构建硝化型生物絮凝系统过程中凡纳滨对虾养殖密度对水质与生长的影响
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摘要
在室内构建硝化型生物絮凝系统过程中不用药、添加益生菌和零换水条件下,采用300、600、900尾/m33种养殖密度,通过90 d海水养殖试验,探索了密度对该养殖模式下凡纳滨对虾生长性能与水质的影响以及养殖的合适密度。结果表明:在构建硝化型生物絮凝系统过程中,随密度增加水质逐步下降,如BFT900组的DO由8. 21 mg/L降至3. 34 mg/L,p H由8. 24降至6. 75,TAN由0. 08 mg/L升至1. 64 mg/L,NO2--N由0. 10 mg/L升至10. 80 mg/L,NO3--N由0. 54 mg/L升至153. 70 mg/L,上述各组指标差异显著(P <0. 05),硝化型生物絮凝系统转化成功后,各组水质指标均处于对虾生长合适范围;存活率随密度增加而下降,BFT300、BFT600和BFT900这3个处理组存活率分别为84. 59%±8. 83%、74. 26%±6. 66%和54. 95%±4. 23%,3组之间存在显著差异(P <0. 05);养殖结束时,对虾的平均体长和体质量随密度增加而降低,BFT300组的对虾平均体长和体质量显著高于BFT600和BFT900组(P <0. 05);养殖产量BFT600组最高,为(5. 45±0. 48) kg/m3,与BFT900组差异不显著(P> 0. 05),但显著高于BFT300组产量[(4. 08±0. 63) kg/m3];饵料系数随密度增加而升高,其中BFT300和BFT600组差异不显著(P> 0. 05),但均显著低于BFT900组的饵料系数(1. 82±0. 62,P <0. 05)。据养殖综合效果和生产效益,构建硝化型生物絮凝系统过程中海水养殖凡纳滨对虾可据自身条件,养殖密度可参考300～600尾/m3确定。
Three stocking densities from 300 ind/m~3 to 900 ind/m~3 were applied under the conditions of nondrug use,adding probiotics and zero water exchange during the construction of nitrifying biofloc system,and the effects of stocking densities on water quality and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei and the suitable density of culture were analysed by ninety day period of indoor seawater culture. The results show that: In the process of constructing nitrifying biofloc system,the water quality of gradually declined with increasing density. For example,the DO of the BFT900 group dropped from 8. 21 mg/L to 3. 34 mg/L,p H from 8. 24 to 6. 75,TAN rose from 0. 08 mg/L to 1. 64 mg/L,NO_2~--N from 0. 10 mg/L to 10. 80 mg/L,NO_3~--N from 0. 54 to 153. 70,rose the differences of the above indexes in each group were significant( P < 0. 05). After the transformation of nitrifying biofloc system was successful,the water quality indexes of each group were in the suitable range for shrimp growth; The survival rate decreased with increasing density. The survival rates of the three treatment groups( BFT300,BFT600 and BFT900) were 84. 59% ± 8. 83%,74. 26% ± 6. 66% and54. 95% ± 4. 23% respectively,and there was a significant difference among the three groups( P < 0. 05); At the end of culture,the average length and weight of shrimp decreased with increasing density. The average length and weight of shrimp in group BFT300 were significantly higher than those in groups BFT600 and BFT900( P < 0. 05); The highest yield of BFT600 groups was( 5. 45 ± 0. 48) kg/m~3,but there was no significant difference with group BFT900( P > 0. 05),but the yield was significantly higher than that in group BFT300 [( 4. 08 + 0. 63) kg/m3],and the feed coefficient rate increased with the increase of density,and there was no significant difference between BFT300 and BFT600 groups( P > 0. 05), but they were significantly lower than those in group BFT900( 1. 82 + 0. 62)( P < 0. 05). According to the comprehensive effects of culture and the benefit of production,300-600 ind/m~3 could be the reference density range for Litopenaeus vannamei indoor seawater culture based on practical situation during the construction of nitrifying biofloc system.
Three stocking densities from 300 ind/m~3 to 900 ind/m~3 were applied under the conditions of nondrug use,adding probiotics and zero water exchange during the construction of nitrifying biofloc system,and the effects of stocking densities on water quality and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei and the suitable density of culture were analysed by ninety day period of indoor seawater culture. The results show that: In the process of constructing nitrifying biofloc system,the water quality of gradually declined with increasing density. For example,the DO of the BFT900 group dropped from 8. 21 mg/L to 3. 34 mg/L,p H from 8. 24 to 6. 75,TAN rose from 0. 08 mg/L to 1. 64 mg/L,NO_2~--N from 0. 10 mg/L to 10. 80 mg/L,NO_3~--N from 0. 54 to 153. 70,rose the differences of the above indexes in each group were significant( P < 0. 05). After the transformation of nitrifying biofloc system was successful,the water quality indexes of each group were in the suitable range for shrimp growth; The survival rate decreased with increasing density. The survival rates of the three treatment groups( BFT300,BFT600 and BFT900) were 84. 59% ± 8. 83%,74. 26% ± 6. 66% and54. 95% ± 4. 23% respectively,and there was a significant difference among the three groups( P < 0. 05); At the end of culture,the average length and weight of shrimp decreased with increasing density. The average length and weight of shrimp in group BFT300 were significantly higher than those in groups BFT600 and BFT900( P < 0. 05); The highest yield of BFT600 groups was( 5. 45 ± 0. 48) kg/m~3,but there was no significant difference with group BFT900( P > 0. 05),but the yield was significantly higher than that in group BFT300 [( 4. 08 + 0. 63) kg/m3],and the feed coefficient rate increased with the increase of density,and there was no significant difference between BFT300 and BFT600 groups( P > 0. 05), but they were significantly lower than those in group BFT900( 1. 82 + 0. 62)( P < 0. 05). According to the comprehensive effects of culture and the benefit of production,300-600 ind/m~3 could be the reference density range for Litopenaeus vannamei indoor seawater culture based on practical situation during the construction of nitrifying biofloc system.
引文
[1]王志杰.两株益生菌在凡纳滨对虾生物絮团养殖中的应用[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014.WANG Z J.The application of two strains probiotics in Litopenaeus vannamei biological floccules breeding[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2014.
[2]AVNIMELECH Y.Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems[J].Aquaculture,1999,176(3/4):227-235.
[3]EBELING J M,TIMMONS M B,BISOGNI J J.Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic,autotrophic,and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems[J].Aquaculture,2006,257(1/4):346-358.
[4]CORREIA E S,WILKENFELD J S,MORRIS T C,et al.Intensive nursery production of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei using two commercial feeds with high and low protein content in a biofloc-dominated system[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2014,59:48-54.
[5]谭洪新,庞云,王潮辉,等.驯化硝化型生物絮体养殖南美白对虾的初步研究[J].上海海洋大学学报,2017,26(4):490-500.TAN H X,PANG Y,WANG C H,et al.Preliminary study on domesticating nitrifying bio-flocs to rear Litopenaeus vannamei[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2017,26(4):490-500.
[6]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.National Environmental Protection Agency.Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis methods[M].4th ed.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[7]AVNIMELECH Y,KOCHBA M.Evaluation of nitrogen uptake and excretion by tilapia in bio floc tanks,using 15Ntracing[J].Aquaculture,2009,287(1/2):163-168.
[8]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB 17378.7-2007海洋监测规范第7部分:近海污染生态调查和生物监测[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.GB 17378.7-2007 The specification for marine monitoring-Part 7:Ecological survey for offshore pollution and biological monitoring[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2008.
[9]叶建勇,单洪伟,王贤丰,等.添加甘蔗渣悬浮颗粒和芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾生长和养殖环境的影响[J].中国海洋大学学报,2016,46(4):43-49.YE J Y,SHAN H W,WANG X F,et al.Effect of addition of suspended bagasse with Bacillus sp.on growth of Litopenaeus vannamei and environment of culture tank[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China,2016,46(4):43-49.
[10]EBELING J M,TIMMONS M B,BISOGNI J J.Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic,autotrophic,and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems[J].Aquaculture,2006,257(1/4):346-358.
[11]FURTADO P S,POERSCH L H,WASIELESKY W Jr.The effect of different alkalinity levels on Litopenaeus vannamei reared with biofloc technology(BFT)[J].Aquaculture International,2015,23(1):345-358.
[12]FURTADO P S,POERSCH L H,WASIELESKY W Jr.Effect of calcium hydroxide,carbonate and sodium bicarbonate on water quality and zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in bio-flocs technology(BFT)systems[J].Aquaculture,2011,321(1/2):130-135.
[13]GAONA C A P,POERSCH L H,KRUMMENAUER D,et al.The effect of solids removal on water quality,growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei in a biofloc technology culture system[J].International Journal of Recirculating Aquaculture,2011,12(1):54-73.
[14]LIN Y C,CHEN J C.Acute toxicity of nitrite on Litopenaeus vannamei(Boone)juveniles at different salinity levels[J].Aquaculture,2003,224(1/4):193-201.
[15]COHEN J M,SAMOCHA T M,FOX J M,et al.Characterization of water quality factors during intensive raceway production of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei using limited discharge and biosecure management tools[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2005,32(3/4):425-442.
[16]卢静,李德尚,董双林.对虾池的放养密度对浮游生物群落的影响[J].水产学报,2000,24(3):240-246.LU J,LI D S,DONG S L.The impact of stocking density on plankton community in shrimp pond[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2000,24(3):240-246.
[17]朱春华.盐度对南美白对虾生长性能的影响[J].水产科技情报,2002,29(4):166-168.ZHU C H.Effect of salinity on the growth characteristics of whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei[J].Fisheries Science&Technology Information,2002,29(4):166-168.
[18]张天时,孔杰,刘萍,等.饵料和养殖密度对中国对虾幼虾生长及存活率的影响[J].海洋水产研究,2008,29(3):41-47.ZHANG T S,KONG J,LIU P,et al.Effect of diet and stocking density on growth and survivorship of juvenile shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis[J].Marine Fisheries Research,2008,29(3):41-47.
[19]COLLINS J P,CHEEK J E.Effect of food and density on development of typical and cannibalistic salamander larvae in Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum[J].American Zoologist,1983,23(1):77-84.
[20]王娇,马灌楠,邓元告,等.葡萄糖和盐度对卤虫生长、养殖系统生物絮团形成及其微生物多样性的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2015,46(2):372-380.WANG J,MA G N,DENG Y G,et al.Effects of glucose and salinity on Artemia growth,biofloc formation,and microbial diversity in culture[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2015,46(2):372-380.
[21]夏耘,郁二蒙,谢骏,等.基于PCR-DGGE技术分析生物絮团的细菌群落结构[J].水产学报,2012,36(10):1563-1571.XIA Y,YU E M,XIE J,et al.Analysis of bacterial community structure of bio-floc by PCR-DGGE[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2012,36(10):1563-1571.
[22]杨章武,杨铿,张哲,等.基于宏基因组测序技术分析凡纳滨对虾育苗中生物絮团细菌群落结构[J].福建水产,2015,37(2):91-97.YANG Z W,YANG K,ZHANG Z,et al.Research on the biofloc bacterial community structure during larval rearing of Litopenaeus vannamei using metagenome sequencing[J].Journal of Fujian Fisheries,2015,37(2):91-97.
[23]COHEN J M,SAMOCHA T M,FOX J M,et al.Characterization of water quality factors during intensive raceway production of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei using limited discharge and biosecure management tools[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2005,32(3/4):425-442.
[24]ARNOLD S J,COMAN F E,JACKSON C J,et al.Highintensity,zero water-exchange production of juvenile tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon:an evaluation of artificial substrates and stocking density[J].Aquaculture,2009,293(1/2):42-48.
[25]KUHN D D,DRAHOS D D,MARSH L,et al.Evaluation of nitrifying bacteria product to improve nitrification efficacy in recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2010,43(2):78-82.
[2]AVNIMELECH Y.Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems[J].Aquaculture,1999,176(3/4):227-235.
[3]EBELING J M,TIMMONS M B,BISOGNI J J.Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic,autotrophic,and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems[J].Aquaculture,2006,257(1/4):346-358.
[4]CORREIA E S,WILKENFELD J S,MORRIS T C,et al.Intensive nursery production of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei using two commercial feeds with high and low protein content in a biofloc-dominated system[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2014,59:48-54.
[5]谭洪新,庞云,王潮辉,等.驯化硝化型生物絮体养殖南美白对虾的初步研究[J].上海海洋大学学报,2017,26(4):490-500.TAN H X,PANG Y,WANG C H,et al.Preliminary study on domesticating nitrifying bio-flocs to rear Litopenaeus vannamei[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2017,26(4):490-500.
[6]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.National Environmental Protection Agency.Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis methods[M].4th ed.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[7]AVNIMELECH Y,KOCHBA M.Evaluation of nitrogen uptake and excretion by tilapia in bio floc tanks,using 15Ntracing[J].Aquaculture,2009,287(1/2):163-168.
[8]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB 17378.7-2007海洋监测规范第7部分:近海污染生态调查和生物监测[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.GB 17378.7-2007 The specification for marine monitoring-Part 7:Ecological survey for offshore pollution and biological monitoring[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2008.
[9]叶建勇,单洪伟,王贤丰,等.添加甘蔗渣悬浮颗粒和芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾生长和养殖环境的影响[J].中国海洋大学学报,2016,46(4):43-49.YE J Y,SHAN H W,WANG X F,et al.Effect of addition of suspended bagasse with Bacillus sp.on growth of Litopenaeus vannamei and environment of culture tank[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China,2016,46(4):43-49.
[10]EBELING J M,TIMMONS M B,BISOGNI J J.Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic,autotrophic,and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems[J].Aquaculture,2006,257(1/4):346-358.
[11]FURTADO P S,POERSCH L H,WASIELESKY W Jr.The effect of different alkalinity levels on Litopenaeus vannamei reared with biofloc technology(BFT)[J].Aquaculture International,2015,23(1):345-358.
[12]FURTADO P S,POERSCH L H,WASIELESKY W Jr.Effect of calcium hydroxide,carbonate and sodium bicarbonate on water quality and zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in bio-flocs technology(BFT)systems[J].Aquaculture,2011,321(1/2):130-135.
[13]GAONA C A P,POERSCH L H,KRUMMENAUER D,et al.The effect of solids removal on water quality,growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei in a biofloc technology culture system[J].International Journal of Recirculating Aquaculture,2011,12(1):54-73.
[14]LIN Y C,CHEN J C.Acute toxicity of nitrite on Litopenaeus vannamei(Boone)juveniles at different salinity levels[J].Aquaculture,2003,224(1/4):193-201.
[15]COHEN J M,SAMOCHA T M,FOX J M,et al.Characterization of water quality factors during intensive raceway production of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei using limited discharge and biosecure management tools[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2005,32(3/4):425-442.
[16]卢静,李德尚,董双林.对虾池的放养密度对浮游生物群落的影响[J].水产学报,2000,24(3):240-246.LU J,LI D S,DONG S L.The impact of stocking density on plankton community in shrimp pond[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2000,24(3):240-246.
[17]朱春华.盐度对南美白对虾生长性能的影响[J].水产科技情报,2002,29(4):166-168.ZHU C H.Effect of salinity on the growth characteristics of whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei[J].Fisheries Science&Technology Information,2002,29(4):166-168.
[18]张天时,孔杰,刘萍,等.饵料和养殖密度对中国对虾幼虾生长及存活率的影响[J].海洋水产研究,2008,29(3):41-47.ZHANG T S,KONG J,LIU P,et al.Effect of diet and stocking density on growth and survivorship of juvenile shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis[J].Marine Fisheries Research,2008,29(3):41-47.
[19]COLLINS J P,CHEEK J E.Effect of food and density on development of typical and cannibalistic salamander larvae in Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum[J].American Zoologist,1983,23(1):77-84.
[20]王娇,马灌楠,邓元告,等.葡萄糖和盐度对卤虫生长、养殖系统生物絮团形成及其微生物多样性的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2015,46(2):372-380.WANG J,MA G N,DENG Y G,et al.Effects of glucose and salinity on Artemia growth,biofloc formation,and microbial diversity in culture[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2015,46(2):372-380.
[21]夏耘,郁二蒙,谢骏,等.基于PCR-DGGE技术分析生物絮团的细菌群落结构[J].水产学报,2012,36(10):1563-1571.XIA Y,YU E M,XIE J,et al.Analysis of bacterial community structure of bio-floc by PCR-DGGE[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2012,36(10):1563-1571.
[22]杨章武,杨铿,张哲,等.基于宏基因组测序技术分析凡纳滨对虾育苗中生物絮团细菌群落结构[J].福建水产,2015,37(2):91-97.YANG Z W,YANG K,ZHANG Z,et al.Research on the biofloc bacterial community structure during larval rearing of Litopenaeus vannamei using metagenome sequencing[J].Journal of Fujian Fisheries,2015,37(2):91-97.
[23]COHEN J M,SAMOCHA T M,FOX J M,et al.Characterization of water quality factors during intensive raceway production of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei using limited discharge and biosecure management tools[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2005,32(3/4):425-442.
[24]ARNOLD S J,COMAN F E,JACKSON C J,et al.Highintensity,zero water-exchange production of juvenile tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon:an evaluation of artificial substrates and stocking density[J].Aquaculture,2009,293(1/2):42-48.
[25]KUHN D D,DRAHOS D D,MARSH L,et al.Evaluation of nitrifying bacteria product to improve nitrification efficacy in recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2010,43(2):78-82.
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