西藏曲水县色甫金铜矿成矿流体性质与来源
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摘要
色甫金铜矿是新近在冈底斯南缘新生代斑岩成矿带内揭示的一个叠加于热液脉型铜矿上的浅成低温热液型金矿.详细的野外地质调查显示,色甫金铜矿和邻近的鸡公西矿区范围内先后经历了早始新世磁铁矿化、晚始新世-早渐新世与韧性剪切活动有关、早中新世钼矿化和铜矿化以及稍晚的金矿化等多期热液活动.对各期流体活动形成的石英中流体包裹体的岩相学、显微测温、显微激光拉曼和氢-氧同位素分析显示,与磁铁矿化有关的流体为岩浆热液混合建造水的高温、高盐度富水流体;与钼矿化有关的流体为岩浆热液与大气降水混合的高温、高盐度富水流体;与铜矿体形成有关的流体为具有岩浆贡献的中高温含CO_2低盐度流体与大气降水来源的低温低盐度富水流体混合的产物;与金矿体形成有关的流体为具有岩浆贡献的中温含CO_2±CH_4±N_2的中低盐度流体与大气降水来源的低温低盐度富水流体混合的产物.利用流体包裹体显微测温对其捕获温压估算的结果显示,铜矿体和钼矿化体形成前,该地区有过1.5～4.1 km的剥蚀,之后至金矿体形成前时有过近6 km的剥蚀,金矿体形成后剥蚀为0.8～1.2 km.矿区后续工作应优先针对近南北向断裂中赋存的蚀变岩型金矿开展工作.
Sefu deposit is a newly discovered Au-Cu deposit in Gangdese porphyry Cu belt. Its Au orebodies are epithermal type and superimposed on the vein type Cu orebodies. According to detailed geological survey, five periods of hydrothermal activity are distinguished in and around Sefu and Jigongxi. They are Early Eocene magnetite mineralization, Late Eocene-Early Oligocene ductile shearing related one, Early Miocene molybdenum and copper mineralization, and gold mineralization at last. Petrography,microthermometry, laser Raman spectroscopy together with hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis are conducted on the fluid inclusions in quartz formed during these five periods. It is found that fluid related to magnetite mineralization is the mixture of magma originated aqueous fluid of high temperature, high pressure, high salinity, and formation water. Fluid related to molybdenum mineralization is the mixture of meteoric water and magma originated aqueous fluid of high temperature, high pressure, and high salinity. Fluid related to copper mineralization is the mixture of medium-high temperature, low salinity fluid and containing medium density CO_2, which was originated from magma, and low temperature, low salinity fluid which is from meteoric water. Fluid related to gold mineralization is the mixture of medium temperature, low salinity fluid with low density CO_2,CH_4 and N_2, which was originated from magma, and medium temperature, low salinity fluid, which is from meteoric water.Estimation results of trapping temperature and pressure based on microthermometry also show 1.5-4.1 km erosion had happened before molybdenum and copper mineralization, and 6 km erosion had happened before gold mineralization. After gold mineralization, 0.8-1.2 km erosion had happened. Exploration should focus more on gold orebodies in the near north-south striking faults in Sefu area in future.
Sefu deposit is a newly discovered Au-Cu deposit in Gangdese porphyry Cu belt. Its Au orebodies are epithermal type and superimposed on the vein type Cu orebodies. According to detailed geological survey, five periods of hydrothermal activity are distinguished in and around Sefu and Jigongxi. They are Early Eocene magnetite mineralization, Late Eocene-Early Oligocene ductile shearing related one, Early Miocene molybdenum and copper mineralization, and gold mineralization at last. Petrography,microthermometry, laser Raman spectroscopy together with hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis are conducted on the fluid inclusions in quartz formed during these five periods. It is found that fluid related to magnetite mineralization is the mixture of magma originated aqueous fluid of high temperature, high pressure, high salinity, and formation water. Fluid related to molybdenum mineralization is the mixture of meteoric water and magma originated aqueous fluid of high temperature, high pressure, and high salinity. Fluid related to copper mineralization is the mixture of medium-high temperature, low salinity fluid and containing medium density CO_2, which was originated from magma, and low temperature, low salinity fluid which is from meteoric water. Fluid related to gold mineralization is the mixture of medium temperature, low salinity fluid with low density CO_2,CH_4 and N_2, which was originated from magma, and medium temperature, low salinity fluid, which is from meteoric water.Estimation results of trapping temperature and pressure based on microthermometry also show 1.5-4.1 km erosion had happened before molybdenum and copper mineralization, and 6 km erosion had happened before gold mineralization. After gold mineralization, 0.8-1.2 km erosion had happened. Exploration should focus more on gold orebodies in the near north-south striking faults in Sefu area in future.
引文
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Chi,G.X.,Lu,H.Z.,2008.Validation and Representation of Fluid Inclusion Microthermometric Data Using the Fluid Inclusion Assemblage(FIA)Concept.Acta Petrologica Sinica,24(9):1945-1953(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Diamond,L.W.,2001.Review of the Systematics of CO2-H2OFluid Inclusions.Lithos,55(1-4):69-99.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-4937(00)00039-6
Frost,B.R.,Frost,C.D.,2014.Essentials of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.Cambridge University Press,New York.
Hedenquist,J.W.,Lowenstern,J.B.,1994.The Role of Magmas in the Formation of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits.Nature,370:519-527.https://doi.org/10.1038/370519a0
Hou,Z.Q.,Zheng,Y.C.,Yang,Z.M.,et al.,2012.Metallogenesis of Continental Collision Setting:PartⅠ.Gangdese Cenozoic Porphyry Cu-Mo Systems in Tibet.Mineral Deposits,31(4):647-670(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hu,J.R.,1995.Deformation Features of Ductile Shear Belt in Qushui County.Tibetan Geology,(1):99-109(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,G.M.,Zeng,Q.G.,Yong,Y.Y.,et al.,2005.Discovery of Epithermal Au-Sb Deposits in Gangdese Metallogenic Belt of Tibet and Its Significance:Case Study of Longruri Au-Sb Deposit.Mineral Deposits,24(6):595-602(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,H.,Zhang,L.K.,Huang,H.X.,2019.Origin and Evolution of Ore-Forming Fluids in Luerma Porphyry Copper Deposit from the Southern Lhasa Microterrane Terrane,Tibet:Evidence from Fluid Inclusions,H-O-C Isotopic Composition.Earth Science,44(6):1935-1956(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,Y.F.,Hou,Z.Q.,Yang,Z.M.,et al.,2011.Study on Fluid Inclusion of Nongruri Gold Deposit,Tibet,China.Acta Petrologica Sinica,27(7):2150-2158(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lu,H.Z.,2008.Role of CO2Fluid in the Formation of Gold Deposits:Fluid Inclusion Evidences.Geochimica,37(4):321-328(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lu,H.Z.,Chi,G.X.,Zhu,X.Q.,et al.,2018.Geological Characteristics and Ore Forming Fluids of Orogenic Gold Deposits.Geotectonica et Metallogenia,42(2):244-265(in Chinese with English abstract).
Meng,Y.K.,Xu,Z.Q.,Ma,S.W.,et al.,2016.Deformational Characteristics and Geochronological Constraints of Quxu Ductile Shear Zone in Middle Gangdese Magmatic Belt,South Tibet.Earth Science,41(7):1081-1098(in Chinese with English abstract).
Pan,G.T.,Mo,X.X.,Hou,Z.Q.,etal.,2006.Spatial-Temporal Framework of the Gangdese Orogenic Belt and Its Evolution.Acta Petrologica Sinica,22(3):521-533(in Chinese with English Abstract).
Phillips,G.N.,Evans,K.A.,2004.Role of CO2in the Formation of Gold Deposits.Nature,429(6994):860-863.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02644
Rodder,E.,1984.Fluid Inclusions.Reviews in Mineralogy.Mineralogical Society of America,12:1-644.
Rusk,B.G.,Reed,M.H.,Dilles,J.H.,2008.Fluid Inclusion Evidence for Magmatic-Hydrothermal Fluid Evolution in the Porphyry Copper-Molybdenum Deposit at Butte,Montana.Economic Geology,103(2):307-334.https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.103.2.307
Shepherd,T.J.,Rankin,A.H.,Alderton,D.H.M.,1985.APractical Guide to Fluid Inclusion Studies.Chapman&Hall,Blackie.
Taylor,H.P.,1974.The Application of Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Studies to Problems of Hydrothermal Alteration and Ore Deposition.Economic Geology,69(6):843-883.https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.69.6.843
Wang,J.,Sun,F.Y.,Yu,L.,et al.,2017.Fluid Inclusions and H-O-S-Pb Isotope Systematics of the Galonggema Cu Deposit in Yushu,Qinghai Province,China.Earth Science,42(6):941-956(in Chinese with English abstract).https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2017.074
Wang,Y.Y.,Tang,J.X.,Song,Y.,et al.,2018.Characteristics of the Main Ore Minerals in Tiegelongnan PorphyryHigh Sulfidation Deposit,Tibet,China.Acta Mineralogica Sinica,38(1):109-122(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xing,J.B.,Ge,L.S.,Zou,Y.L.,et al.,2003.Geological Geochemical Character of Dongga Gold Deposit in Xietongmen County,Tibet.Gold Geology,9(2):28-32(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,J.H.,Xiao,X.,Chi,H.G.,et al.,2011.Fluid Inclusion Study on Gold-Copper Mineralization in Lower Devonian Strata of the Kelan Basin,Altay,China.Acta Petrologica Sinica,27(5):1299-1310(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,Z.M.,Hou,Z.Q.,Li,Z.Q.,et al.,2008a.Direct Record of Primary Fluid Exsolved from Magma:Evidence from Unidirectional Solidification texture(UST)in Quartz Found in Qulong Porphyry Copper Deposit,Tibet.Mineral Deposits,27(2):188-199(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,Z.M.,Hou,Z.Q.,Song,Y.C.,et al.,2008b.Qulong Superlarge Porphyry Cu Deposit in Tibet:Geology,Alteration and Mineralization.Mineral Deposits,27(3):279-318(in Chinese with English abstract).
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