基于污水厂污泥资源化利用的粗放型绿色屋顶水质控制效果
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摘要
基质材料是影响粗放型绿色屋顶降雨出水水质的重要因素.采用污水厂稳定污泥作为基质主要营养成分,配合改良材料生物炭、双层基质结构,构建5个绿色屋顶中试设施,通过1a的现场实验,考察设施出水水质控制效果.结果表明将3%稳定污泥添加进粗放型绿色屋顶基质中,出水总氮(TN)和硝氮(NO_3~--N)的年平均质量浓度为3. 27 mg·L~(-1)和1. 61mg·L~(-1),在上海当地降雨与气温条件下稳定污泥的使用不会导致TN和NO_3~--N大量淋失;为改善使用污水厂稳定污泥作为营养基质的设施的出水水质,添加生物炭作为基质改良成分,出水中TN和NO_3~--N年平均质量浓度下降至2. 16 mg·L~(-1)和1. 38mg·L~(-1),吸附层的设置可降低出水总磷(TP)和化学需氧量(COD)浓度;对各中试设施系统进行TN平衡分析表明,经过一个汛期的使用,基质中存留的TN占到初始量的55%以上,污泥作为营养基质可以满足植物较长时间的生长需求.添加生物炭后基质存留TN减少和出水NO_3~--N浓度降低,分别与落干期期间矿化作用、降雨期间反硝化作用增强有关.从污染物质量负荷的角度出发,污泥不是营养物质N的污染源,是P的污染源.添加生物炭并设置双层结构能有效降低设施TN和COD出水负荷.
Substrate type is an important factor affecting the quality of water deriving from rainfall onto extensively green roofed areas.Here,stabilized sludge was used as the main nutrient component of the substrate combined with biochar and a dual-substrate structure.Five green roof pilot facilities were constructed,and the effect of control measures on effluent quality was analyzed. The results showed that the stabilized sludge dosage was 3%,and the annual average mass concentrations of total nitrogen( TN) and nitrate nitrogen( NO_3~--N) were 3. 27 mg·L~(-1) and 1. 61 mg·L~(-1). The use of stabilized sludge as a nutrient component under real rainfall and temperature conditions in Shanghai did not cause significant leaching of TN and NO_3~--N. In order to further improve the quality of the effluent,biochar was used as an amendment measure. As a result,the concentrations of TN and NO_3~--N in the effluent were decreased to 2. 16 mg·L~(-1) and 1. 38 mg·L~(-1),respectively. Using an adsorption layer of pumice can alleviate the leaching of total phosphorus( TP) and chemical oxygen demand( COD). For the total nitrogen budget of each pilot facility,the retained TN was about 55% of the original TN after one year of operation. Thus,stabilized sludge could be used as a nutrient substrate to meet the long-term requirements of plants. In the substrate with biochar,the retained TN in the substrate and the NO_3~--N concentration in the effluent was decreased,which was related to the mineralization of organics during dry periods and the enhancement of denitrification during rainfall periods.Stabilized sludge was not a polluting source of N but was a source of P. Using biochar and a dual-substrate structure can effectively reduce the TN and COD load of the tested green roof facilities.
Substrate type is an important factor affecting the quality of water deriving from rainfall onto extensively green roofed areas.Here,stabilized sludge was used as the main nutrient component of the substrate combined with biochar and a dual-substrate structure.Five green roof pilot facilities were constructed,and the effect of control measures on effluent quality was analyzed. The results showed that the stabilized sludge dosage was 3%,and the annual average mass concentrations of total nitrogen( TN) and nitrate nitrogen( NO_3~--N) were 3. 27 mg·L~(-1) and 1. 61 mg·L~(-1). The use of stabilized sludge as a nutrient component under real rainfall and temperature conditions in Shanghai did not cause significant leaching of TN and NO_3~--N. In order to further improve the quality of the effluent,biochar was used as an amendment measure. As a result,the concentrations of TN and NO_3~--N in the effluent were decreased to 2. 16 mg·L~(-1) and 1. 38 mg·L~(-1),respectively. Using an adsorption layer of pumice can alleviate the leaching of total phosphorus( TP) and chemical oxygen demand( COD). For the total nitrogen budget of each pilot facility,the retained TN was about 55% of the original TN after one year of operation. Thus,stabilized sludge could be used as a nutrient substrate to meet the long-term requirements of plants. In the substrate with biochar,the retained TN in the substrate and the NO_3~--N concentration in the effluent was decreased,which was related to the mineralization of organics during dry periods and the enhancement of denitrification during rainfall periods.Stabilized sludge was not a polluting source of N but was a source of P. Using biochar and a dual-substrate structure can effectively reduce the TN and COD load of the tested green roof facilities.
引文
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[17]Chen C,Yu Z B,Xiang L,et al.Effects of rainfall intensity and amount on the transport of total nitrogen and phosphorus in a small agricultural watershed[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2012,212-213:268-271.
[18]Pratiwi E P A,Hillary A K,Fukuda T,et al.The effects of rice husk char on ammonium,nitrate and phosphate retention and leaching in loamy soil[J].Geoderma,2016,277:61-68.
[19]Zhang W,Zhong X,Che W.Nutrient leaching from extensive green roofs with different substrate compositions:a laboratory study[J].Water Science&Technology,2018,77(4):1007-1014.
[20]Rahman M H,Islam M R,Jahiruddin M,et al.Influence of organic matter on nitrogen mineralization pattern in soils under different moisture regimes[J].International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2013,15(1):55-61.
[21]Liu Q,Zhang Y H,Liu B J,et al.How does biochar influence soil N cycle?A meta-analysis[J].Plant and Soil,2018,426(1-2):211-225.
[22]Chen G H,Zhang Z R,Zhang Z Y,et al.Influence of biochar addition on the denitrification process and N2O emission in Cdcontaminated soil[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2017,228(1):47.
[23]Shen G Q,Ashworth D J,Gan J,et al.Biochar amendment to the soil surface reduces fumigant emissions and enhances soil microorganism recovery[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(3):1182-1189.
[24]Becker H,Aosaar J,Varik M,et al.The effect of Norway spruce stump harvesting on net nitrogen mineralization and nutrient leaching[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2016,377:150-160.
[25]Ahmed A S F,Raghavan V.Influence of wood-derived biochar on the physico-mechanical and chemical characteristics of agricultural soils[J].International Agrophysics,2018,32(1):1-10.
[26]Wang X O,Tian Y M,Zhao X H,et al.Hydrological performance of dual-substrate-layer green roofs using porous inert substrates with high sorption capacities[J].Water Science&Technology,2017,75(12):2829-2840.
[27]李田,陈昱霖,顾俊青.不同介质组成的粗放型绿色屋面降雨出流水质[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2014,43(11):1722-1727.Li T,Chen Y L,Gu J Q.Effluent quality of extensive green roofs with different substrates[J].Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science),2014,43(11):1722-1727.
[28]Wang X C,Zhao X H,Peng C R,et al.A field study to evaluate the impact of different factors on the nutrient pollutant concentrations in green roof runoff[J].Water Science&Technology,2013,68(12):2691-2697.
[2]Clark M J,Zheng Y B.Plant nutrition requirements for an installed sedum-vegetated green roof module system:effects of fertilizer rate and type on plant growth and leachate nutrient content[J].Hort Science,2013,48(9):1173-1180.
[3]Matlock J M,Rowe D B.Does compost selection impact green roof substrate performance?measuring physical properties,plant development,and runoff water quality[J].Compost Science&Utilization,2017,25(4):231-241.
[4]Emilsson T,Berndtsson J C,Mattsson J E,et al.Effect of using conventional and controlled release fertiliser on nutrient runoff from various vegetated roof systems[J].Ecological Engineering,2007,29(3):260-271.
[5]刘学娅,赵亚洲,冷平生.城市污泥的土地利用及其环境影响研究进展[J].农学学报,2018,8(6):21-27.Liu X Y,Zhao Y Z,Leng P S.Land use of municipal sludge and its environmental impacts:research progress[J].Journal of Agriculture,2018,8(6):21-27.
[6]杨长明,范博博,荆亚超.厌氧消化污泥对退化苗圃土壤的改良效果研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2018,46(1):74-80.Yang C M,Fan B B,Jing Y C.Effects of anaerobically digested sewage sludge addition on improvement of a degraded nursery garden soil[J].Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science),2018,46(1):74-80.
[7]Chen H M,Ma J Y,Wang X J,et al.Effects of biochar and sludge on carbon storage of urban green roofs[J].Forests,2018,9(7):413.
[8]Vannucchi F,Pini R,Scatena M,et al.Deinking sludge in the substrate reduces the fertility and enhances the plant species richness of extensive green roofs[J].Ecological Engineering,2018,116:87-96.
[9]沈庆然,李田,曹熠,等.基于污泥资源化利用的粗放型绿色屋顶生长基质的组成[J].环境科学,2017,38(7):2953-2960.Shen Q R,Li T,Cao Y,et al.Extensive green roof substrate composition based on sludge recycling[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(7):2953-2960.
[10]Fassman E A,Simcock R,Voyde E.Extensive green(living)roofs for stormwater mitigation part 2:performance monitoring[R].Auckland:Auckland Regional Council,2010.1-183.
[11]Di Bonito R,Biagiotti D,Giagnacovo G,et al.Use of compost as amendment for soilless substrates of plants in green roof installations[J].Acta Horticulturae,2016,1146:143-148.
[12]王建军,李田,张颖.给水厂污泥改良生物滞留填料除磷效果的研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4642-4647.Wang J J,Li T,Zhang Y.Water treatment residual as a bioretention media amendment for phosphorus removal[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(12):4642-4647.
[13]王巧环,任玉芬,孟龄,等.元素分析仪同时测定土壤中全氮和有机碳[J].分析试验室,2013,32(10):41-45.Wang Q H,Ren Y F,Meng L,et al.Simultaneous determination of total nitrogen and organic carbon in soil with an elemental analyzer[J].Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory,2013,32(10):41-45.
[14]Dong D,Feng Q B,Mc Grouther K,et al.Effects of biochar amendment on rice growth and nitrogen retention in a waterlogged paddy field[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15(1):153-162.
[15]Pungrasmi W,Phinitthanaphak P,Powtongsook S.Nitrogen removal from a recirculating aquaculture system using a pumice bottom substrate nitrification-denitrification tank[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,95:357-363.
[16]Wang X O,Tian Y M,Zhao X H.The influence of dualsubstrate-layer extensive green roofs on rainwater runoff quantity and quality[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,592:465-476.
[17]Chen C,Yu Z B,Xiang L,et al.Effects of rainfall intensity and amount on the transport of total nitrogen and phosphorus in a small agricultural watershed[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2012,212-213:268-271.
[18]Pratiwi E P A,Hillary A K,Fukuda T,et al.The effects of rice husk char on ammonium,nitrate and phosphate retention and leaching in loamy soil[J].Geoderma,2016,277:61-68.
[19]Zhang W,Zhong X,Che W.Nutrient leaching from extensive green roofs with different substrate compositions:a laboratory study[J].Water Science&Technology,2018,77(4):1007-1014.
[20]Rahman M H,Islam M R,Jahiruddin M,et al.Influence of organic matter on nitrogen mineralization pattern in soils under different moisture regimes[J].International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2013,15(1):55-61.
[21]Liu Q,Zhang Y H,Liu B J,et al.How does biochar influence soil N cycle?A meta-analysis[J].Plant and Soil,2018,426(1-2):211-225.
[22]Chen G H,Zhang Z R,Zhang Z Y,et al.Influence of biochar addition on the denitrification process and N2O emission in Cdcontaminated soil[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2017,228(1):47.
[23]Shen G Q,Ashworth D J,Gan J,et al.Biochar amendment to the soil surface reduces fumigant emissions and enhances soil microorganism recovery[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(3):1182-1189.
[24]Becker H,Aosaar J,Varik M,et al.The effect of Norway spruce stump harvesting on net nitrogen mineralization and nutrient leaching[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2016,377:150-160.
[25]Ahmed A S F,Raghavan V.Influence of wood-derived biochar on the physico-mechanical and chemical characteristics of agricultural soils[J].International Agrophysics,2018,32(1):1-10.
[26]Wang X O,Tian Y M,Zhao X H,et al.Hydrological performance of dual-substrate-layer green roofs using porous inert substrates with high sorption capacities[J].Water Science&Technology,2017,75(12):2829-2840.
[27]李田,陈昱霖,顾俊青.不同介质组成的粗放型绿色屋面降雨出流水质[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2014,43(11):1722-1727.Li T,Chen Y L,Gu J Q.Effluent quality of extensive green roofs with different substrates[J].Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science),2014,43(11):1722-1727.
[28]Wang X C,Zhao X H,Peng C R,et al.A field study to evaluate the impact of different factors on the nutrient pollutant concentrations in green roof runoff[J].Water Science&Technology,2013,68(12):2691-2697.
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