PBAT型全生物降解膜对南疆番茄产量及土壤理化性质的影响
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摘要
为探讨聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)材料的全生物降解地膜的降解过程及其对番茄产量和土壤环境的影响,采用田间试验的方法,在南疆对比分析了PBAT型全生物降解地膜(降解膜)和普通聚乙烯地膜(CK)的降解性能及其对土壤温湿度、土壤养分及番茄产量的影响。结果表明,降解膜的降解过程为先出现裂纹,然后裂纹变长,覆膜100 d左右50%膜面无肉眼可见地膜。6—7月降解膜降解率较小,介于4.92%～17.99%,8月较大,为63.03%;而CK在整个生育期未出现降解。降解膜处理的番茄产量较CK减少941.67 kg·hm-2,减产率2.60%,但处理间产量差异不显著。整个生育期,降解膜膜下5、15 cm和25 cm土层平均土温分别较CK低0.73、0.60℃和0.54℃,处理间无显著差异(P>0.05);膜下5 cm和25 cm土层降解膜处理平均土壤含水率分别较CK高2.84个百分点和3.54个百分点,而膜下15 cm土层较CK低13.15个百分点,处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层,番茄生育期两处理的土壤养分差异均不显著。研究表明,降解膜降解性能良好,对番茄产量和土壤养分等指标的影响与CK相当,以降解膜代替普通地膜应用于番茄生产具有一定可行性。
In order to further explore the polyadipic acid/butylene terephthalate(PBAT)materials of the degradation process and the influence on tomato yields and the soil environment, a field experiment in southern Xinjiang, China was conducted to analyze the influence of PBAT(biodegradable mulch film)and the ordinary polyethylene film(CK)on tomato production, soil temperature, humidity and nutrients.Results showed that the degradation process of biodegradable mulch film started with cracks, and then the cracks became longer. About50% of the soil surface was without visible mulch film when covered with film for 100 days. From June to July, the degradation rate of biodegradable mulch film was low, between 4.92%～17.99%, and then higher in August at 63.03%. The CK did not degrade during the entire tomato growth period. Compared with CK, the yield of biodegradable mulch film treatment decreased by 941.67 kg·hm-2 and the yield decreased by 2.60%, but there was no significant difference in yield between the two treatments. For the entire tomato growth period, the average soil temperature in biodegradable mulch film treatment under soil layers of 5, 15 cm and 25 cm was lower than those of CK at 0.73,0.60 ℃ and 0.60 ℃, respectively(P>0.05). The average soil moisture under 5 cm and 25 cm was 2.84% and 3.54% higher than CK(P>0.05), while at 15 cm it was 13.15% lower than CK(P>0.05). In the soil layers of 0～20 cm and 20～40 cm, there was no significant difference in soil nutrients between the two treatments during the tomato growth period. It was found that the degradation performance of biodegradable mulch film was good, and the effect on tomato yield, soil nutrients and other indicators was similar to that of CK. Therefore, it is feasible to use biodegradable mulch film instead of plastic film in tomato production.
In order to further explore the polyadipic acid/butylene terephthalate(PBAT)materials of the degradation process and the influence on tomato yields and the soil environment, a field experiment in southern Xinjiang, China was conducted to analyze the influence of PBAT(biodegradable mulch film)and the ordinary polyethylene film(CK)on tomato production, soil temperature, humidity and nutrients.Results showed that the degradation process of biodegradable mulch film started with cracks, and then the cracks became longer. About50% of the soil surface was without visible mulch film when covered with film for 100 days. From June to July, the degradation rate of biodegradable mulch film was low, between 4.92%～17.99%, and then higher in August at 63.03%. The CK did not degrade during the entire tomato growth period. Compared with CK, the yield of biodegradable mulch film treatment decreased by 941.67 kg·hm-2 and the yield decreased by 2.60%, but there was no significant difference in yield between the two treatments. For the entire tomato growth period, the average soil temperature in biodegradable mulch film treatment under soil layers of 5, 15 cm and 25 cm was lower than those of CK at 0.73,0.60 ℃ and 0.60 ℃, respectively(P>0.05). The average soil moisture under 5 cm and 25 cm was 2.84% and 3.54% higher than CK(P>0.05), while at 15 cm it was 13.15% lower than CK(P>0.05). In the soil layers of 0～20 cm and 20～40 cm, there was no significant difference in soil nutrients between the two treatments during the tomato growth period. It was found that the degradation performance of biodegradable mulch film was good, and the effect on tomato yield, soil nutrients and other indicators was similar to that of CK. Therefore, it is feasible to use biodegradable mulch film instead of plastic film in tomato production.
引文
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[9]李治国,周静博,张丛,等.农田地膜污染与防治对策[J].河北工业科技,2015,32(2):177-182.LI Zhi-guo,ZHOU Jing-bo,ZHANG Cong,et al.Pollution and control countermeasures of farmland mulching film[J].Hebei Journal of Industrial Science and Technology,2015,32(2):177-182.
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[13]胡伟,孙九胜,单娜娜,等.降解地膜对地温和作物产量的影响及其降解性分析[J].新疆农业科学,2015,52(2):317-320.HU Wei,SUN Jiu-sheng,SHAN Na-na,et al.Effect of COPO degradable membrane on soil temperature and crop yield and analysis of its degradable characteristics[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2015,52(2):317-320.
[14]杨迎春,高玉山,孙云云,等.降解地膜在玉米膜下滴灌栽培中的应用研究[J].玉米科学,2013,21(2):112-115.YANG Ying-chun,GAO Yu-shan,SUN Yun-yun,et al.Application research on degradation plastic film in drip irrigation cultivation of maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2013,21(2):112-115.
[15]段义忠,张雄.生物可降解地膜对土壤肥力及马铃薯产量的影响[J].作物研究,2018,32(1):23-27.DUAN Yi-zhong,ZHANG Xiong.Influence of biodegradable membrane on soil fertility and potato yield[J].Crop Research,2018,32(1):23-27.
[16]Kyrikou I,Briassoulis D.Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films:A critical review[J].Journal of Polymers and the Environment,2007,15(2):125-150.
[17]胡伟,邵华伟,孙九胜,等.Mater-Bi和PBS可生物降解膜降解特征及对加工番茄的影响[J].北方园艺,2014(22):36-38.HU Wei,SHAO Hua-wei,SUN Jiu-sheng,et al.Mater-Bi and PBSbiodegradable characteristics and influence on processing tomato[J].Northern Horticulture,2014(22):36-38.
[18]高青海,陆晓民.残留地膜对番茄幼苗形态和生理特性的影响[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2011,19(5):425-429.GAO Qing-hai,LU Xiao-min.Effects of plastic film residue on morphology and physiological characteristics of tomato seedlings[J].Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany,2011,19(5):425-429.
[19]张卫国.不同地膜覆盖与整枝方式对露地夏秋番茄早衰影响的研究[D].晋中：山西农业大学,2013.ZHANG Wei-guo.Study on the effects of premature aging with different mulching and pruning methods of the summer and fall tomatoes in open field[D].Jinzhong:Shanxi Agricultural University,2013.
[20]Díaz-Pérez J C,Batal K D.Colored plastic film mulches affect tomato growth and yield via changes in root-zone temperature[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2002,127(1):127-135.
[21]Díaz-Pérez J C,Gitaitis R,Mandal B.Effects of plastic mulches on root zone temperature and on the manifestation of tomato spotted wilt symptoms and yield of tomato[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2007,114(2):90-95.
[22]Moreno M M,Moreno A.Effect of different biodegradable and polyethylene mulches on soil properties and production in a tomato crop[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2008,116(3):256-263.
[23]Anzalone A,Cirujeda A,Aibar J,et al.Effect of biodegradable mulch materials on weed control in processing tomatoes[J].Weed Technology,2010,24(3):369-377.
[24]Cowan J S,Miles C A,Andrews P K,et al.Biodegradable mulch performed comparably to polyethylene in high tunnel tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)production[J].Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,2014,94(9):1854-1864.
[25]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2007.BAO Shi-dan.Soil agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2007.
[2]申丽霞,王璞,张丽丽.可降解地膜的降解性能及对土壤温度、水分和玉米生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(4):111-116.SHEN Li-xia,WANG Pu,ZHANG Li-li.Effects of degradable film on soil temperature,moisture and growth of maize[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(4):111-116.
[3]朱立邦.PBAT/PLA生物降解树脂增容改性研究[D].泰安：山东农业大学,2018.ZHU Li-bang.Study on compatibility of biodegradable resin PBAT/PLA[D].Tai′an:Shandong Agricultural University,2018.
[4]赵凌云.我国生物降解塑料PBAT产业化现状与建议[J].聚酯工业,2018,31(5):9-11.ZHAO Ling-yun.Present situation and suggestion of biodegradation plastic(PBAT)industrialization in China[J].Polyester Industry,2018,31(5):9-11.
[5]Briassoulis D.Mechanical behaviour of biodegradable agricultural films under real field conditions[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2006,91(6):1256-1272.
[6]Kyrikou I,Briassoulis D.Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films:Acritical review[J].Journal of Polymers and the Environment,2007,15(3):227-227.
[7]刘苹,仲子文,王丽红,等.可降解地膜覆盖对土壤养分和棉花产量的影响[J].山东农业科学,2014,46(8):81-83.LIU Ping,ZHONG Zi-wen,WANG Li-hong,et al.Effect of degradable plastic film mulching on soil nutrient and cotton yield[J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2014,46(8):81-83.
[8]康虎,敖李龙,秦丽珍,等.生物质可降解地膜的田间降解过程及其对玉米生长的影响[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(6):54-58.KANG Hu,AO Li-long,QIN Li-zhen,et al.Effects of biodegradable mulch film by reusing biomass residue on degradation in field and corn growth[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2013,29(6):54-58.
[9]李治国,周静博,张丛,等.农田地膜污染与防治对策[J].河北工业科技,2015,32(2):177-182.LI Zhi-guo,ZHOU Jing-bo,ZHANG Cong,et al.Pollution and control countermeasures of farmland mulching film[J].Hebei Journal of Industrial Science and Technology,2015,32(2):177-182.
[10]严昌荣,梅旭荣,何文清,等.农用地膜残留污染的现状与防治[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(11):269-272.YAN Chang-rong,MEI Xu-rong,HE Wen-qing,et al.Present situation of residue pollution of mulching plastic film and controlling measures[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2006,22(11):269-272.
[11]赵彩霞,何文清,刘爽,等.新疆地区全生物降解膜降解特征及其对棉花产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(8):1616-1621.ZHAO Cai-xia,HE Wen-qing,LIU Shuang,et al.Degradation of biodegradation plastic mulch film and its effect on the yield of cotton in Xinjiang Region,China[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2011,30(8):1616-1621.
[12]邬强,王振华,郑旭荣,等.PBAT生物降解膜覆盖对绿洲滴灌棉花土壤水热及产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(16):135-143.WU Qiang,WANG Zhen-hua,ZHENG Xu-rong,et al.Effects of biodegradation film mulching on soil temperature,moisture and yield of cotton under drip irrigation in typical oasis area[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017,33(16):135-143.
[13]胡伟,孙九胜,单娜娜,等.降解地膜对地温和作物产量的影响及其降解性分析[J].新疆农业科学,2015,52(2):317-320.HU Wei,SUN Jiu-sheng,SHAN Na-na,et al.Effect of COPO degradable membrane on soil temperature and crop yield and analysis of its degradable characteristics[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2015,52(2):317-320.
[14]杨迎春,高玉山,孙云云,等.降解地膜在玉米膜下滴灌栽培中的应用研究[J].玉米科学,2013,21(2):112-115.YANG Ying-chun,GAO Yu-shan,SUN Yun-yun,et al.Application research on degradation plastic film in drip irrigation cultivation of maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2013,21(2):112-115.
[15]段义忠,张雄.生物可降解地膜对土壤肥力及马铃薯产量的影响[J].作物研究,2018,32(1):23-27.DUAN Yi-zhong,ZHANG Xiong.Influence of biodegradable membrane on soil fertility and potato yield[J].Crop Research,2018,32(1):23-27.
[16]Kyrikou I,Briassoulis D.Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films:A critical review[J].Journal of Polymers and the Environment,2007,15(2):125-150.
[17]胡伟,邵华伟,孙九胜,等.Mater-Bi和PBS可生物降解膜降解特征及对加工番茄的影响[J].北方园艺,2014(22):36-38.HU Wei,SHAO Hua-wei,SUN Jiu-sheng,et al.Mater-Bi and PBSbiodegradable characteristics and influence on processing tomato[J].Northern Horticulture,2014(22):36-38.
[18]高青海,陆晓民.残留地膜对番茄幼苗形态和生理特性的影响[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2011,19(5):425-429.GAO Qing-hai,LU Xiao-min.Effects of plastic film residue on morphology and physiological characteristics of tomato seedlings[J].Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany,2011,19(5):425-429.
[19]张卫国.不同地膜覆盖与整枝方式对露地夏秋番茄早衰影响的研究[D].晋中：山西农业大学,2013.ZHANG Wei-guo.Study on the effects of premature aging with different mulching and pruning methods of the summer and fall tomatoes in open field[D].Jinzhong:Shanxi Agricultural University,2013.
[20]Díaz-Pérez J C,Batal K D.Colored plastic film mulches affect tomato growth and yield via changes in root-zone temperature[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2002,127(1):127-135.
[21]Díaz-Pérez J C,Gitaitis R,Mandal B.Effects of plastic mulches on root zone temperature and on the manifestation of tomato spotted wilt symptoms and yield of tomato[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2007,114(2):90-95.
[22]Moreno M M,Moreno A.Effect of different biodegradable and polyethylene mulches on soil properties and production in a tomato crop[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2008,116(3):256-263.
[23]Anzalone A,Cirujeda A,Aibar J,et al.Effect of biodegradable mulch materials on weed control in processing tomatoes[J].Weed Technology,2010,24(3):369-377.
[24]Cowan J S,Miles C A,Andrews P K,et al.Biodegradable mulch performed comparably to polyethylene in high tunnel tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)production[J].Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,2014,94(9):1854-1864.
[25]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2007.BAO Shi-dan.Soil agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2007.