洱海流域典型农区不同施肥处理下稻田氨挥发变化特征
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摘要
为探寻洱海流域合理的施肥方式,减少氮肥的氨挥发损失,采用"密闭室间歇通气法",研究了不同氮肥类型及施氮量对稻田氨挥发规律、氨挥发累积量及水稻产量的影响,并探究了影响氨挥发排放的因素。研究结果表明:稻田氨挥发主要发生在施肥后2～5 d内,穗肥期氨挥发损失占比最大为19.04%～33.00%,其次分蘖肥期损失为7.18%～15.72%,基肥期损失最少为4.89%～7.76%。不同施肥处理中常规施肥(CF)、化肥减量20%(T1)、单施有机肥(T2)、有机肥与化肥配施(T3)、考虑当季25%矿化率单施有机肥(T4)、考虑当季25%矿化率有机肥与化肥配施(T5)和单施控释肥(T6)的氨挥发累积量分别为42.52、22.73、11.71、15.12、38.24、25.95 kg·hm~(-2)和18.44 kg·hm~(-2)。等量施氮条件下不同肥料类型氨挥发损失占比大小为尿素>控释肥>有机肥+化肥>有机肥。不同施氮量条件下,施氮量越大氨挥发累积量越大,且氨挥发速率与田面水NH4+-N浓度呈正相关性。综合稻田氨挥发累积量及水稻产量,在洱海流域典型农区水稻种植中,有机肥与化肥配施(25%当季矿化率)、化肥减量施用(20%)以及控释肥施用是3种较优的环境友好型施肥方式。
Ammonia(NH_3)volatilization is one of the major ways of nitrogen loss in paddy field. To reduce NH_3 volatilization and optimize fertilization scheme for paddy fields in the Erhai basin, effects of fertilizer types, nitrogen application rate and management strategies on NH_3 volatilization and rice grain yield were investigated using closed-chamber intermittent ventilation method. Correlation between NH_3 volatilization and soil characteristics were also evaluated. Results showed that, maximum NH_3 volatilization occurred within 2～5 days after fertilization. Moreover, the NH_3 volatilization loss accounted for 19.04%～33.00% at panicle growth stage, about 7.18%～15.72% at tillering stage, and about 4.89%～7.76% at basal stage. The NH_3 volatilization accumulations of conventional fertilization(CF), 20% nitrogen reduction(T1), refined organic fertilizers(T2), organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer(T3), considering 25% mineralization rate of refined organic fertilizers(T4), considering 25% mineralization rate of refined organic fertilizers along with conventional fertilization, refined organic fertilizers + conventional fertilization(T5), and controlled release fertilizer(T6)were 42.52, 22.73, 11.71, 15.12, 38.24, 25.95 kg·hm~(-2),and 18.44 kg·hm~(-2), respectively. Under the same amount of nitrogen application, the proportion of NH_3 volatilization loss of different fertilizer types was:conventional fertilization > controlled release fertilizer > refined organic fertilizers + conventional fertilization > refined organic fertilizers. Nitrogen application rate in different treatments were directly proportional to the accumulated amount of NH_3. In addition,NH_3 volatilization rate was positively related to NH+4-N concentration in the surface water. Considering the NH_3 volatilization accumulation and rice yield, compared with conventional fertilization, the treatments T1, T5 and T6 are environmentally friendly fertilization methods.
Ammonia(NH_3)volatilization is one of the major ways of nitrogen loss in paddy field. To reduce NH_3 volatilization and optimize fertilization scheme for paddy fields in the Erhai basin, effects of fertilizer types, nitrogen application rate and management strategies on NH_3 volatilization and rice grain yield were investigated using closed-chamber intermittent ventilation method. Correlation between NH_3 volatilization and soil characteristics were also evaluated. Results showed that, maximum NH_3 volatilization occurred within 2～5 days after fertilization. Moreover, the NH_3 volatilization loss accounted for 19.04%～33.00% at panicle growth stage, about 7.18%～15.72% at tillering stage, and about 4.89%～7.76% at basal stage. The NH_3 volatilization accumulations of conventional fertilization(CF), 20% nitrogen reduction(T1), refined organic fertilizers(T2), organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer(T3), considering 25% mineralization rate of refined organic fertilizers(T4), considering 25% mineralization rate of refined organic fertilizers along with conventional fertilization, refined organic fertilizers + conventional fertilization(T5), and controlled release fertilizer(T6)were 42.52, 22.73, 11.71, 15.12, 38.24, 25.95 kg·hm~(-2),and 18.44 kg·hm~(-2), respectively. Under the same amount of nitrogen application, the proportion of NH_3 volatilization loss of different fertilizer types was:conventional fertilization > controlled release fertilizer > refined organic fertilizers + conventional fertilization > refined organic fertilizers. Nitrogen application rate in different treatments were directly proportional to the accumulated amount of NH_3. In addition,NH_3 volatilization rate was positively related to NH+4-N concentration in the surface water. Considering the NH_3 volatilization accumulation and rice yield, compared with conventional fertilization, the treatments T1, T5 and T6 are environmentally friendly fertilization methods.
引文
[1]山楠,赵同科,毕晓庆,等.不同施氮水平下小麦田氨挥发规律研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(9):1858-1865.SHAN Nan, ZHAO Tong-ke, BI Xiao-qing, et al. Ammonia volatilization from wheat soil under different nitrogen rates[J]. Journal of AgroEnvironment Science, 2014, 33(9):1858-1865.
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[3]孙祥鑫,李东坡,武志杰,等.持续施用缓/控释尿素条件下水田土壤NH3挥发与N2O排放特征[J].应用生态学报, 2016, 27(6):1901-1909.SUN Xiang-xin, LI Dong-po, WU Zhi-jie, et al. Characteristics of ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from a paddy soil under continuous application of different slow/controlled release urea[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(6):1901-1909.
[4]金洁,杨京平.从水环境角度探析农田氮素流失及控制对策[J].应用生态学报, 2005, 16(3):579-582.JIN Jie, YANG Jing-ping. Farmland nitrogen loss and its control strategies from the view of water environment[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(3):579-582.
[5]沈善敏.氮肥在中国农业发展中的贡献和农业中氮的损失[J].土壤学报, 2002, 39（增刊）：12-25.SHEN Shan-min. Contribution of nitrogen fertilizer to the development of agriculture and its loss in China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2002, 39(Suppl):12-25.
[6]庄舜尧,尹斌,朱兆良.表面分子膜抑制稻田氨挥发的模拟研究[J].土壤, 2001(2):60-63.ZHUANG Shun-yao, YIN Bin, ZHU Zhao-liang. Model research on the effect of surface film on ammonia volatilization from rice field[J].Soils, 2001(2):60-63.
[7]宋勇生,范晓晖.稻田氨挥发研究进展[J].生态环境, 2003(2):240-244.SONG Yong-sheng, FAN Xiao-hui. Summanry of research on ammonia volatilization in paddy soil[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2003(2):240-244.
[8]朱坚,石丽红,田发祥,等.典型双季稻田基施碳酸氢铵和尿素的氨挥发损失研究[J].中国土壤与肥料, 2015(2):83-88.ZHU Jian, SHI Li-hong, TIAN Fa-xiang, et al. Ammonia volatilization loss from typical double-cropping paddy field with basal application of ammonium bicarbonate and urea[J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2015(2):83-88.
[9]田玉华,贺发云,尹斌,等.太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响[J].土壤学报, 2007, 44(5):893-900.TIAN Yu-hua, HE Fa-yun, YIN Bin, et al. Ammonia volatilization from paddy fields in the Taihu Lake region as affected by N and P combination in fertilization[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2007, 44(5):893-900.
[10]吴萍萍,刘金剑,杨秀霞,等.不同施肥制度对红壤地区双季稻田氨挥发的影响[J].中国水稻科学, 2009, 23(1):85-93.WU Ping-ping, LIU Jin-jian, YANG Xiu-xia, et al. Effects of different fertilization systems on ammonia volatilization from double-rice cropping field in red soil region[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science,2009, 23(1):85-93.
[11] Pan B, Lam S K, Mosier A, et al. Ammonia volatilization from synthetic fertilizers and its mitigation strategies:A global synthesis[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment, 2016, 232:283-289.
[12]董文旭,胡春胜,张玉铭.不同施肥土壤对尿素NH3挥发的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究, 2005, 23(2):76-79.DONG Wen-xu, HU Chun-sheng, ZHANG Yu-ming. Effects of different soil fertilizations on NH3 volatilization of urea[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2005, 23(2):76-79.
[13] Norman R J, Wilson C E, Slaton N A, et al. Nitrogen fertilizer sources and timing before flooding dry-seeded, delayed-flood rice[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2009, 73(6):2184-2190.
[14]黄慧君,王永平,李庆红.洱海流域近50年气候变化特征及其对洱海水资源的影响[J].气象, 2013, 39(4):436-442.HUANG Hui-jun, WANG Yong-ping, LI Qing-hong. Climatic characteristics over Erhai Lake basin in the late 50 years and the impact on water resources of Erhai Lake[J]. Meteorological Monthly, 2013, 39(4):436-442.
[15]周伟,田玉华,尹斌.太湖地区水稻追肥的氨挥发损失和氮素平衡[J].中国生态农业学报, 2011, 19(1):32-36.ZHOU Wei, TIAN Yu-hua, YIN Bin. Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen balance after topdressing fertilization in paddy fields of Taihu[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2011, 19(1):32-36.
[16]王秀斌,周卫,梁国庆,等.优化施肥条件下华北冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系的土壤氨挥发[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2009, 15(2):344-351.WANG Xiu-bin, ZHOU Wei, LIANG Guo-qing, et al. Effect of optimized nitrogen application on ammonia volatilization from soil in winter wheat-summer corn rotation system in northern China[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2009, 15(2):344-351.
[17] Nastri A, Toderi G, Bernati E, et al. Ammonia volatilization and yield response from urea applied to wheat with urease(NBPT)and nitrification(DCD)inhibitors[J]. Agrochimica, 2000, 44(5/6):231-239.
[18]施泽升,续勇波,雷宝坤,等.洱海北部地区不同氮、磷处理对稻田田面水氮磷动态变化的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2013, 32(4):838-846.SHI Ze-sheng, XU Yong-bo, LEI Bao-kun, et al. Dynamic changes of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in surface waters of paddy soils in the northern area of Erhai Lake[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2013, 32(4):838-846.
[19]薛欣欣,吴小平,张永发,等.控失尿素对稻田氨挥发、氮素转运及利用效率的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2018, 29(1):133-140.XUE Xin-xin, WU Xiao-ping, ZHANG Yong-fa, et al. Effects of loss-controlled urea on ammonia volatilization, N translocation and utilization efficiency in paddy rice[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2018, 29(1):133-140.
[20]邹娟,胡学玉,张阳阳,等.不同地表条件下生物炭对土壤氨挥发的影响[J].环境科学, 2018, 39(1):348-354.ZOU Juan, HU Xue-yu, ZHANG Yang-yang, et al. Effect of biochar on ammonia volatilization from soils of different surface conditions[J].Environmental Science, 2018, 39(1):348-354.
[21]贺发云,尹斌,金雪霞,等.南京两种菜地土壤氨挥发的研究[J].土壤学报, 2005, 42(2):253-259.HE Fa-yun, YIN Bin, JIN Xue-xia, et al. Ammonia volatilization from urea applied to two vegetable fields in Nanjing suburbs[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2005, 42(2):253-259.
[2] Heffer P. Assessment of fertilizer use by crop at the global level. 2006/07-2007/08[C]. International Fertilizer Industry Association, 2009.
[3]孙祥鑫,李东坡,武志杰,等.持续施用缓/控释尿素条件下水田土壤NH3挥发与N2O排放特征[J].应用生态学报, 2016, 27(6):1901-1909.SUN Xiang-xin, LI Dong-po, WU Zhi-jie, et al. Characteristics of ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from a paddy soil under continuous application of different slow/controlled release urea[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(6):1901-1909.
[4]金洁,杨京平.从水环境角度探析农田氮素流失及控制对策[J].应用生态学报, 2005, 16(3):579-582.JIN Jie, YANG Jing-ping. Farmland nitrogen loss and its control strategies from the view of water environment[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(3):579-582.
[5]沈善敏.氮肥在中国农业发展中的贡献和农业中氮的损失[J].土壤学报, 2002, 39（增刊）：12-25.SHEN Shan-min. Contribution of nitrogen fertilizer to the development of agriculture and its loss in China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2002, 39(Suppl):12-25.
[6]庄舜尧,尹斌,朱兆良.表面分子膜抑制稻田氨挥发的模拟研究[J].土壤, 2001(2):60-63.ZHUANG Shun-yao, YIN Bin, ZHU Zhao-liang. Model research on the effect of surface film on ammonia volatilization from rice field[J].Soils, 2001(2):60-63.
[7]宋勇生,范晓晖.稻田氨挥发研究进展[J].生态环境, 2003(2):240-244.SONG Yong-sheng, FAN Xiao-hui. Summanry of research on ammonia volatilization in paddy soil[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2003(2):240-244.
[8]朱坚,石丽红,田发祥,等.典型双季稻田基施碳酸氢铵和尿素的氨挥发损失研究[J].中国土壤与肥料, 2015(2):83-88.ZHU Jian, SHI Li-hong, TIAN Fa-xiang, et al. Ammonia volatilization loss from typical double-cropping paddy field with basal application of ammonium bicarbonate and urea[J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2015(2):83-88.
[9]田玉华,贺发云,尹斌,等.太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响[J].土壤学报, 2007, 44(5):893-900.TIAN Yu-hua, HE Fa-yun, YIN Bin, et al. Ammonia volatilization from paddy fields in the Taihu Lake region as affected by N and P combination in fertilization[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2007, 44(5):893-900.
[10]吴萍萍,刘金剑,杨秀霞,等.不同施肥制度对红壤地区双季稻田氨挥发的影响[J].中国水稻科学, 2009, 23(1):85-93.WU Ping-ping, LIU Jin-jian, YANG Xiu-xia, et al. Effects of different fertilization systems on ammonia volatilization from double-rice cropping field in red soil region[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science,2009, 23(1):85-93.
[11] Pan B, Lam S K, Mosier A, et al. Ammonia volatilization from synthetic fertilizers and its mitigation strategies:A global synthesis[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment, 2016, 232:283-289.
[12]董文旭,胡春胜,张玉铭.不同施肥土壤对尿素NH3挥发的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究, 2005, 23(2):76-79.DONG Wen-xu, HU Chun-sheng, ZHANG Yu-ming. Effects of different soil fertilizations on NH3 volatilization of urea[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2005, 23(2):76-79.
[13] Norman R J, Wilson C E, Slaton N A, et al. Nitrogen fertilizer sources and timing before flooding dry-seeded, delayed-flood rice[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2009, 73(6):2184-2190.
[14]黄慧君,王永平,李庆红.洱海流域近50年气候变化特征及其对洱海水资源的影响[J].气象, 2013, 39(4):436-442.HUANG Hui-jun, WANG Yong-ping, LI Qing-hong. Climatic characteristics over Erhai Lake basin in the late 50 years and the impact on water resources of Erhai Lake[J]. Meteorological Monthly, 2013, 39(4):436-442.
[15]周伟,田玉华,尹斌.太湖地区水稻追肥的氨挥发损失和氮素平衡[J].中国生态农业学报, 2011, 19(1):32-36.ZHOU Wei, TIAN Yu-hua, YIN Bin. Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen balance after topdressing fertilization in paddy fields of Taihu[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2011, 19(1):32-36.
[16]王秀斌,周卫,梁国庆,等.优化施肥条件下华北冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系的土壤氨挥发[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2009, 15(2):344-351.WANG Xiu-bin, ZHOU Wei, LIANG Guo-qing, et al. Effect of optimized nitrogen application on ammonia volatilization from soil in winter wheat-summer corn rotation system in northern China[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2009, 15(2):344-351.
[17] Nastri A, Toderi G, Bernati E, et al. Ammonia volatilization and yield response from urea applied to wheat with urease(NBPT)and nitrification(DCD)inhibitors[J]. Agrochimica, 2000, 44(5/6):231-239.
[18]施泽升,续勇波,雷宝坤,等.洱海北部地区不同氮、磷处理对稻田田面水氮磷动态变化的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2013, 32(4):838-846.SHI Ze-sheng, XU Yong-bo, LEI Bao-kun, et al. Dynamic changes of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in surface waters of paddy soils in the northern area of Erhai Lake[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2013, 32(4):838-846.
[19]薛欣欣,吴小平,张永发,等.控失尿素对稻田氨挥发、氮素转运及利用效率的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2018, 29(1):133-140.XUE Xin-xin, WU Xiao-ping, ZHANG Yong-fa, et al. Effects of loss-controlled urea on ammonia volatilization, N translocation and utilization efficiency in paddy rice[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2018, 29(1):133-140.
[20]邹娟,胡学玉,张阳阳,等.不同地表条件下生物炭对土壤氨挥发的影响[J].环境科学, 2018, 39(1):348-354.ZOU Juan, HU Xue-yu, ZHANG Yang-yang, et al. Effect of biochar on ammonia volatilization from soils of different surface conditions[J].Environmental Science, 2018, 39(1):348-354.
[21]贺发云,尹斌,金雪霞,等.南京两种菜地土壤氨挥发的研究[J].土壤学报, 2005, 42(2):253-259.HE Fa-yun, YIN Bin, JIN Xue-xia, et al. Ammonia volatilization from urea applied to two vegetable fields in Nanjing suburbs[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2005, 42(2):253-259.