露天矿硬岩边坡复绿技术现状及存在问题
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摘要
露天矿硬岩边坡的生态修复工作,因为缺少植物生长所必需的水土生境及与岩面牢固攀附的力学条件,所以历来是矿山生态修复工作中较为棘手的技术难题。针对这一技术难题,国内外学者开展了大量的研究与实践工作,取得了一系列成果进展。本文综述了目前国内露天矿山硬岩边坡及高陡立面生态修复工程常用的复绿技术及其适用条件,包括以工程修复为主导的复绿技术和以生态修复为主导的复绿技术两大类,共11种常用方法。同时,指出这些方法在应用时常出现的三类问题,并探索性提出了适合西北地区不同气候与边坡特征组合区域的几种联合修复模式,旨在为露天矿山硬质边坡及高陡立面的复绿工程提供技术参考。同时,对其他类型矿山开采区的边坡绿化以及恢复治理工作也具有一定借鉴意义。
Because of the lack of water and soil habitat necessary for plant growth and the mechanical conditions that are firmly attached to the rock surface,vegetation restoration of hard rock slope in open-pit mining area is one of the more difficult technical problem.For this technical problem,domestic and foreign scholars have carried out a large number of related research and practice,and they have made a series of achievements and progress.This paper reviews the current vegetation restoration technologies and their applicable conditions for hard rock slope and high-elevation surface.Including the restoration technology of engineering-oriented and ecological restoration technology,there are total of eleven commonly used methods.At the same time it pointed out three major categories of problems in the application of these methods.Several joint repair models are proposed,which are suitable for different combinations of climate and slope characteristics in northwest region.The purpose is to provide a reference for the construction and research work of the vegetation restoration.At the same time,there is also great significance to the slope greening and management of other types of mining areas.
Because of the lack of water and soil habitat necessary for plant growth and the mechanical conditions that are firmly attached to the rock surface,vegetation restoration of hard rock slope in open-pit mining area is one of the more difficult technical problem.For this technical problem,domestic and foreign scholars have carried out a large number of related research and practice,and they have made a series of achievements and progress.This paper reviews the current vegetation restoration technologies and their applicable conditions for hard rock slope and high-elevation surface.Including the restoration technology of engineering-oriented and ecological restoration technology,there are total of eleven commonly used methods.At the same time it pointed out three major categories of problems in the application of these methods.Several joint repair models are proposed,which are suitable for different combinations of climate and slope characteristics in northwest region.The purpose is to provide a reference for the construction and research work of the vegetation restoration.At the same time,there is also great significance to the slope greening and management of other types of mining areas.
引文
[1]徐友宁,乔冈,张江华,等.昨天,今天,明天:宁夏石嘴山采煤塌陷地质环境嬗变[M].北京:地质出版社,2012:30.
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[7]王振宇.焦作市区北部灰岩矿岩石边坡复绿方法探讨[J].水土保持应用技术,2013(6):15-16.WANG Zhenyu.Discussion on regreening method of rock slope in limestone mine in north of Jiaozuo city[J].Technology of Soil and Water Conservation,2013(6):15-16.
[8]向茂西,贺卫中,李永红.陕西矿山地质环境问题浅析[J].地下水,2014,36(4):89-91.XIANG Maoxi,HE Weizhong,LI Yonghong.An analysis of geological environment problems of mines in Shaanxi[J].Ground Water,2014,36(4):89-91.
[9]李玉武,徐友宁,张江华.宁夏“三区两线”露天矿山复绿对策[J].宁夏工程技术,2015,14(4):380-383.LI Yuwu,XU Youning,ZHANG Jianghua.Countermeasures on vegetation restoration for opencast of Three Districts and Two Lines in Ningxia[J].Ningxia Engineering Technology,2015,14(4):380-383.
[10]何振邦.某矿区生态环境治理工程中的爆破削坡技术[J].中国水运:理论版,2007,5(4):113-114.HE Zhenbang.In some mining area ecological environment government project demolition truncates the slope technology[J].China Water Transport,2007,5(4):113-114.
[11]徐英姿,朱劲松.公路边坡防护中常见格构锚固结构分析[J].桂林工学院学报,2003,23(1):106-110.XU Yingzi,ZHU Jinsong.Analysis of regular framed anchor structures in highway slope protection[J].Journal of Guilin University of Technology,2003,23(1):106-110.
[12]白建光,王建军,温楠,等.现浇网格矿山边坡生态修复技术研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报:自然科学版,2014(1):99-102.BAI Jianguang,WANG Jianjun,WEN Nan,et al.Study on cast in situ grid ecological restoration technology of mine slope[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University:Natural Science Edition,2014(1):99-102.
[13]孙盛辉.鱼鳞坑在治理水土流失中的应用[J].水利科技与经济,2005,11(9):570-573.SUN Shenghui.Application of fish scale pit in controlling soil erosion[J].Water Conservancy Science and Technology and Economy,2005,11(9):570-573.
[14]郭鹏.银川绕城高速公路边坡绿化设计[J].农技服务,2010,27(3):389,402.GUO Peng.Greening design of the slope of Yinchuan Ring expressway[J].Agricultural Technology Service,2010,27(3):389,402.
[15]高丽霞,孔旭辉,曹震.广东采石场植被生态恢复技术及存在的问题[J].仲恺农业技术学院学报,2005,18(3):51-53.GAO Lixia,KONG Xuhui,CAO Zhen.Technology of vegetation ecology rehabilitation on quarry in Guangdong[J].Journal of Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering,2005,18(3):51-53.
[16]唐欣,向佐湘,倪海满.植被混凝土在采石场生态恢复中的应用[J].草业科学,2011,28(1):74-76.TANG Xin,XIANG Zuoxiang,NI Haiman.The application of vegetation concrete to ecological restoration in the stone pit[J].Pratacultural Science,2011,28(1):74-76.
[17]李辉,李永红,康金栓,等.陕西省韩城市西山灰岩群采区矿山地质环境问题及恢复治理探讨[J].灾害学,2014(3):139-143.LI Hui,LI Yonghong,KANG Jinshuan,et al.A discussion about geo-environmentproblemandimprovementof limestone mining in western hills of Hancheng city[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2014(3):139-143.
[18]李刚,黄慎羽.公路岩石边坡生态复绿技术探讨[J].广东科技,2012(3):197-198.LI Gang,HUANG Shenyu.Discussion on ecological greening technology of highway rock slope[J].Guangdong Science&Technology,2012(3):197-198.
[19]陈冀川,辜彬.论植生袋在岩质边坡上的景观应用[J].中国水土保持,2014(5):32-35.CHEN Jichuan,GU Bin.Discussion on landscape application of planting bags on rock slope[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2014(5):32-35.
[20]沈向军.植生袋护坡复绿方法和复绿结构[P].2013.
[21]吴训虎.长袋植生带生态护坡复绿技术在陡峭石质高边坡处理上的应用[J].中国花卉园艺,2017(24):44-46.WU Xunhu.Application of long bag planting belt ecological slope protection and green technology in steep rocky high slope treatment[J].China Flowers&Horticulture,2017(24):44-46.
[22]马文宝,姬慧娟,宿以明,等.植被毯边坡防护特点及其研究应用[J].中国水土保持,2013(1):30-33.MA Wenbao,JI Huijuan,SU Yiming,et al.Characteristics and application of vegetation blanket slope protection[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013(1):30-33.
[23]王绍蒙.徐州岩质边坡生态恢复技术研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2015.
[24]王金马.秦岭北麓圭峰山典型地段破损山体修复策略及治理途径研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2016.
[25]李成,陈建平,杜江丽,等.石灰岩开采区硬岩边坡复绿技术及其适用性[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2016,27(2):149-161.LI Cheng,CHEN Jianping,DU Jiangli,et al.Vegetation restoration technology research of hard rock slope in limestone mining area[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2016,27(2):149-161.
[26]赵冰琴,夏振尧,许文年,等.工程扰动区边坡生态修复技术研究综述[J].水利水电技术,2017,48(2):130-137.ZHAO Bingqin,XIA Zhenyao,XU Wennian,et al.Review on research of slope eco-restoration technique for engineering disturbed area[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2017,48(2):130-137.
[2]徐友宁,何芳,袁汉春,等.中国西北地区矿山环境地质问题调查与评价[M].北京:地质出版社,2006:30.
[3]汤惠君,胡振琪.试论采石场的生态恢复[J].中国矿业,2004,13(7):38-42.TANG Huijun,HU Zhenqi.On the ecological restoration of quarry[J].China Mining Magazine,2004,13(7):38-42.
[4]冯顺剑,徐礼根,余清仔.高速公路边坡的防护与复绿技术[J].矿产勘查,2006,9(10):55-57.FENG Shunjian,XU Ligen,YU Qingzai.Highway slope protection and greening technology[J].Mineral Exploration,2006,9(10):55-57.
[5]张霄.我国高速公路边坡生态修复研究综述[J].资源节约与环保,2016(3):85.ZHANG Xiao.A summary of research on ecological restoration of expressway slope in China[J].Resources Economization&Environmental Protection,2016(3):85.
[6]王登峰,吴国华.岩锚种植槽在高陡边坡复绿工程中的应用[J].岩土锚固工程,2013(3):23-25.WANG Dengfeng,WU Guohua.Application of rock anchor planting trough in high-steep slope re-greening project[J].Rock and Soil Anchoring Engineering,2013(3):23-25.
[7]王振宇.焦作市区北部灰岩矿岩石边坡复绿方法探讨[J].水土保持应用技术,2013(6):15-16.WANG Zhenyu.Discussion on regreening method of rock slope in limestone mine in north of Jiaozuo city[J].Technology of Soil and Water Conservation,2013(6):15-16.
[8]向茂西,贺卫中,李永红.陕西矿山地质环境问题浅析[J].地下水,2014,36(4):89-91.XIANG Maoxi,HE Weizhong,LI Yonghong.An analysis of geological environment problems of mines in Shaanxi[J].Ground Water,2014,36(4):89-91.
[9]李玉武,徐友宁,张江华.宁夏“三区两线”露天矿山复绿对策[J].宁夏工程技术,2015,14(4):380-383.LI Yuwu,XU Youning,ZHANG Jianghua.Countermeasures on vegetation restoration for opencast of Three Districts and Two Lines in Ningxia[J].Ningxia Engineering Technology,2015,14(4):380-383.
[10]何振邦.某矿区生态环境治理工程中的爆破削坡技术[J].中国水运:理论版,2007,5(4):113-114.HE Zhenbang.In some mining area ecological environment government project demolition truncates the slope technology[J].China Water Transport,2007,5(4):113-114.
[11]徐英姿,朱劲松.公路边坡防护中常见格构锚固结构分析[J].桂林工学院学报,2003,23(1):106-110.XU Yingzi,ZHU Jinsong.Analysis of regular framed anchor structures in highway slope protection[J].Journal of Guilin University of Technology,2003,23(1):106-110.
[12]白建光,王建军,温楠,等.现浇网格矿山边坡生态修复技术研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报:自然科学版,2014(1):99-102.BAI Jianguang,WANG Jianjun,WEN Nan,et al.Study on cast in situ grid ecological restoration technology of mine slope[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University:Natural Science Edition,2014(1):99-102.
[13]孙盛辉.鱼鳞坑在治理水土流失中的应用[J].水利科技与经济,2005,11(9):570-573.SUN Shenghui.Application of fish scale pit in controlling soil erosion[J].Water Conservancy Science and Technology and Economy,2005,11(9):570-573.
[14]郭鹏.银川绕城高速公路边坡绿化设计[J].农技服务,2010,27(3):389,402.GUO Peng.Greening design of the slope of Yinchuan Ring expressway[J].Agricultural Technology Service,2010,27(3):389,402.
[15]高丽霞,孔旭辉,曹震.广东采石场植被生态恢复技术及存在的问题[J].仲恺农业技术学院学报,2005,18(3):51-53.GAO Lixia,KONG Xuhui,CAO Zhen.Technology of vegetation ecology rehabilitation on quarry in Guangdong[J].Journal of Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering,2005,18(3):51-53.
[16]唐欣,向佐湘,倪海满.植被混凝土在采石场生态恢复中的应用[J].草业科学,2011,28(1):74-76.TANG Xin,XIANG Zuoxiang,NI Haiman.The application of vegetation concrete to ecological restoration in the stone pit[J].Pratacultural Science,2011,28(1):74-76.
[17]李辉,李永红,康金栓,等.陕西省韩城市西山灰岩群采区矿山地质环境问题及恢复治理探讨[J].灾害学,2014(3):139-143.LI Hui,LI Yonghong,KANG Jinshuan,et al.A discussion about geo-environmentproblemandimprovementof limestone mining in western hills of Hancheng city[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2014(3):139-143.
[18]李刚,黄慎羽.公路岩石边坡生态复绿技术探讨[J].广东科技,2012(3):197-198.LI Gang,HUANG Shenyu.Discussion on ecological greening technology of highway rock slope[J].Guangdong Science&Technology,2012(3):197-198.
[19]陈冀川,辜彬.论植生袋在岩质边坡上的景观应用[J].中国水土保持,2014(5):32-35.CHEN Jichuan,GU Bin.Discussion on landscape application of planting bags on rock slope[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2014(5):32-35.
[20]沈向军.植生袋护坡复绿方法和复绿结构[P].2013.
[21]吴训虎.长袋植生带生态护坡复绿技术在陡峭石质高边坡处理上的应用[J].中国花卉园艺,2017(24):44-46.WU Xunhu.Application of long bag planting belt ecological slope protection and green technology in steep rocky high slope treatment[J].China Flowers&Horticulture,2017(24):44-46.
[22]马文宝,姬慧娟,宿以明,等.植被毯边坡防护特点及其研究应用[J].中国水土保持,2013(1):30-33.MA Wenbao,JI Huijuan,SU Yiming,et al.Characteristics and application of vegetation blanket slope protection[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013(1):30-33.
[23]王绍蒙.徐州岩质边坡生态恢复技术研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2015.
[24]王金马.秦岭北麓圭峰山典型地段破损山体修复策略及治理途径研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2016.
[25]李成,陈建平,杜江丽,等.石灰岩开采区硬岩边坡复绿技术及其适用性[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2016,27(2):149-161.LI Cheng,CHEN Jianping,DU Jiangli,et al.Vegetation restoration technology research of hard rock slope in limestone mining area[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2016,27(2):149-161.
[26]赵冰琴,夏振尧,许文年,等.工程扰动区边坡生态修复技术研究综述[J].水利水电技术,2017,48(2):130-137.ZHAO Bingqin,XIA Zhenyao,XU Wennian,et al.Review on research of slope eco-restoration technique for engineering disturbed area[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2017,48(2):130-137.
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