岩溶区不同土地利用下地下水碳同位素地球化学特征及生态意义
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摘要
通过分析贵州洪家渡盆地地下水水化学和溶解无机碳(dissolved inorganic carbon,DIC)同位素(δ13CDIC)季节变化特征,探讨岩溶区不同土地利用类型下影响地下水δ13CDIC特征的自然过程和人为因素.结果表明:洪家渡盆地地下水中DIC主要来源于碳酸盐岩风化和土壤CO2.地下水δ13CDIC值冬季为-14. 8‰～-4. 1‰,平均值-10. 1‰;夏季为-14. 5‰～-6. 3‰,平均值-10. 2‰.含煤地层中硫化物氧化和酸雨带来的H2SO4参与碳酸盐岩风化使地下水δ13CDIC值整体偏正.由于土壤CO2效应,人类活动干扰程度小的林地地下水δ13CDIC值夏季<冬季.夏季农业活动施用的大量肥料产生的HNO3参与了碳酸盐岩风化,使耕地地下水δ13CDIC值夏季>冬季.居住区人为输入的有机质降解对地下水DIC贡献较大,冬夏季δ13CDIC平均值分别-11. 9‰和-11. 6‰,季节差异较小.不同季节、不同土地利用类型下,人类活动方式不同导致地下水δ13CDIC值与水化学存在差异.因此,δ13CDIC可以反映人类活动对岩溶含水层的影响,具有良好的生态指示意义.
Based on the seasonal characteristics of groundwater hydrochemistry and the carbon isotopes( δ13 C) of dissolved inorganic carbon( DIC) in the Hongjiadu Basin,Guizhou Province,this paper discusses the natural processes and anthropogenic factors affecting the characteristics of δ13 CDICin karst groundwaters under different land use types. The results show that the main sources of DIC in groundwater are carbonate weathering and soil CO2. In winter,the δ13 CDICvalues for groundwater ranged from-14. 8 ‰ to-4. 1 ‰with an average of-10. 1 ‰ and,in summer,ranged from-14. 5 ‰ to-6. 3 ‰ with an average of-10. 2 ‰. Sulfuric acid from sulfide oxidation in coal-bearing strata and acid rain is involved in carbonate weathering,resulting in the enrichment of groundwater with heavy carbon isotopes. Due to the soil CO2 effect,the δ13 CDICvalues of woodland groundwater experiencing less disturbance from human activities are lower in summer than in winter. The degradation of organic matter input from residential areas is a significant contributor of DIC to groundwater. The average values of δ13 CDICin winter and summer were-11. 9‰ and-11. 6‰,respectively,and the seasonal difference was relatively small in residential areas. During different seasons and for different types of land use,human activities could lead to differences in groundwater δ13 CDICvalues and hydrochemistry. Therefore,δ13 CDICcan reflect the impact of human activities on karst aquifers,which has important ecological significance.
Based on the seasonal characteristics of groundwater hydrochemistry and the carbon isotopes( δ13 C) of dissolved inorganic carbon( DIC) in the Hongjiadu Basin,Guizhou Province,this paper discusses the natural processes and anthropogenic factors affecting the characteristics of δ13 CDICin karst groundwaters under different land use types. The results show that the main sources of DIC in groundwater are carbonate weathering and soil CO2. In winter,the δ13 CDICvalues for groundwater ranged from-14. 8 ‰ to-4. 1 ‰with an average of-10. 1 ‰ and,in summer,ranged from-14. 5 ‰ to-6. 3 ‰ with an average of-10. 2 ‰. Sulfuric acid from sulfide oxidation in coal-bearing strata and acid rain is involved in carbonate weathering,resulting in the enrichment of groundwater with heavy carbon isotopes. Due to the soil CO2 effect,the δ13 CDICvalues of woodland groundwater experiencing less disturbance from human activities are lower in summer than in winter. The degradation of organic matter input from residential areas is a significant contributor of DIC to groundwater. The average values of δ13 CDICin winter and summer were-11. 9‰ and-11. 6‰,respectively,and the seasonal difference was relatively small in residential areas. During different seasons and for different types of land use,human activities could lead to differences in groundwater δ13 CDICvalues and hydrochemistry. Therefore,δ13 CDICcan reflect the impact of human activities on karst aquifers,which has important ecological significance.
引文
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[8]段世辉,蒋勇军,张远瞩,等.岩溶槽谷区地下河硝酸盐来源及其环境效应:以重庆龙凤槽谷地下河系统为例[J].环境科学,2019,40(4):1715-1725.Duan S H,Jiang Y J,Zhang Y Z,et al. Sources of nitrate in groundwater and its environmental effects in karst trough valleys:a case study of an underground river system in the Longfeng trough valley,Chongqing[J]. Environmental Science,2019,40(4):1715-1725.
[9]肖时珍,熊康宁,蓝家程,等.石漠化治理对岩溶地下水水化学和溶解无机碳稳定同位素的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(5):1590-1597.Xiao S Z, Xiong K N, Lan J C, et al. Impact of rocky desertification treatment on underground water chemistry and dissolved inorganic carbon isotope in karst areas[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(5):1590-1597.
[10] Jiang Y J,Zhang C,Yuan D X,et al. Impact of land use change on groundwater quality in a typical karst watershed of southwest China:a case study of the Xiaojiang watershed,Yunnan Province[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2008,16(4):727-735.
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[13] Jiang Y J. The contribution of human activities to dissolved inorganic carbon fluxes in a karst underground river system:evidence from major elements andδ13CDICin Nandong,Southwest China[J]. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2013,152:1-11.
[14] Li S L,Liu C Q,Lang Y C,et al. Stable carbon isotope biogeochemistry and anthropogenic impacts on karst ground water,Zunyi, Southwest China[J]. Aquatic Geochemistry,2008,14(3):211.
[15] Jiang Y J,Hu Y J,Schirmer M. Biogeochemical controls on daily cycling of hydrochemistry andδ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon in a karst spring-fed pool[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2013,478:157-168.
[16] Pu J B,Li J H,Khadka M B,et al. In-stream metabolism and atmospheric carbon sequestration in a groundwater-fed karst stream[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,579:1343-1355.
[17] Zhao M,Liu Z H,Li H C,et al. Response of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)andδ13CDICto changes in climate and land cover in SW China karst catchments[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2015,165:123-136.
[18] Li T Y,Wang S J,Zheng L P. Comparative study on CO2sources in soil developed on carbonate rock and non-carbonate rock in central Guizhou[J]. Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2002,45(8):673-679.
[19]宋贤威,高扬,温学发,等.中国喀斯特关键带岩石风化碳汇评估及其生态服务功能[J].地理学报,2016,71(11):1926-1938.Song X W,Gao Y,Wen X F,et al. Rock-weathering-related carbon sinks and associated ecosystem service functions in the karst critical zone in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(11):1926-1938.
[20]任坤,潘晓东,兰干江,等.黔中茶店桥地下河流域不同水体硫酸盐浓度特征及来源识别[J].地质学报,2016,90(8):1922-1932.Ren K,Pan X D,Lang G J,et al. Sulfate concentrations and source identification in different water bodies of the Chadianqiao underground river basin in Central Guizhou[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica,2016,90(8):1922-1932.
[21] Galloway J N,Zhao D W,Xiong J L,et al. Acid rain:China,United States,and a remote area[J]. Science,1987,236(4808):1559-1562.
[22] Han G L,Liu C Q. Water geochemistry controlled by carbonate dissolution:a study of the river waters draining karst-dominated terrain,Guizhou Province,China[J]. Chemical Geology,2004,204(1-2):1-21.
[23] Liu C Q, Lang Y C, Satake H, et al. Identification of anthropogenic and natural inputs of sulfate and chloride into the karstic ground water of Guiyang,SW China:combinedδ37Cl andδ34S approach[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(15):5421-5427.
[24] Jiang Y. Sources of sulfur in the Nandong underground river system,southwest China:a chemical and isotopic reconnaissance[J]. Applied Geochemistry,2012,27(8):1463-1470.
[25] Semhi K,Suchet P A,Clauer N,et al. Impact of nitrogen fertilizers on the natural weathering-erosion processes and fluvial transport in the Garonne basin[J]. Applied Geochemistry,2000,15(6):865-878.
[26] Yue F J,Li S L,Liu C Q,et al. Sources and transport of nitrate constrained by the isotopic technique in a karst catchment:an example from Southwest China[J]. Hydrological Processes,2015,29(8):1883-1893.
[27] Yang R, Liu Z H, Zeng C, et al. Response of epikarst hydrochemical changes to soil CO2and weather conditions at Chenqi,Puding,SW China[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2012,468-469:151-158.
[28]任坤,潘晓东,焦友军,等.贵州洪家渡盆地泉水水化学和碳同位素特征及成因[J].水文地质工程地质,2019,46(3):9-17.Ren K,Pan X D,Jiao Y J,et al. Characteristics and controls of the hydrochemistry and carbon isotope of the spring water in the Hongjiadu Basin of Guizhou[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2019,46(3):9-17.
[29]任坤,师阳,李晓春,等.典型岩溶槽谷区地下水化学特征及地球化学敏感性分析[J].中国岩溶,2014,33(1):15-21.Ren K,Shi Y,Li X C,et al. Study of the chemical features and geochemical susceptibility of the groundwater system in a typical karst trough valley[J]. Carsologica Sinica,2014,33(1):15-21.
[30] Vitòria L,Soler A,Canalsà,et al. Environmental isotopes(N,S,C,O,D)to determine natural attenuation processes in nitrate contaminated waters:Example of Osona(NE Spain)[J].Applied Geochemistry,2008,23(12):3597-3611.
[31] Li X D,Liu C Q,Harue M,et al. The use of environmental isotopic(C,Sr,S)and hydrochemical tracers to characterize anthropogenic effects on karst groundwater quality:a case study of the Shuicheng Basin,SW China[J]. Applied Geochemistry,2010,25(12):1924-1936.
[32]王中良,李军,刘丛强,等.咸化水体中DIC的同位素组成及环境过程分析[J].地球化学,2011,40(6):552-558.Wang Z L,Li J,Liu C Q,et al. Isotopic composition and environmental behavior of dissolved inorganic carbon in brackish surface water[J]. Geochimica,2011,40(6):552-558.
[33]李思亮,刘丛强,丁虎,等.δ13C-DIC在河流风化和碳生物地球化学过程中的应用[J].地球环境学报,2012,3(4):929-935.Li S L,Liu C Q,Ding H,et al. The application ofδ13C-DIC on weathering and biogeochemical processes of carbon in rivers[J].Journal of Earth Environment,2012,3(4):929-935.
[2] Jiao S L,Tao Z,Gao Q Z,et al. Stable isotopic composition of riverine dissolved inorganic carbon of the Xijiang River inner estuary[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences,2008,18(3):363-372.
[3] Spence J,Telmer K. The role of sulfur in chemical weathering and atmospheric CO2fluxes:evidence from major ions,δ13CDIC,andδ34SSO4, in rivers of the Canadian Cordillera[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2005,69(23):5441-5458.
[4]李思亮,刘丛强,陶发祥,等.碳同位素和水化学在示踪贵阳地下水碳的生物地球化学循环及污染中的应用[J].地球化学,2004,33(2):165-170.Li S L,Liu C Q,Tao F X,et al. Chemical and stable carbon isotopic compositions of the ground waters of Guiyang City,China:implications for biogeochemical cycle of carbon and contamination[J]. Geochimica,2004,33(2):165-170.
[5] Li S L,Liu C Q,Li J,et al. Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon and carbonate weathering in a small typical karstic catchment of Southwest China:Isotopic and chemical constraints[J]. Chemical Geology,2010,277(3-4):301-309.
[6]曾思博,蒋勇军.土地利用对岩溶作用碳汇的影响研究综述[J].中国岩溶,2016,35(2):153-163.Zeng S B,Jiang Y J. Impact of land-use and land-cover change on the carbon sink produced by karst processes:a review[J].Carsologica Sinica,2016,35(2):153-163.
[7]章程.不同土地利用下的岩溶作用强度及其碳汇效应[J].科学通报,2011,56(26):2174-2180.Zhang C. Carbonate rock dissolution rates in different landuses and their carbon sink effect[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin,2011,56(35):3759-3765.
[8]段世辉,蒋勇军,张远瞩,等.岩溶槽谷区地下河硝酸盐来源及其环境效应:以重庆龙凤槽谷地下河系统为例[J].环境科学,2019,40(4):1715-1725.Duan S H,Jiang Y J,Zhang Y Z,et al. Sources of nitrate in groundwater and its environmental effects in karst trough valleys:a case study of an underground river system in the Longfeng trough valley,Chongqing[J]. Environmental Science,2019,40(4):1715-1725.
[9]肖时珍,熊康宁,蓝家程,等.石漠化治理对岩溶地下水水化学和溶解无机碳稳定同位素的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(5):1590-1597.Xiao S Z, Xiong K N, Lan J C, et al. Impact of rocky desertification treatment on underground water chemistry and dissolved inorganic carbon isotope in karst areas[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(5):1590-1597.
[10] Jiang Y J,Zhang C,Yuan D X,et al. Impact of land use change on groundwater quality in a typical karst watershed of southwest China:a case study of the Xiaojiang watershed,Yunnan Province[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2008,16(4):727-735.
[11] Sharma S,Sack A,Adams J P,et al. Isotopic evidence of enhanced carbonate dissolution at a coal mine drainage site in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA[J]. Applied Geochemistry,2013,29:32-42.
[12] Perrin A S, Probst A, Probst J L. Impact of nitrogenous fertilizers on carbonate dissolution in small agricultural catchments:implications for weathering CO2uptake at regional and global scales[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2008,72(13):3105-3123.
[13] Jiang Y J. The contribution of human activities to dissolved inorganic carbon fluxes in a karst underground river system:evidence from major elements andδ13CDICin Nandong,Southwest China[J]. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2013,152:1-11.
[14] Li S L,Liu C Q,Lang Y C,et al. Stable carbon isotope biogeochemistry and anthropogenic impacts on karst ground water,Zunyi, Southwest China[J]. Aquatic Geochemistry,2008,14(3):211.
[15] Jiang Y J,Hu Y J,Schirmer M. Biogeochemical controls on daily cycling of hydrochemistry andδ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon in a karst spring-fed pool[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2013,478:157-168.
[16] Pu J B,Li J H,Khadka M B,et al. In-stream metabolism and atmospheric carbon sequestration in a groundwater-fed karst stream[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,579:1343-1355.
[17] Zhao M,Liu Z H,Li H C,et al. Response of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)andδ13CDICto changes in climate and land cover in SW China karst catchments[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2015,165:123-136.
[18] Li T Y,Wang S J,Zheng L P. Comparative study on CO2sources in soil developed on carbonate rock and non-carbonate rock in central Guizhou[J]. Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2002,45(8):673-679.
[19]宋贤威,高扬,温学发,等.中国喀斯特关键带岩石风化碳汇评估及其生态服务功能[J].地理学报,2016,71(11):1926-1938.Song X W,Gao Y,Wen X F,et al. Rock-weathering-related carbon sinks and associated ecosystem service functions in the karst critical zone in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(11):1926-1938.
[20]任坤,潘晓东,兰干江,等.黔中茶店桥地下河流域不同水体硫酸盐浓度特征及来源识别[J].地质学报,2016,90(8):1922-1932.Ren K,Pan X D,Lang G J,et al. Sulfate concentrations and source identification in different water bodies of the Chadianqiao underground river basin in Central Guizhou[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica,2016,90(8):1922-1932.
[21] Galloway J N,Zhao D W,Xiong J L,et al. Acid rain:China,United States,and a remote area[J]. Science,1987,236(4808):1559-1562.
[22] Han G L,Liu C Q. Water geochemistry controlled by carbonate dissolution:a study of the river waters draining karst-dominated terrain,Guizhou Province,China[J]. Chemical Geology,2004,204(1-2):1-21.
[23] Liu C Q, Lang Y C, Satake H, et al. Identification of anthropogenic and natural inputs of sulfate and chloride into the karstic ground water of Guiyang,SW China:combinedδ37Cl andδ34S approach[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(15):5421-5427.
[24] Jiang Y. Sources of sulfur in the Nandong underground river system,southwest China:a chemical and isotopic reconnaissance[J]. Applied Geochemistry,2012,27(8):1463-1470.
[25] Semhi K,Suchet P A,Clauer N,et al. Impact of nitrogen fertilizers on the natural weathering-erosion processes and fluvial transport in the Garonne basin[J]. Applied Geochemistry,2000,15(6):865-878.
[26] Yue F J,Li S L,Liu C Q,et al. Sources and transport of nitrate constrained by the isotopic technique in a karst catchment:an example from Southwest China[J]. Hydrological Processes,2015,29(8):1883-1893.
[27] Yang R, Liu Z H, Zeng C, et al. Response of epikarst hydrochemical changes to soil CO2and weather conditions at Chenqi,Puding,SW China[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2012,468-469:151-158.
[28]任坤,潘晓东,焦友军,等.贵州洪家渡盆地泉水水化学和碳同位素特征及成因[J].水文地质工程地质,2019,46(3):9-17.Ren K,Pan X D,Jiao Y J,et al. Characteristics and controls of the hydrochemistry and carbon isotope of the spring water in the Hongjiadu Basin of Guizhou[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2019,46(3):9-17.
[29]任坤,师阳,李晓春,等.典型岩溶槽谷区地下水化学特征及地球化学敏感性分析[J].中国岩溶,2014,33(1):15-21.Ren K,Shi Y,Li X C,et al. Study of the chemical features and geochemical susceptibility of the groundwater system in a typical karst trough valley[J]. Carsologica Sinica,2014,33(1):15-21.
[30] Vitòria L,Soler A,Canalsà,et al. Environmental isotopes(N,S,C,O,D)to determine natural attenuation processes in nitrate contaminated waters:Example of Osona(NE Spain)[J].Applied Geochemistry,2008,23(12):3597-3611.
[31] Li X D,Liu C Q,Harue M,et al. The use of environmental isotopic(C,Sr,S)and hydrochemical tracers to characterize anthropogenic effects on karst groundwater quality:a case study of the Shuicheng Basin,SW China[J]. Applied Geochemistry,2010,25(12):1924-1936.
[32]王中良,李军,刘丛强,等.咸化水体中DIC的同位素组成及环境过程分析[J].地球化学,2011,40(6):552-558.Wang Z L,Li J,Liu C Q,et al. Isotopic composition and environmental behavior of dissolved inorganic carbon in brackish surface water[J]. Geochimica,2011,40(6):552-558.
[33]李思亮,刘丛强,丁虎,等.δ13C-DIC在河流风化和碳生物地球化学过程中的应用[J].地球环境学报,2012,3(4):929-935.Li S L,Liu C Q,Ding H,et al. The application ofδ13C-DIC on weathering and biogeochemical processes of carbon in rivers[J].Journal of Earth Environment,2012,3(4):929-935.
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