殖生物学[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社:251-252.
刘成汉,1964.四川鱼类区系研究[J].四川大学学报(自然科学版),(2):145-148.
刘成汉,1988.邛海鱼类区系的形成及其演变[J].华南师范大学学报(自然科学版),(1):46-52.
莫伟均,王从锋,秦孝辉,等,2015.北盘江董箐与光照库区鱼类资源水声学调查[J].水生态学杂志,36(3):10-16.
牟洪民,姚俊杰,倪朝辉,等,2012.红枫湖鱼类资源及其空间分布的水声学调查研究[J].南方水产科学,8(4):62-69.
倪勇,朱成德,2005.太湖鱼类志[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社:134-136.
彭徐,2007.四川邛海鱼类多样性危机及对策[J].西南师范大学学报,32(1):47-51.
任玉芹,陈大庆,刘绍平,等,2012.三峡库区澎溪河鱼类时空分布特征的水声学研究[J].生态学报,37(6):1134-1144.
孙明波,谷孝鸿,曾庆飞,等,2013.不同渔业方式水库鱼类资源的水声学评估[J].运用生态学报,24(1):235-242.
孙明波,谷孝鸿,曾庆飞,等,2015.基于水声学方法的天目湖鱼类季节和昼夜空间分布探讨[J].生态学报,35(17):1-10.
孙儒泳,1987.动物生态学原理[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社:283-295.
陶江平,陈永柏,乔晔,等,2008.三峡水库成库期间鱼类空间分布的水声学研究[J].水生态学杂志,28(5):25-33.
谭细畅,夏立启,立川贤一,等,2002.东湖放养鱼类时空分布的水声学研究[J].水生生物学报,26(6):585-590.
王崇瑞,张辉,杜浩,2011.采用Biosonics DT-X超声波回声仪评估青海湖裸鲤资源量及其空间分布[J].淡水渔业,41(3):15-21.
王靖,张超,王丹,等,2010.清河水库鲢鳙鱼类资源声学评估-回波计数与回波积分法的比较[J].南方水产科学,6(5):50-55.
王珂,段辛斌,刘绍平,等,2009.三峡库区大宁河鱼类的时空分布特征[J].水生生物学报,33(3):516-521.
谢意军,王珂,郭杰,等,2016.基于水声学方法的东洞庭湖鱼类空间分布和资源量评估[J].淡水渔业,46(3):40-46.
杨春齐,陈俊华,何飞,等,2010.四川西部甘孜、凉山地区鱼类多样性及保护研究[J].四川林业科技,31(1):34-40.
杨红,2009.邛海湿地外来入侵物种现状调查及对邛海湿地的影响[J].绵阳师范学院学报,28(11):58-62.
余建英,何旭宏,2003.数据统计分析与SPSS运用[M].北京:人民邮电出版社:141-147.
张俊,2010.基于声学数据后处理系统的黄海鳀鱼资源声学评估[D].上海:上海海洋大学.
张运林,陈伟民,杨顶田,等,2004.天目湖热力学状况的监测与分析[J].水科学进展,15(1):61-67.
赵宪勇,陈毓桢,李显森,等,2003.多种类海洋渔业资源声学评估技术和方法探讨[J].海洋学报,25(1):192-202.
赵宪勇,2006.黄海鳀鱼种群动力学特征及其资源可持续利用[D].青岛:中国海洋大学.
郑璐,元东明,阳伟,等,2012.邛海湖土著鱼类的变迁及保护对策[J].绵阳师范学院学报,31(8):63-67.
Aglen A,1983.Random errors of acoustic fish aboundance estimates in relation to the survey grid density applied[M].Symposium on Fisheries Acoustics,Bergen,Norway:293-298.
Bain M B,Finn J T,Booke H E,1988.Streamflow regulation and fish community structure[J].Ecology,69(2):382-392.
Chen D,Zhang X,Tan X,et al,2009.Hydroacoustic study of spatial and temporal distribution of Gymnocypris przewalskii(Kessler,1876)in Qinghai Lake,China[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,84:231-239.
Drastik V,Kubecka J,Cech M,et al,2009.Hydroacoustic estimates of fish stocks in temperate reservoirs:day or night survey?[J].Aquatic Living Resources,30(3):69-77.
Duncan A,Kubecka J,1994.Hydroacoustic methods of fish surveys[M].Bristol:National Rivers Authority.
Elliott J M,Fletcher J M,2001.A comparison of three methods for assessing the abundance of Arctic charr,Salvelinusalpinus,in Windermere(northwest England)[J].Fisheries Research,53(1):39-46.
Foote K G,1987.Fish target strengths for use in echo integrator surveys[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of American,82:981-987.
Foote K G,Knudsen H P,Vestnes G,et al,1987.Calibration of acoustic instruments for fish density estimation:apractical guide[M].California:International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.
Gerlotto F,Soria M,Freon P,1999.From two dimensions to three:the use of multibeam sonar for a new approach in fisheries acoustics[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic,Sciences,56:6-12.
Higginbottom I,Woon S,Schneider P,2008.Hydroacoustic data processing for standard stock assessment using Echoview:technical manual[M].Australia:Myriax Software Pty Led Publication,1-108.
Melvin G D,Cochrane N A,Li Y,2003.Extraction and comparison of acoustic backscatter from a calibrated multi-and single-beam sonar[J].Ices Journal of Marine Science,60:669-677.
Moursund R A,Carlson T J,Peters R D,2003.A fisheries application of a dualfrequency identification sonar acoustic camera[J].Ices Joournal of Marine Science,60:678-683.
Mowbray F K,2002.Changes in the vertical distribution of capelin(Mallotus villous)of Newfoundland[J].ICESJournal of Marine Science,59:942-949.
Simmonds E J,Maclennan D N,2005.Fisheries Acoustics:Theory and Practice[M].Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell Science.
Tameishi H,Shinomiya H,Aoki I,et al,1996.Understanding Japanese sardine migrations using acoustic and other aids[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,53:167-171.
Zhang J,Chen G B,Chen P M,et al,2013.Impact of subtracting time varied gain background noise on estimates of fisheries resources derived from post-processing acoustic data[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,29(6):1468-1472.
邓其祥,1985.雅砻江鱼类调查报告[J].南充师院学报,(1):33-36.
邓思明,藏增嘉,1997.太湖敞水区鱼类群落结构特征和分析[J].水产学报,21(2):34-42.
丁瑞华,1990.红鲌属鱼类一新亚种[J].动物分类学报,15(2):246-250.
丁瑞华,1994.四川鱼类志[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社.
费鸿年,张诗全,1990.水产资源学[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.
李海涛,郑璐,马金华,等,2009.四川省西昌市邛海湖湿地现状及其鸟类保护[J].西昌学院学报,23(1):6-8.
李林春,陈宏智,徐文彦,等,2007.鱼类养殖生物学[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社:251-252.
刘成汉,1964.四川鱼类区系研究[J].四川大学学报(自然科学版),(2):145-148.
刘成汉,1988.邛海鱼类区系的形成及其演变[J].华南师范大学学报(自然科学版),(1):46-52.
莫伟均,王从锋,秦孝辉,等,2015.北盘江董箐与光照库区鱼类资源水声学调查[J].水生态学杂志,36(3):10-16.
牟洪民,姚俊杰,倪朝辉,等,2012.红枫湖鱼类资源及其空间分布的水声学调查研究[J].南方水产科学,8(4):62-69.
倪勇,朱成德,2005.太湖鱼类志[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社:134-136.
彭徐,2007.四川邛海鱼类多样性危机及对策[J].西南师范大学学报,32(1):47-51.
任玉芹,陈大庆,刘绍平,等,2012.三峡库区澎溪河鱼类时空分布特征的水声学研究[J].生态学报,37(6):1134-1144.
孙明波,谷孝鸿,曾庆飞,等,2013.不同渔业方式水库鱼类资源的水声学评估[J].运用生态学报,24(1):235-242.
孙明波,谷孝鸿,曾庆飞,等,2015.基于水声学方法的天目湖鱼类季节和昼夜空间分布探讨[J].生态学报,35(17):1-10.
孙儒泳,1987.动物生态学原理[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社:283-295.
陶江平,陈永柏,乔晔,等,2008.三峡水库成库期间鱼类空间分布的水声学研究[J].水生态学杂志,28(5):25-33.
谭细畅,夏立启,立川贤一,等,2002.东湖放养鱼类时空分布的水声学研究[J].水生生物学报,26(6):585-590.
王崇瑞,张辉,杜浩,2011.采用Biosonics DT-X超声波回声仪评估青海湖裸鲤资源量及其空间分布[J].淡水渔业,41(3):15-21.
王靖,张超,王丹,等,2010.清河水库鲢鳙鱼类资源声学评估-回波计数与回波积分法的比较[J].南方水产科学,6(5):50-55.
王珂,段辛斌,刘绍平,等,2009.三峡库区大宁河鱼类的时空分布特征[J].水生生物学报,33(3):516-521.
谢意军,王珂,郭杰,等,2016.基于水声学方法的东洞庭湖鱼类空间分布和资源量评估[J].淡水渔业,46(3):40-46.
杨春齐,陈俊华,何飞,等,2010.四川西部甘孜、凉山地区鱼类多样性及保护研究[J].四川林业科技,31(1):34-40.
杨红,2009.邛海湿地外来入侵物种现状调查及对邛海湿地的影响[J].绵阳师范学院学报,28(11):58-62.
余建英,何旭宏,2003.数据统计分析与SPSS运用[M].北京:人民邮电出版社:141-147.
张俊,2010.基于声学数据后处理系统的黄海鳀鱼资源声学评估[D].上海:上海海洋大学.
张运林,陈伟民,杨顶田,等,2004.天目湖热力学状况的监测与分析[J].水科学进展,15(1):61-67.
赵宪勇,陈毓桢,李显森,等,2003.多种类海洋渔业资源声学评估技术和方法探讨[J].海洋学报,25(1):192-202.
赵宪勇,2006.黄海鳀鱼种群动力学特征及其资源可持续利用[D].青岛:中国海洋大学.
郑璐,元东明,阳伟,等,2012.邛海湖土著鱼类的变迁及保护对策[J].绵阳师范学院学报,31(8):63-67.
Aglen A,1983.Random errors of acoustic fish aboundance estimates in relation to the survey grid density applied[M].Symposium on Fisheries Acoustics,Bergen,Norway:293-298.
Bain M B,Finn J T,Booke H E,1988.Streamflow regulation and fish community structure[J].Ecology,69(2):382-392.
Chen D,Zhang X,Tan X,et al,2009.Hydroacoustic study of spatial and temporal distribution of Gymnocypris przewalskii(Kessler,1876)in Qinghai Lake,China[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,84:231-239.
Drastik V,Kubecka J,Cech M,et al,2009.Hydroacoustic estimates of fish stocks in temperate reservoirs:day or night survey?[J].Aquatic Living Resources,30(3):69-77.
Duncan A,Kubecka J,1994.Hydroacoustic methods of fish surveys[M].Bristol:National Rivers Authority.
Elliott J M,Fletcher J M,2001.A comparison of three methods for assessing the abundance of Arctic charr,Salvelinusalpinus,in Windermere(northwest England)[J].Fisheries Research,53(1):39-46.
Foote K G,1987.Fish target strengths for use in echo integrator surveys[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of American,82:981-987.
Foote K G,Knudsen H P,Vestnes G,et al,1987.Calibration of acoustic instruments for fish density estimation:apractical guide[M].California:International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.
Gerlotto F,Soria M,Freon P,1999.From two dimensions to three:the use of multibeam sonar for a new approach in fisheries acoustics[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic,Sciences,56:6-12.
Higginbottom I,Woon S,Schneider P,2008.Hydroacoustic data processing for standard stock assessment using Echoview:technical manual[M].Australia:Myriax Software Pty Led Publication,1-108.
Melvin G D,Cochrane N A,Li Y,2003.Extraction and comparison of acoustic backscatter from a calibrated multi-and single-beam sonar[J].Ices Journal of Marine Science,60:669-677.
Moursund R A,Carlson T J,Peters R D,2003.A fisheries application of a dualfrequency identification sonar acoustic camera[J].Ices Joournal of Marine Science,60:678-683.
Mowbray F K,2002.Changes in the vertical distribution of capelin(Mallotus villous)of Newfoundland[J].ICESJournal of Marine Science,59:942-949.
Simmonds E J,Maclennan D N,2005.Fisheries Acoustics:Theory and Practice[M].Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell Science.
Tameishi H,Shinomiya H,Aoki I,et al,1996.Understanding Japanese sardine migrations using acoustic and other aids[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,53:167-171.
Zhang J,Chen G B,Chen P M,et al,2013.Impact of subtracting time varied gain background noise on estimates of fisheries resources derived from post-processing acoustic data[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,29(6):1468-1472.
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