中国贵州与美国内华达卡林型金矿对比及对找矿勘查的指示作用
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摘要
文章从区域地质及矿床地质等方面对内华达和贵州卡林型金矿进行详细的总结和对比,结果表明两地金矿有很多相似,也有很多差异。主要的相似性包括:两地构造背景演化均经历了早期拉张裂陷、沉积一套被动大陆边缘海相沉积地层、之后造山挤压和晚期拉张;矿体主要受富铁地层和构造控制;与金矿化相关的蚀变作用均有硫化、去碳酸盐岩化、硅化和泥化;金主要以不可见金赋存于含砷黄铁矿中;晚期雄黄、雌黄、辉锑矿、方解石等矿物以脉状充填在开放空间。重要差别体现在:矿床区域分布控制因素;绝大部分贵州金矿矿床范围内未见岩浆岩;贵州金矿特有的白云石化以及相对较弱的去碳酸盐化、硅化(似碧玉岩)和泥化;载金黄铁矿的形貌和微量元素含量;部分贵州金矿含成矿期-成矿晚期毒砂;贵州有大量晚期石英-(方解石)脉;贵州成矿流体更富集CO_2,且具有更高的温度、压力和pH值。相似性和差异性的鉴定对于卡林型金矿(尤其是贵州卡林型金矿)找矿勘查具有重要指示作用。斜坡相地层是卡林型金矿最好的赋矿层位,卡林型金矿勘查中需要多关注斜坡相地层,尤其是富铁斜坡相地层。近期在贵州玄武岩分布区的区域不整合面(又称"构造蚀变体",即SBT)中,金矿勘查取得重大突破,玄武岩富含铁,是一种潜在的卡林型金矿赋矿岩性。在贵州地区,识别茅口组和龙潭组(或峨眉山玄武岩)之间的SBT及SBT上部的构造高点对于台地相区的区域金矿勘查至关重要。识别切割泥盆纪碳酸盐岩台地的区域同沉积断裂,对于调查矿床的区域分布(尤其是盆地相中金矿的区域分布)非常关键。大量似碧玉岩露头或者石英-方解石脉表明该区发生了大量的水-岩反应,预示周围可能有大规模成矿作用发生。辉锑矿、雄黄、雌黄等成矿晚期矿物多以脉状充填在矿体周围的开放空间,比矿体的分布范围更广,对矿体有很好的指示意义。
Carlin-type Au deposits, mainly located in Nevada of the USA and Southwest Guizhou Province of China,constitute one of the most important Au deposit types in the world. In this study, the authors summarized and compared the architecture and ore deposit geology of Carlin-type Au deposits in Nevada, USA and southwest Guizhou Province, China, and investigated their similarities and differences. Similarities include: ① both regions experienced rifting, passive-margin sequence deposition, orogenic deformation, and late extension; ② orebody is controlled by Fe-rich lithology and structure; ③ alteration related to Au mineralization includes sulfidation, decarbonatization, silicification, and argillization; ④ most of Au is invisible in arsenian pyrite; and ⑤ late-ore-stage minerals, including dominantly realgar, orpiment, stibnite, and calcite, precipitated in open space. Key differences between the deposits in Guizhou and Nevada include: ① factors controlling the regional distribution of Au deposits in the two regions are different; ② there are no magmatic rocks spatially or temporally related to most of the Guizhou deposits; ③there exist ore-forming stage dolomite and weaker decarbonatization, silicification, and argillization in Guizhou deposits; ④ ore pyrite morphology and chemistry are different; ⑤ there exist minor ore-forming and late ore-forming stage arsenopyrite in some Guizhou deposits; ⑥ there exist abundant late ore-forming stage quartz-(calcite) veins in Guizhou deposits; and ⑦ under the conditions of higher temperature and pressure,there exist more CO2 and less acidity of Guizhou ore fluids. The identified similarities and differences have potential applications to Carlin-type Au deposit exploration in the world, especially in the Guizhou area. Slope-facies strata, especially Fe-rich strata, are ideal host rocks for Carlin-type deposits, thus future exploration should focus on the Fe-rich, slope-facies strata. Recent exploration identified several Carlin-type Au deposits hosted in the unconformity(SBT) and basalt above the unconformity in western Guizhou. Basalt is enriched in Fe, and therefore it is a potential host rock for Guizhou Carlin-type Au deposits. In addition, the authors suggest that, in the Guizhou platform-facies area, identifying the unconformity between the Moukou and Longtan(or Emeishan basalt)Formations and the culminations above the unconformity is critical for Au exploration. Recognizing the synsedimentary faults along the Devonian carbonate platform is the key to understanding the Au deposit distribution in Guizhou area, especially in the Guizhou basin-facies area. Abundant jasperoid and/or quartz-(calcite) veins indicate large-scale water-rock reaction, and may indicate the nearby presence of Au mineralization. Late ore-forming stage stibnite, realgar, orpiment commonly precipitated in the open space near and around the orebody, thus may suggest the nearby presence of Au mineralization.
Carlin-type Au deposits, mainly located in Nevada of the USA and Southwest Guizhou Province of China,constitute one of the most important Au deposit types in the world. In this study, the authors summarized and compared the architecture and ore deposit geology of Carlin-type Au deposits in Nevada, USA and southwest Guizhou Province, China, and investigated their similarities and differences. Similarities include: ① both regions experienced rifting, passive-margin sequence deposition, orogenic deformation, and late extension; ② orebody is controlled by Fe-rich lithology and structure; ③ alteration related to Au mineralization includes sulfidation, decarbonatization, silicification, and argillization; ④ most of Au is invisible in arsenian pyrite; and ⑤ late-ore-stage minerals, including dominantly realgar, orpiment, stibnite, and calcite, precipitated in open space. Key differences between the deposits in Guizhou and Nevada include: ① factors controlling the regional distribution of Au deposits in the two regions are different; ② there are no magmatic rocks spatially or temporally related to most of the Guizhou deposits; ③there exist ore-forming stage dolomite and weaker decarbonatization, silicification, and argillization in Guizhou deposits; ④ ore pyrite morphology and chemistry are different; ⑤ there exist minor ore-forming and late ore-forming stage arsenopyrite in some Guizhou deposits; ⑥ there exist abundant late ore-forming stage quartz-(calcite) veins in Guizhou deposits; and ⑦ under the conditions of higher temperature and pressure,there exist more CO2 and less acidity of Guizhou ore fluids. The identified similarities and differences have potential applications to Carlin-type Au deposit exploration in the world, especially in the Guizhou area. Slope-facies strata, especially Fe-rich strata, are ideal host rocks for Carlin-type deposits, thus future exploration should focus on the Fe-rich, slope-facies strata. Recent exploration identified several Carlin-type Au deposits hosted in the unconformity(SBT) and basalt above the unconformity in western Guizhou. Basalt is enriched in Fe, and therefore it is a potential host rock for Guizhou Carlin-type Au deposits. In addition, the authors suggest that, in the Guizhou platform-facies area, identifying the unconformity between the Moukou and Longtan(or Emeishan basalt)Formations and the culminations above the unconformity is critical for Au exploration. Recognizing the synsedimentary faults along the Devonian carbonate platform is the key to understanding the Au deposit distribution in Guizhou area, especially in the Guizhou basin-facies area. Abundant jasperoid and/or quartz-(calcite) veins indicate large-scale water-rock reaction, and may indicate the nearby presence of Au mineralization. Late ore-forming stage stibnite, realgar, orpiment commonly precipitated in the open space near and around the orebody, thus may suggest the nearby presence of Au mineralization.
引文
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