基于最小二乘逆时偏移的场声反射成像测井模拟
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摘要
近年来,声反射成像测井技术(ARILT)在井旁裂缝、孔洞性储层评价中成为研究热点。常规ARILT的探测深度一般在20 m以内,且对复杂构造边界刻画能力不足。本文基于测井观测系统及采集参数,将最小二乘逆时偏移(LSRTM)地震成像技术引入ARILT中,以提高井旁区域有效成像范围和成像精度。本文在实现偏移算法及处理流程基础上,将算法用于典型模型和实际资料,重点分析不同频率、深度和偏移方法成像效果的差异。成像结果对比发现:(1)偏移算法影响ARILT成像精度,LSRTM具有较高分辨率,并能揭示构造体横向变化特征;(2)激发源频率也影响成像分辨率,提高频率会改善分辨率,但会降低探测深度;(3)在给定的测井观测参数下,LSRTM能有效探测23 m范围内的井旁构造。
In recent years, the acoustic reflection imaging logging technique(ARILT) has become a research hotspot in evaluation of fractures and holes reservoirs close to borehole. The conventional ARILT can generally detect structures within 20 meters, and has certain limitations on describing complex structural boundaries. In this paper, the least-square reverse time migration(LSRTM) is introduced into ARILT on the premise of matching logging observation systems and calculation parameters, which will improve the effective imaging range and imaging precision nearby the well area. Based on the realization of migration algorithms and processing flows, the article applies the algorithms to typical models and one actual data, and focuses on analyzing the imaging effects of different frequencies, depths and migration methods. It is found by comparing the imaging results that(1) the effective imaging algorithms are the key to the imaging accuracy of ARILT. LSRTM not only has a high resolution, but also can reveal the horizontal change of the structures;(2) Excitation source's frequency is an important factor affecting the resolution of imaging as the result that the higher the frequency, the higher the image resolution, but the high frequency will lose detecting depth;(3) LSRTM can effectively detect structures within 23 meters under the given logging observation parameters in this paper.
In recent years, the acoustic reflection imaging logging technique(ARILT) has become a research hotspot in evaluation of fractures and holes reservoirs close to borehole. The conventional ARILT can generally detect structures within 20 meters, and has certain limitations on describing complex structural boundaries. In this paper, the least-square reverse time migration(LSRTM) is introduced into ARILT on the premise of matching logging observation systems and calculation parameters, which will improve the effective imaging range and imaging precision nearby the well area. Based on the realization of migration algorithms and processing flows, the article applies the algorithms to typical models and one actual data, and focuses on analyzing the imaging effects of different frequencies, depths and migration methods. It is found by comparing the imaging results that(1) the effective imaging algorithms are the key to the imaging accuracy of ARILT. LSRTM not only has a high resolution, but also can reveal the horizontal change of the structures;(2) Excitation source's frequency is an important factor affecting the resolution of imaging as the result that the higher the frequency, the higher the image resolution, but the high frequency will lose detecting depth;(3) LSRTM can effectively detect structures within 23 meters under the given logging observation parameters in this paper.
引文
[1]柴细元,张文瑞,王贵清,等.远探测声波反射波成像测井技术在裂缝性储层评价中的应用[J].测井技术,2009,33(6):539-543.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1338.2009.06.009.CHAI X Y,ZHANG W R,WANG G Q,et al.Application of remote exploration acoustic reflection imaging logging technique in fractured reservoir[J].Well Logging Technology,2009,33(6):539-543.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1338.2009.06.009.(in Chinese).
[2]HORNBY B E.Imaging of near-borehole structure using full-waveform sonic data[J].Geophysics,1989,54(6):747-757.doi:10.1190/1.1442702.
[3]BOLSHAKOV A O,Patterson D J,Lan C.Deep fracture imaging around the wellbore using dipole acoustic logging[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers,2011.doi:10.2118/146769-MS.
[4]TANG X M,Zheng Y,Patterson D.Processing array acoustic-logging data to image near-borehole geologic structures[J].Geophysics,2007,72(2):E87-E97.doi:10.1190/1.2435083.
[5]车小花.反射声波成像测井基础研究[D].北京:中国石油大学,2003.CHE X H.Basic research on reflection acoustic imaging logging[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum,2003.(in Chinese).
[6]ESMERSOY C.Acoustic imaging of reservoir structure from a horizontal well[J].Leading Edge,1998,17(7):940-946.doi:10.1190/1.1438075.
[7]肖承文,李军孝,吴兴能,等.远探测声反射成像测井裂步式傅里叶法偏移成像[J].测井技术,2014,38(2):174-178.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1338.2014.02.008.XIAO C W,LI J X,WU X N,et al.Split-step Fourier migration in remote exploration acoustic reflection imaging logging[J].Well Logging Technology,2014,38(2):174-178.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1338.2014.02.008.(in Chinese).
[8]陶果,何峰江,王兵,等.声反射成像测井在地层中的三维波场模拟方法研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2008(S1):169-176.TAO G,HE F J,WANG B,et al.3D wave field simulation method for acoustic reflection imaging logging[J].Science in China:Earth Science,2008(S1):169-176.(in Chinese).
[9]李军孝.声反射成像有限差分逆时偏移[D].北京:中国石油大学,2012.LI J X.Finite difference reverse time migration in acoustic reflection imaging[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum,2012.(in Chinese).
[10]李庆洋,黄建平,李振春.基于Student’s t分布的不依赖子波最小二乘逆时偏移[J].地球物理学报,2017,60(12):4790-4800.doi:10.6038/cjg20171220.LI Q Y,HUANG J P,LI Z C.Source-independent least-squares reverse time migration using Student’s t distribution[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2017,60(12):4790-4800.doi:10.6038/cjg20171220.(in Chinese).
[11]LIU Y S,TENG J W,XU T,et al.Effects of conjugate gradient methods and step-length formulas on the multiscale Full waveform inversion in time domain:Numerical experiments[J].Pure&Applied Geophysics,2017,174(5):1983-2006.doi:10.1007/s00024-017-1512-3.
[12]TARANTOLA A.Linearized inversion of seismic reflection data[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1984,32(6):998-1015.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00751.x.
[13]LEBRAS R,CLAYTON R W.An iterative inversion of back-scattered acoustic waves[J].Geophysics,1988,53(4):501-508.doi:10.1190/1.1442481.
[14]LAMBARéG,VIRIEUX J,Madariaga R,et al.Iterative asymptotic inversion in the acoustic approximation[J].Geophysics,1992,57(9):1138.doi:10.1190/1.1443328.
[15]DUQUET B,MARFURT K J,Dellinger J A.Kirchhoff modeling,inversion for reflectivity,and subsurface illumination[J].Geophysics,2000,65(4):1195-1209.doi:10.1190/1.1444812.
[16]PLESSIX R E,MULDER W A.Frequency-domain finite-difference amplitude-preserving migration[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,2004,157(3):975-987.doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02282.x.
[17]李庆洋,黄建平,李振春,等.优化的多震源最小二乘逆时偏移[J].石油地球物理勘探,2016,51(2):334-341.doi:10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2016.02.017.LI Q Y,HUANG J P,LI Z C,et al.Optimized multi-source least-squares reverse time migration[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2016,51(2):334-341.doi:10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2016.02.017.(in Chinese).
[18]DAI W,WANG X,Schuster G T.Least-squares migration of multisource data with a deblurring filter[J].Geophysics,2015,76(5):R135-R146.doi:10.1190/geo2010-0159.1.
[19]TANG Y.Target-oriented wave-equation least-squares migration inversion with phase-encoded Hessian[J].Geophysics,2009,74(6):WCA95.doi:10.1190/1.3204768.
[20]黄建平,李闯,李庆洋,等.一种基于平面波静态编码的最小二乘逆时偏移方法[J].地球物理学报,2015,58(6):2046-2056.doi:10.6038/cjg20150619.HUANG J P,LI C,LI Q Y,et al.Least-squares reverse time migration with static plane-wave encoding[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2015,58(6):2046-2056.doi:10.6038/cjg20150619.(in Chinese).
[21]LIU Y,TENG J,XU T,et al.An efficient step-length formula for correlative least-squares reverse time migration[J].Geophysics,2016,81(4):S221-S238.doi:10.1190/GEO2015-0529.1.
[22]李庆洋,黄建平,李振春,等.基于一阶速度-应力方程的多震源最小二乘逆时偏移[J].地球物理学报,2016,59(12):4666-4676.doi:10.6038/cjg20161226.LI Q Y,HUANG J P,LI Z C,et al.Multi-source least-squares reverse time migration based on first-order velocity-stress wave equation[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2016,59(12):4666-4676.doi:10.6038/cjg20161226.(in Chinese).
[23]刘梦丽,黄建平,李闯,等.基于角度滤波成像的最小二乘逆时偏移[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(3):470-476.doi:10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2018.03.006.LIU M L,HUANG J P,LI C,et al.Least-squares reverse time migration based on the angular filtering imaging condition[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2018,53(3):470-476.doi:10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2018.03.006.(in Chinese).
[24]BIONDI B.3D seismic imaging[M].2006,San Francisco:Stanford University.
[25]BAYSAL E,Dan D K,Sherwood JWC.Reverse time migration[J].Geophysics,1983,48(11):1514-1524.doi:10.1190/1.1441434.
[26]McMECHAN G.Migration by extrapolation of time-dependent boundary values[J].Geophysical Prospecting,2010,31(3):413-420.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2478.1983.tb01060.x.
[27]刘庆敏.高阶差分数值模拟方法研究[D].北京:中国石油大学,2007.LIU Q M.Method study and application of high-order finite difference numerical model[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum,2007.(in Chinese).
[28]牟永光,裴正林.三维复杂介质地震数值模拟背景[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2005.MOU Y G,PEI Z L.Seismic numerical modeling for 3-D complex media[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2005.(in Chinese).
[29]YANG P.A numerical tour of wave propagation[J].ResearchGate,2014.
[30]CHEN T,MCMECHAN G A.The dynamically-correct Poynting vector formulation for acoustic media with application in calculating multidirectional propagation vectors to produce angle gathers from reverse time migration[J].Geophysics,2018:1-42.doi:10.1190/geo2017-0331.1.
[31]王保利,高静怀,陈文超,等.地震叠前逆时偏移的有效边界存储策略[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(7):2412-2421.doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.07.025.WANG B L,GAO J H,CHEN W C,et al.Efficient boundary storage strategies for seismic reverse time migration[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2012,55(7):2412-2421.doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.07.025.(in Chinese).
[32]郭书娟,马方正,段心标,等.最小二乘逆时偏移成像方法的实现与应用研究[J].石油物探,2015,54(3):301-308.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2015.03.008.GUO S J,MA F Z,DUAN X B,et al.Least squares migration imaging method and its application[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2015,54(3):301-308.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2015.03.008.(in Chinese).
[33]谢磊磊,蒋甫玉,常文凯.基于Tesseral2D的水下砂体地震正演计算[J].河海大学学报:自然科学版,2015,43(4):351-355.doi:10.3876/j.issn.1000-1980.2015.04.013.XIE L L,JIANG F Y,CHANG W K.Tesseral2D-based earthquake forward simulation of underwater sand strata[J].Journal of Hohai University:Natural Science,2015,43(4):351-355.doi:10.3876/j.issn.1000-1980.2015.04.013.(in Chinese).
[34]Liu Y S,Teng J W,Xu T,Wang YH,et al.Robust time-domain full waveform inversion with normalized zero-lag cross-correlation objective function[J].Geophysical Journal International,2017,209:106-122.doi:10.1093/gji/ggw485.
[35]刘玉金,李振春.扩展成像条件下的最小二乘逆时偏移[J].地球物理学报,2015,58(10):3771-3782.doi:10.6038/cjg20151027.LIU Y J,LI Z C.Least-squares reverse-time migration with extended imaging condition[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2015,58(10):3771-3782.doi:10.6038/cjg20151027.(in Chinese).
[2]HORNBY B E.Imaging of near-borehole structure using full-waveform sonic data[J].Geophysics,1989,54(6):747-757.doi:10.1190/1.1442702.
[3]BOLSHAKOV A O,Patterson D J,Lan C.Deep fracture imaging around the wellbore using dipole acoustic logging[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers,2011.doi:10.2118/146769-MS.
[4]TANG X M,Zheng Y,Patterson D.Processing array acoustic-logging data to image near-borehole geologic structures[J].Geophysics,2007,72(2):E87-E97.doi:10.1190/1.2435083.
[5]车小花.反射声波成像测井基础研究[D].北京:中国石油大学,2003.CHE X H.Basic research on reflection acoustic imaging logging[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum,2003.(in Chinese).
[6]ESMERSOY C.Acoustic imaging of reservoir structure from a horizontal well[J].Leading Edge,1998,17(7):940-946.doi:10.1190/1.1438075.
[7]肖承文,李军孝,吴兴能,等.远探测声反射成像测井裂步式傅里叶法偏移成像[J].测井技术,2014,38(2):174-178.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1338.2014.02.008.XIAO C W,LI J X,WU X N,et al.Split-step Fourier migration in remote exploration acoustic reflection imaging logging[J].Well Logging Technology,2014,38(2):174-178.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1338.2014.02.008.(in Chinese).
[8]陶果,何峰江,王兵,等.声反射成像测井在地层中的三维波场模拟方法研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2008(S1):169-176.TAO G,HE F J,WANG B,et al.3D wave field simulation method for acoustic reflection imaging logging[J].Science in China:Earth Science,2008(S1):169-176.(in Chinese).
[9]李军孝.声反射成像有限差分逆时偏移[D].北京:中国石油大学,2012.LI J X.Finite difference reverse time migration in acoustic reflection imaging[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum,2012.(in Chinese).
[10]李庆洋,黄建平,李振春.基于Student’s t分布的不依赖子波最小二乘逆时偏移[J].地球物理学报,2017,60(12):4790-4800.doi:10.6038/cjg20171220.LI Q Y,HUANG J P,LI Z C.Source-independent least-squares reverse time migration using Student’s t distribution[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2017,60(12):4790-4800.doi:10.6038/cjg20171220.(in Chinese).
[11]LIU Y S,TENG J W,XU T,et al.Effects of conjugate gradient methods and step-length formulas on the multiscale Full waveform inversion in time domain:Numerical experiments[J].Pure&Applied Geophysics,2017,174(5):1983-2006.doi:10.1007/s00024-017-1512-3.
[12]TARANTOLA A.Linearized inversion of seismic reflection data[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1984,32(6):998-1015.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00751.x.
[13]LEBRAS R,CLAYTON R W.An iterative inversion of back-scattered acoustic waves[J].Geophysics,1988,53(4):501-508.doi:10.1190/1.1442481.
[14]LAMBARéG,VIRIEUX J,Madariaga R,et al.Iterative asymptotic inversion in the acoustic approximation[J].Geophysics,1992,57(9):1138.doi:10.1190/1.1443328.
[15]DUQUET B,MARFURT K J,Dellinger J A.Kirchhoff modeling,inversion for reflectivity,and subsurface illumination[J].Geophysics,2000,65(4):1195-1209.doi:10.1190/1.1444812.
[16]PLESSIX R E,MULDER W A.Frequency-domain finite-difference amplitude-preserving migration[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,2004,157(3):975-987.doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02282.x.
[17]李庆洋,黄建平,李振春,等.优化的多震源最小二乘逆时偏移[J].石油地球物理勘探,2016,51(2):334-341.doi:10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2016.02.017.LI Q Y,HUANG J P,LI Z C,et al.Optimized multi-source least-squares reverse time migration[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2016,51(2):334-341.doi:10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2016.02.017.(in Chinese).
[18]DAI W,WANG X,Schuster G T.Least-squares migration of multisource data with a deblurring filter[J].Geophysics,2015,76(5):R135-R146.doi:10.1190/geo2010-0159.1.
[19]TANG Y.Target-oriented wave-equation least-squares migration inversion with phase-encoded Hessian[J].Geophysics,2009,74(6):WCA95.doi:10.1190/1.3204768.
[20]黄建平,李闯,李庆洋,等.一种基于平面波静态编码的最小二乘逆时偏移方法[J].地球物理学报,2015,58(6):2046-2056.doi:10.6038/cjg20150619.HUANG J P,LI C,LI Q Y,et al.Least-squares reverse time migration with static plane-wave encoding[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2015,58(6):2046-2056.doi:10.6038/cjg20150619.(in Chinese).
[21]LIU Y,TENG J,XU T,et al.An efficient step-length formula for correlative least-squares reverse time migration[J].Geophysics,2016,81(4):S221-S238.doi:10.1190/GEO2015-0529.1.
[22]李庆洋,黄建平,李振春,等.基于一阶速度-应力方程的多震源最小二乘逆时偏移[J].地球物理学报,2016,59(12):4666-4676.doi:10.6038/cjg20161226.LI Q Y,HUANG J P,LI Z C,et al.Multi-source least-squares reverse time migration based on first-order velocity-stress wave equation[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2016,59(12):4666-4676.doi:10.6038/cjg20161226.(in Chinese).
[23]刘梦丽,黄建平,李闯,等.基于角度滤波成像的最小二乘逆时偏移[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(3):470-476.doi:10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2018.03.006.LIU M L,HUANG J P,LI C,et al.Least-squares reverse time migration based on the angular filtering imaging condition[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2018,53(3):470-476.doi:10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2018.03.006.(in Chinese).
[24]BIONDI B.3D seismic imaging[M].2006,San Francisco:Stanford University.
[25]BAYSAL E,Dan D K,Sherwood JWC.Reverse time migration[J].Geophysics,1983,48(11):1514-1524.doi:10.1190/1.1441434.
[26]McMECHAN G.Migration by extrapolation of time-dependent boundary values[J].Geophysical Prospecting,2010,31(3):413-420.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2478.1983.tb01060.x.
[27]刘庆敏.高阶差分数值模拟方法研究[D].北京:中国石油大学,2007.LIU Q M.Method study and application of high-order finite difference numerical model[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum,2007.(in Chinese).
[28]牟永光,裴正林.三维复杂介质地震数值模拟背景[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2005.MOU Y G,PEI Z L.Seismic numerical modeling for 3-D complex media[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2005.(in Chinese).
[29]YANG P.A numerical tour of wave propagation[J].ResearchGate,2014.
[30]CHEN T,MCMECHAN G A.The dynamically-correct Poynting vector formulation for acoustic media with application in calculating multidirectional propagation vectors to produce angle gathers from reverse time migration[J].Geophysics,2018:1-42.doi:10.1190/geo2017-0331.1.
[31]王保利,高静怀,陈文超,等.地震叠前逆时偏移的有效边界存储策略[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(7):2412-2421.doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.07.025.WANG B L,GAO J H,CHEN W C,et al.Efficient boundary storage strategies for seismic reverse time migration[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2012,55(7):2412-2421.doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.07.025.(in Chinese).
[32]郭书娟,马方正,段心标,等.最小二乘逆时偏移成像方法的实现与应用研究[J].石油物探,2015,54(3):301-308.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2015.03.008.GUO S J,MA F Z,DUAN X B,et al.Least squares migration imaging method and its application[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2015,54(3):301-308.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2015.03.008.(in Chinese).
[33]谢磊磊,蒋甫玉,常文凯.基于Tesseral2D的水下砂体地震正演计算[J].河海大学学报:自然科学版,2015,43(4):351-355.doi:10.3876/j.issn.1000-1980.2015.04.013.XIE L L,JIANG F Y,CHANG W K.Tesseral2D-based earthquake forward simulation of underwater sand strata[J].Journal of Hohai University:Natural Science,2015,43(4):351-355.doi:10.3876/j.issn.1000-1980.2015.04.013.(in Chinese).
[34]Liu Y S,Teng J W,Xu T,Wang YH,et al.Robust time-domain full waveform inversion with normalized zero-lag cross-correlation objective function[J].Geophysical Journal International,2017,209:106-122.doi:10.1093/gji/ggw485.
[35]刘玉金,李振春.扩展成像条件下的最小二乘逆时偏移[J].地球物理学报,2015,58(10):3771-3782.doi:10.6038/cjg20151027.LIU Y J,LI Z C.Least-squares reverse-time migration with extended imaging condition[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2015,58(10):3771-3782.doi:10.6038/cjg20151027.(in Chinese).