大型表面流人工湿地长期运行下底泥污染特性及氧化层甄别
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摘要
研究湿地底泥污染特性及水-土界面边界层性质是明确大型人工湿地长期运行下底泥内源污染问题的关键.本文以典型人工湿地为例,通过综合布点垂向分层监测湿地底泥理化性质,明确底泥污染特性,分析水-土界面边界氧化层现象、性质及形成机理,探讨其性质成因.结果表明:与湖泊类似,长期运行人工湿地底泥也会产生氧化层,垂向由上到下分为氧化层、污染层、过渡层和健康层;运行6年的湿地底泥可形成厚约1 cm、无明显臭味、棕黄色可塑状的氧化层;与污染层相比,氧化层色味变淡、流动性减弱,含水率、d(0.9)、亚铁、总有机碳和总氮含量分别降低7.20%、54.04%、54.59%、17.89%和7.00%,氧化还原电位和总磷含量分别升高150.41%和18.17%;氧化层是由氧化、沉降协同作用下形成的底泥表层氧化态微环境,其中上覆水溶解氧水平越高越有利于提高氧化层致密程度,降低氧化层有机质、总氮含量,上覆水悬浮物浓度越高、水深越深越有利于增加氧化层厚度.
The study on the characteristics of sediment pollution and the boundary layer of water-soil interface is the key to identify the problem of sediment pollution under the long-term operation of large constructed wetlands. This paper takes a typical surface flow constructed wetland as an example,through comprehensive vertical layered monitoring of the physicochemical properties of the wetland sediment,to clarify the pollution characteristics of the sediment and analyzed the phenomenon,nature and formation mechanism of the boundary oxidation layer of the water-soil interface. The results show that,similar to lakes,the sediment of constructed wetland in long-term operation also generates oxidation layer,which is divided into oxidation layer,pollution layer,transition layer and health layer from top to bottom. After 6 years of operation,the wetland sediment can form an oxidation layer,which is about 1 cm thick,brown-yellow,malleable,with no obvious odor. Compared with the pollution layer,the color and smell of the oxidation layer are weakened,and its fluidity is weakened. Meanwhile,the water content,d( 0.9),diatomic iron,total organic carbon and total nitrogen are decreased by 7. 20%,54. 04%,54. 59%,17. 89% and 7. 00%. Eh and total phosphorus are increased by150.41% and 18.17%,respectively. Oxidation layer is a micro-environment of surface oxidation state formed under the synergistic action of oxidation and settlement. The higher the dissolved oxygen level of overlying water is,the more favorable it is to increase the density of the oxidation layer and reduce the organic matter and total nitrogen content of the oxidation layer. In addition,the higher the concentration of overlying water suspended substance and the deeper the water depth,the more favorable it is to increase the thickness of the oxidation layer.
The study on the characteristics of sediment pollution and the boundary layer of water-soil interface is the key to identify the problem of sediment pollution under the long-term operation of large constructed wetlands. This paper takes a typical surface flow constructed wetland as an example,through comprehensive vertical layered monitoring of the physicochemical properties of the wetland sediment,to clarify the pollution characteristics of the sediment and analyzed the phenomenon,nature and formation mechanism of the boundary oxidation layer of the water-soil interface. The results show that,similar to lakes,the sediment of constructed wetland in long-term operation also generates oxidation layer,which is divided into oxidation layer,pollution layer,transition layer and health layer from top to bottom. After 6 years of operation,the wetland sediment can form an oxidation layer,which is about 1 cm thick,brown-yellow,malleable,with no obvious odor. Compared with the pollution layer,the color and smell of the oxidation layer are weakened,and its fluidity is weakened. Meanwhile,the water content,d( 0.9),diatomic iron,total organic carbon and total nitrogen are decreased by 7. 20%,54. 04%,54. 59%,17. 89% and 7. 00%. Eh and total phosphorus are increased by150.41% and 18.17%,respectively. Oxidation layer is a micro-environment of surface oxidation state formed under the synergistic action of oxidation and settlement. The higher the dissolved oxygen level of overlying water is,the more favorable it is to increase the density of the oxidation layer and reduce the organic matter and total nitrogen content of the oxidation layer. In addition,the higher the concentration of overlying water suspended substance and the deeper the water depth,the more favorable it is to increase the thickness of the oxidation layer.
引文
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[15] Wen SL,Gong WQ,Wu T et al. Distribution characteristics and fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus at the sediment-water interface of Yuqiao Reservoir. Environmental Science,2018,39(5):2154-2164. DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.201709081.
[16] Li Y,Wang C. Experimental study on phosphate release from sediments of an urban shallow lake. Environmental Science&Technology,2003,(1):26-28,64-65.[李勇,王超.城市浅水型湖泊底泥磷释放特性实验研究.环境科学与技术,2003,(1):26-28,64-65.]
[17] Zhu YQ. Study on the releasing of nutrient from sediment of Dianshan Lake and its influencing factors. Environmental Pollution&Control,2014,36(5):70-77.[朱永青.淀山湖底泥氮磷营养盐释放及其影响因素研究.环境污染与防治,2014,36(5):70-77.]
[18] Zhang W,Jin X,Zhu X et al. Do NH3and chemical oxygen demand induce continuous release of phosphorus from sediment in heavily polluted rivers? Ecological Engineering,2017,102:24-30.
[19] Wang T,Liu J,Xu S et al. Spatial distribution,adsorption/release characteristics,and environment influence of phosphorus on sediment in reservoir. Water,2017,9(9):724. DOI:10.3390/w9090724.
[20] Lu JP,Ma TL,Liu T et al. Study on sediment phosphorus release mechanism of the environmental impact in Dahekou Reservoir. Environmental Science&Technology,2017,40(7):72-78.
[21] Wang LJ,Wu SL. Pollution Characteristics and contamination assessment of sediment from black-dor Rivers in Nanjing City. Science Technology and Engineering,2018,18(3):117-122.[王莉君,吴思麟.南京黑臭河道底泥污染特征及评价.科学技术与工程,2018,18(3):117-122.]
[22] Cai P,Wu YC,Liu X et al. The contribution of sediment and algal to the formation of black bloom and their potential to supply the black substance in waters in Lake Taihu. J Lake Sci,2015,27(4):575-582. DOI:10.18307/2015.0403.[蔡萍,吴雨琛,刘新等.底泥和藻体对太湖湖泛的诱发及水体致黑物的供应潜力.湖泊科学,2015,27(4):575-582.]
[23] Yi CQ. Discussion on basic idea of controlling urban black smelly river water. Water Resources Development&Management,2017,(4):14-16.[易春权.城市黑臭河道水体治理基本思路的探讨.水资源开发与管理,2017,(4):14-16.]
[24] Vergeles Y,Butenko N,Ishchenko A et al. Formation and properties of sediments in constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic wastewater. Urban Water Journal,2016,13(3):293-301. DOI:10.1080/1573062X.2014.993178.
[25] Wang YH,Qian SM,Xu NN et al. Characteristics of distribution of pollutants and evaluation in sediment in the east area of Chaohu Lake. Research of Environmental Sciences,2004,17(6):22-26.[王永华,钱少猛,徐南妮等.巢湖东区底泥污染物分布特征及评价.环境科学研究,2004,17(6):22-26.]
[26] Wang SJ,Liu YG,Zhang C et al. Distribution and pollution risk assessment of nitrogen,phosphorus and organic matter in inlet rivers of Erhai Basin. J Lake Sci,2017,29(1):69-77. DOI:10.18307/2017.0108.[王书锦,刘云根,张超等.洱海流域入湖河口湿地沉积物氮、磷、有机质分布及污染风险评价.湖泊科学,2017,29(1):69-77.]
[27] Liu D,Chen Q,Wang YD et al. Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments of Phragmites australis marshes in Tianjin City and its ecological stoichiometry characteristics. Wetland Science,2016,14(6):908-915.[刘丹,陈清,王义东等.天津市芦苇沼泽底泥中的碳、氮和磷分布及其生态化学计量学特征.湿地科学,2016,14(6):908-915.]
[28] Shi W,Wang XP,Zhang YF et al. Response of soil moisture in shallow depth to stochastic rainfall and biological crust in revegetated sand dunes in the Tengger Desert. Journal of Desert Research,2018,38(3):600-609.[石薇,王新平,张亚峰.腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被区浅层土壤水分对降水和生物结皮的响应.中国沙漠,2018,38(3):600-609.]
[29] Gao LQ. Effects and the mechanisms of biological soil crusts on water erosion prevention on the loess plateau[Dissertation]. Yangling:Research Centre of Soil and Water Conservation&Eco-environment,2017.[高丽倩.黄土高原生物结皮土壤抗水蚀机理研究[学位论文].杨凌:中国科学院教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心,2017.]
[30] Hu KM,Wang S,Pang Y. Suspension-sedimentation of sediment and release amount of internal load in Lake Taihu. J Lake Sci,2014,26(2):191-199. DOI:10.18307/2014.0204.[胡开明,王水,逄勇.太湖不同湖区底泥悬浮沉降规律研究及内源释放量估算.湖泊科学,2014,26(2):191-199.]
[2] Wang WM,Wei JX,Dai TH et al. Discussion of key technologies for operation management of the constructed wetland.Environmental Protection Science,2014,40(3):24-28.[王文明,危建新,戴铁华等.人工湿地运行管理关键技术探讨.环境保护科学,2014,40(3):24-28.]
[3] Jiang X,Wang WW,Wang SH et al. Calculation of environmental dredging depth of heavy metal polluted sediments in Zhushan Bay of Taihu Lake. Environmental Science,2012,33(4):1189-1197.[姜霞,王雯雯,王书航等.竺山湾重金属污染底泥环保疏浚深度的推算.环境科学,2012,33(4):1189-1197.]
[4] Xu K,Liu B,Wang GX et al. Influence of Vallisneria spiralis on the physicochemical properties of black-odor sediment in urban sluggish river. Environmental Science,2013,34(7):2642-2649.[许宽,刘波,王国祥等.苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)对城市缓流河道黑臭底泥理化性质的影响.环境科学,2013,34(7):2642-2649.]
[5] Ou Y. Effects of root oxygen secretion in typical wetland plants on rhizosphere REDOX environment[Dissertation]. Nanjing:Nanjing Normal University,2015.[欧媛.典型湿地植物根系泌氧对根际氧化还原环境的影响[学位论文].南京:南京师范大学,2015.]
[6] Gu XZ,Chen KN,Zhang L et al. Preliminary evidence of nutrients release from sediment in response to oxygen across benthic oxidation layer by a long-term field trial. Environmental Pollution,2016,219:656-662. DOI:10. 1016/j. envpol.2016.06.044.
[7] Li YP. Study on the influence factors of transparency by experiment and numerical model in Lake Taihu[Dissertation].Nanjing:Hohai University,2006.[李一平.太湖水体透明度影响因子实验及模型研究[学位论文].南京:河海大学,2006.]
[8] Xian P,Tang HF,Feng XJ et al. A method for in-situ control of contaminated pond sediment:CN106277683A,2017.[冼萍,唐海芳,冯晓娟等.一种受污染湖塘底泥原位控制的方法:CN106277683A,2017.]
[9] Wang Y,Ding S,Wang D et al. Static layer:a key to immobilization of phosphorus in sediments amended with lanthanum modified bentonite(Phoslock). Chemical Engineering Journal,2017,325:49-58. DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2017.05.039.
[10] Li JC,Wang PY,Tan YY et al. Experimental research on the layering characteristics of contaminated bottom sediment and its pore water. Environmental Pollution&Control,2004,26(5):323-325,315.[李剑超,王培英,谭远友等.污染底泥及其间隙水分层特性的模拟实验研究.环境污染与防治,2004,26(5):323-325,315.]
[11] Liu T,Wang H,Zhang Z et al. Application of synthetic iron-oxide coated zeolite for the pollution control of river sediments. Chemosphere,2017,160:168. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.023.
[12] Yuan JL,Li M,Yang YJ et al. Analysis of characterization,nutrient content and pollution status of sediment in Yankou Reservoir,Yiwu City. Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University,2015,34(3):255-262.[原居林,李明,杨元杰等.义乌市岩口水库底泥特征、营养盐含量及污染现状分析.浙江海洋学院学报:自然科学版,2015,34(3):255-262.]
[13] Ding JH,Wang CH,Zhou XC et al. On the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sediments of Jinyang Lake.Journal of Safety&Environment,2008,(3):14-17.[丁建华,王翠红,周新春等.晋阳湖底泥中氮磷特征的初步研究.安全与环境学报,2008,(3):14-17.]
[14] Xia X,Zhang S,Li S et al. The cycle of nitrogen in river systems:sources,transformation,and flux. Environmental Science Processes&Impacts,2018,20(6):863-891. DOI:10.1039/c8em00042e.
[15] Wen SL,Gong WQ,Wu T et al. Distribution characteristics and fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus at the sediment-water interface of Yuqiao Reservoir. Environmental Science,2018,39(5):2154-2164. DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.201709081.
[16] Li Y,Wang C. Experimental study on phosphate release from sediments of an urban shallow lake. Environmental Science&Technology,2003,(1):26-28,64-65.[李勇,王超.城市浅水型湖泊底泥磷释放特性实验研究.环境科学与技术,2003,(1):26-28,64-65.]
[17] Zhu YQ. Study on the releasing of nutrient from sediment of Dianshan Lake and its influencing factors. Environmental Pollution&Control,2014,36(5):70-77.[朱永青.淀山湖底泥氮磷营养盐释放及其影响因素研究.环境污染与防治,2014,36(5):70-77.]
[18] Zhang W,Jin X,Zhu X et al. Do NH3and chemical oxygen demand induce continuous release of phosphorus from sediment in heavily polluted rivers? Ecological Engineering,2017,102:24-30.
[19] Wang T,Liu J,Xu S et al. Spatial distribution,adsorption/release characteristics,and environment influence of phosphorus on sediment in reservoir. Water,2017,9(9):724. DOI:10.3390/w9090724.
[20] Lu JP,Ma TL,Liu T et al. Study on sediment phosphorus release mechanism of the environmental impact in Dahekou Reservoir. Environmental Science&Technology,2017,40(7):72-78.
[21] Wang LJ,Wu SL. Pollution Characteristics and contamination assessment of sediment from black-dor Rivers in Nanjing City. Science Technology and Engineering,2018,18(3):117-122.[王莉君,吴思麟.南京黑臭河道底泥污染特征及评价.科学技术与工程,2018,18(3):117-122.]
[22] Cai P,Wu YC,Liu X et al. The contribution of sediment and algal to the formation of black bloom and their potential to supply the black substance in waters in Lake Taihu. J Lake Sci,2015,27(4):575-582. DOI:10.18307/2015.0403.[蔡萍,吴雨琛,刘新等.底泥和藻体对太湖湖泛的诱发及水体致黑物的供应潜力.湖泊科学,2015,27(4):575-582.]
[23] Yi CQ. Discussion on basic idea of controlling urban black smelly river water. Water Resources Development&Management,2017,(4):14-16.[易春权.城市黑臭河道水体治理基本思路的探讨.水资源开发与管理,2017,(4):14-16.]
[24] Vergeles Y,Butenko N,Ishchenko A et al. Formation and properties of sediments in constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic wastewater. Urban Water Journal,2016,13(3):293-301. DOI:10.1080/1573062X.2014.993178.
[25] Wang YH,Qian SM,Xu NN et al. Characteristics of distribution of pollutants and evaluation in sediment in the east area of Chaohu Lake. Research of Environmental Sciences,2004,17(6):22-26.[王永华,钱少猛,徐南妮等.巢湖东区底泥污染物分布特征及评价.环境科学研究,2004,17(6):22-26.]
[26] Wang SJ,Liu YG,Zhang C et al. Distribution and pollution risk assessment of nitrogen,phosphorus and organic matter in inlet rivers of Erhai Basin. J Lake Sci,2017,29(1):69-77. DOI:10.18307/2017.0108.[王书锦,刘云根,张超等.洱海流域入湖河口湿地沉积物氮、磷、有机质分布及污染风险评价.湖泊科学,2017,29(1):69-77.]
[27] Liu D,Chen Q,Wang YD et al. Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments of Phragmites australis marshes in Tianjin City and its ecological stoichiometry characteristics. Wetland Science,2016,14(6):908-915.[刘丹,陈清,王义东等.天津市芦苇沼泽底泥中的碳、氮和磷分布及其生态化学计量学特征.湿地科学,2016,14(6):908-915.]
[28] Shi W,Wang XP,Zhang YF et al. Response of soil moisture in shallow depth to stochastic rainfall and biological crust in revegetated sand dunes in the Tengger Desert. Journal of Desert Research,2018,38(3):600-609.[石薇,王新平,张亚峰.腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被区浅层土壤水分对降水和生物结皮的响应.中国沙漠,2018,38(3):600-609.]
[29] Gao LQ. Effects and the mechanisms of biological soil crusts on water erosion prevention on the loess plateau[Dissertation]. Yangling:Research Centre of Soil and Water Conservation&Eco-environment,2017.[高丽倩.黄土高原生物结皮土壤抗水蚀机理研究[学位论文].杨凌:中国科学院教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心,2017.]
[30] Hu KM,Wang S,Pang Y. Suspension-sedimentation of sediment and release amount of internal load in Lake Taihu. J Lake Sci,2014,26(2):191-199. DOI:10.18307/2014.0204.[胡开明,王水,逄勇.太湖不同湖区底泥悬浮沉降规律研究及内源释放量估算.湖泊科学,2014,26(2):191-199.]
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