瑞典南部Ostad区私有林多目标森林经营中期规划
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摘要
【目的】根据瑞典私有林多目标经营的主要做法,对瑞典南部Ostad区进行为期10年的中期森林经营规划,以期实现木材收获和生态保护的双重目标。【方法】规划包括样地调查、Prod Mod生长预测、结果分析和计划制定。调查开展的时间为2017年10—12月,调查地点为Ostad区全区206. 27 hm~2的89个小班。【结果】根据规划,截至2027年共有15个小班、2 136. 40 m3的蓄积需要间伐,净收入为278 480. 80瑞典克朗; 33个小班、15 497. 00 m3的蓄积需要进行皆伐收获,净收入为1 481 695 838. 00瑞典克朗; 27个小班、45. 39 hm~2的面积需要进行更新,共花费1 804 742. 88瑞典克朗; 9个小班、13. 75hm~2的面积需要抚育,共花费18 956. 00瑞典克朗; 22. 87 hm~2的森林面积被增设为生态保护区范围。【结论】截至2027年,Ostad区将有170. 88 hm~2的面积作为用材林,35. 39 hm~2的森林面积作为生态保护区,总收益为14. 80亿瑞典克朗,净现值为12. 19亿瑞典克朗。在本次规划中,10年间收获量小于生长量,实现了可持续的基本收获目标;规划期末林分合理的年龄分布确保了稳定的年收入,扩大的生态保护区面积为区域内的动植物保护提供了重要场所。规划基本达到了木材收获与生态保护的双重目标。此外,规划仍存在一些不确定因素可能会对经营结果产生影响,如自然灾害、市场波动和气候变化,经分析,本规划将通过提高收益和调整经营树种来应对这些不确定因素。
[Objective]This paper takes the case of Ostad Estate in southern Sweden as an example to make a 10 year medium term forest management planning of multi-objective of timber harvest and nature conservation according to the main requirements and implementations of Sweden. [Method]The process included sample survey,growth forecast by ProdMod,result analysis and planning make. The field investigation was implemented during October 2017 to December 2017. [Result]According to the panning,until 2027,there will be 15 sublots,2 136. 40 m3 volume will be thinned,net income is 278480. 80 SEK; 33 sublots,15 497. 00 m3 volume will be clear felled,net income is 1 481 695 838. 0 SEK;27 sublots,45. 39 ha need to be regenerated,the cost is 1 804 742. 88 SEK; 9 sublots,13. 75 ha area young seedlings need pre-commercial thinning; 22. 87 ha forest area will be added into nature conservationarea. [Conclusion]At the end of 2027,170. 88 ha of area will be used for wood production,and 35. 39 ha of forest area for ecological reserve,the total net income is 1. 48 billion SEK in ten years,the net present value is 1. 22 billion SEK. In this planning,the total harvest amount will be smaller than growth amount during the period,sustainable harvest target could be reached,the reasonable age distribution makes sure of the stable annual income,the enlarged ecological reserve area provides a good protection on flora and fauna. Basically,the plan achieves the dual goals of timber harvesting and nature reservation. However,potential risks include natural hazard,market situation as well as climate change would influence the result of management,the strategies are improving the income and altering species.
[Objective]This paper takes the case of Ostad Estate in southern Sweden as an example to make a 10 year medium term forest management planning of multi-objective of timber harvest and nature conservation according to the main requirements and implementations of Sweden. [Method]The process included sample survey,growth forecast by ProdMod,result analysis and planning make. The field investigation was implemented during October 2017 to December 2017. [Result]According to the panning,until 2027,there will be 15 sublots,2 136. 40 m3 volume will be thinned,net income is 278480. 80 SEK; 33 sublots,15 497. 00 m3 volume will be clear felled,net income is 1 481 695 838. 0 SEK;27 sublots,45. 39 ha need to be regenerated,the cost is 1 804 742. 88 SEK; 9 sublots,13. 75 ha area young seedlings need pre-commercial thinning; 22. 87 ha forest area will be added into nature conservationarea. [Conclusion]At the end of 2027,170. 88 ha of area will be used for wood production,and 35. 39 ha of forest area for ecological reserve,the total net income is 1. 48 billion SEK in ten years,the net present value is 1. 22 billion SEK. In this planning,the total harvest amount will be smaller than growth amount during the period,sustainable harvest target could be reached,the reasonable age distribution makes sure of the stable annual income,the enlarged ecological reserve area provides a good protection on flora and fauna. Basically,the plan achieves the dual goals of timber harvesting and nature reservation. However,potential risks include natural hazard,market situation as well as climate change would influence the result of management,the strategies are improving the income and altering species.
引文
[1]Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry.Forests and Forestry in Sweden[EB/OL].(2015-08)[2018--07-04].https://www.skogsstyrelsen.se/globalassets/in-english/forestsand-forestry-in-sweden_2015.pdf.
[2]Ollas M.The importance of the forest management plan[D].Ume:Swedish University of Agriculture Science,2016.
[3]Brukas V,Sallns O.Forest management plan as a policy instrument:carrot,stick or sermon?[J].Land Use Policy,2012,29(3):605-613.
[4]Pukkala T.Multi-objective forest planning[M].Boston:Kluwer Academic,2014:154-165.
[5]Seely B,Nelson J,Wells R,et al.The application of a hierarchical,decision-support system to evaluate multi-objective forest management strategies:a case study in northeastern British Columbia,Canada[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2004,199(2):283-305.
[6]Karlsson P E,Pleijel H,Belhaj M,et al.Economic assessment of the negative impacts of ozone on crop yields and forest production:a case study of the estate Ostads Sateri in southwestern Sweden[J].Ambio,2005,34(1):32--40.
[7]The National Board of Forestry.Greener Forests[EB/OL].[2018-07--04].https://www.skogsstyrelsen.se/.
[8]Swedish Forest Agency.The forest Act[EB/OL].(2017-04-19)[2018-07-04].https://www.skogsstyrelsen.se/en/laws-andregulations/skogsvardslagen/.
[9]Ingemarsson F,Hedman L,Bo D.Nature conservation in forest management plans for small-scale forestry in Sweden[J].Smallscale Forest Economics,Management and Policy,2004,3(1):17-34.
[10]Nilsson M,Wsterlund D S,Wahlberg O,et al.Forest Planning in a Swedish Company:a Knowledge Management Analysis of Forest Information[J].Silva Fennica,2012,46(5):717--731.
[11]Ek9 P M.En produktionsmodell f9r skog i Sverige,baserad pbestnd frn riksskogstaxeringens provytor:a growth simulator for Swedish forests,based on data from the national forest survey.Rapporter,Institutionen f9r skogssk9tsel[D].Ume:Swedish University of Agriculture Science,1985.
[12]Johansson T,Hjltén J,De J J,et al.Environmental considerations from legislation and certification in managed forest stands:A review of their importance for biodiversity[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2013,303(5):98--112.
[13]Forest Stewardship Council.FSC principles and criteria for forest stewardship:FSC-STD-01-001 V5-2[S].Bonn:FSC,2004.
[14]Swedish Forest Agency.Costs and revenues for measures in largescale forestry in 2016[EB/OL].(2017--08--16)[2018--07-04].https://www.skogsstyrelsen.se/globalassets/statistik/statistiska-meddelanden/kostnader-i-skogsbruket-jo0307/2016--statistiska-meddelanden.-kostnader-och-intakter-i-det-storskaligaskogsbruket.pdf.
[2]Ollas M.The importance of the forest management plan[D].Ume:Swedish University of Agriculture Science,2016.
[3]Brukas V,Sallns O.Forest management plan as a policy instrument:carrot,stick or sermon?[J].Land Use Policy,2012,29(3):605-613.
[4]Pukkala T.Multi-objective forest planning[M].Boston:Kluwer Academic,2014:154-165.
[5]Seely B,Nelson J,Wells R,et al.The application of a hierarchical,decision-support system to evaluate multi-objective forest management strategies:a case study in northeastern British Columbia,Canada[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2004,199(2):283-305.
[6]Karlsson P E,Pleijel H,Belhaj M,et al.Economic assessment of the negative impacts of ozone on crop yields and forest production:a case study of the estate Ostads Sateri in southwestern Sweden[J].Ambio,2005,34(1):32--40.
[7]The National Board of Forestry.Greener Forests[EB/OL].[2018-07--04].https://www.skogsstyrelsen.se/.
[8]Swedish Forest Agency.The forest Act[EB/OL].(2017-04-19)[2018-07-04].https://www.skogsstyrelsen.se/en/laws-andregulations/skogsvardslagen/.
[9]Ingemarsson F,Hedman L,Bo D.Nature conservation in forest management plans for small-scale forestry in Sweden[J].Smallscale Forest Economics,Management and Policy,2004,3(1):17-34.
[10]Nilsson M,Wsterlund D S,Wahlberg O,et al.Forest Planning in a Swedish Company:a Knowledge Management Analysis of Forest Information[J].Silva Fennica,2012,46(5):717--731.
[11]Ek9 P M.En produktionsmodell f9r skog i Sverige,baserad pbestnd frn riksskogstaxeringens provytor:a growth simulator for Swedish forests,based on data from the national forest survey.Rapporter,Institutionen f9r skogssk9tsel[D].Ume:Swedish University of Agriculture Science,1985.
[12]Johansson T,Hjltén J,De J J,et al.Environmental considerations from legislation and certification in managed forest stands:A review of their importance for biodiversity[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2013,303(5):98--112.
[13]Forest Stewardship Council.FSC principles and criteria for forest stewardship:FSC-STD-01-001 V5-2[S].Bonn:FSC,2004.
[14]Swedish Forest Agency.Costs and revenues for measures in largescale forestry in 2016[EB/OL].(2017--08--16)[2018--07-04].https://www.skogsstyrelsen.se/globalassets/statistik/statistiska-meddelanden/kostnader-i-skogsbruket-jo0307/2016--statistiska-meddelanden.-kostnader-och-intakter-i-det-storskaligaskogsbruket.pdf.
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